Maximum Force Values Research Articles

Effects of Soil Type on Single Pile-Soil Gap and Force Acting on Pile Body under Low Cyclic Loading

OpenSees software was be used in this paper as an analysis platform to establish a single pile-soil nonlinear numerical model. The nonlinear mechanical properties of pile nonlinearity and pile-soil gap were being mainly considered in the model. The accuracy of the numerical model was verified by combining the full-scale quasi-static test results of a single pile, which from the literature results, showed that the established numerical analysis model could accurately simulate experimental hysteresis curves of the single pile and the sliding behaviour of the pile-soil interface, and verified the reliability of the model. Further comparison analysis for acting under different soils such as soft clay, medium clay and stiff clay. It was found that under the horizontal low-cycle loading, when the soil around the pile was changed from stiff clay to soft clay, the degree of separation of piles and soils, and the length of the free section increased. For the soft clay, the length of the free section was the longest, which reached 21.3% of the length of the pile. There were significant differences in the distribution of bending moment, shearing force and displacement for piles in three soils. The maximum bending moment, maximum shearing force values of the pile body in the stiff clay were the largest, and the position was closest to the surface and the lateral displacement and equivalent plastic hinge length were the smallest.

The comparison of levitation and lateral force of bulk and cut-pasted bulk GdBCO samples at different temperatures

In this work, in the first time, we have investigated the levitation and lateral force properties of bulk and cut-pasted bulk GdBCO samples at different temperatures and different cooling heights (CH) to determine the effect of cut-pasted process on the magnetic levitation force behaviour. The measurements of superconducting characteristics indicated that the attractive and repulsive force values of cut-pasted GdBCO sample are slightly lesser than those of GdBCO bulk sample. The maximum repulsive and attractive force values obtained as 15.45 N and −4.56 N for GdBCO bulk and as 14.78 N and −3.92 N for cut-pasted GdBCO samples at 37 K. Although there are many fabrication methods as melt-textured growth (MTG), top seeded infiltration growth (TSIG) and TSMG to produce large HTS samples, the desired large sample size and the sample shape compatible with the superconducting magnetic bearing systems are not still sufficient for the technological applications. In this study, the performed cut-pasted process and obtained magnetic levitation force data can be using for the increment sample size and the desired sample shape in the needed different geometry and size for superconducting magnetic bearing systems.

Effects of an antler velvet-based natural compound on osteoporosis in a rodent model

Context Velvet antlers (VA) are claimed to have the effects on osteoporosis in traditional Chinese medicine. Aims So as to scientifically confirm this claim, a VA-based compound (VAC, the mixture of upper part of VA, deer blood, and calcined oyster shell powder in a ratio of 4:1:1) was produced and administered to osteoporotic model rats, with osteoporosis being induced by retinoic acid via gavage. Methods In total, 48 rats were used and divided into six groups (8/group). Concentrations of alkaline phosphatase and osteocalcin in the rat serum were measured, and bone ash weight, concentrations of calcium and phosphorus in rat femur were measured. Bone biomechanical test was performed using a computer-controlled three-point bending tester. Ratio of trabecular bone area to tissue area in a given view field of the femoral tissue section was histologically examined and calculated. Bone histomorphometry was measured using micro-CT. Key results No significant difference was found between the VAC-treated groups and the positive control (alendronate sodium) on the basis of the following tested parameters: (1) levels of alkaline phosphatase and osteocalcin in rat serum; (2) maximum load value (N) of femur and maximum compression force of lumbar vertebra; (3) concentrations of calcium and phosphorus in femur; (4) ratio of trabecular bone area to tissue area; and (5) bone histomorphometry. Conclusions Effects of VAC used in the present study on osteoporosis in the model rats were comparable to the alendronate sodium (western medicine for treating osteoporosis) on the basis of our selected parameters. Implications This compound has the potential to be developed as an effective traditional Chinese medicine for clinic use to treat osteoporosis.

Direct Drop-on-Demand Printing of Molten Solder Bumps on ENIG Finishing at Ambient Conditions Through StarJet Technology

In this paper, we report on a detailed experimental study carried out with the StarJet technology to investigate the mechanical adhesion properties of directly printed solder bumps on electroless nickel immersion gold (ENIG) plated PCB boards. The aim of this study is to determine the maximum bond strength achievable by this method and to find suitable printing parameters that allow for the production of reliable and consistent solder bumps by non-contact printing of molten solder (type SAC305). Molten solder droplets of about $250~\mu \text{m}$ diameter were printed at melt temperatures between 250 and 400 °C onto ENIG surfaces kept at temperatures in the range of 100 to 200 °C. Using shear force tests, the adhesion of the printed bumps was investigated as a function of the main process parameters: 1. printhead temperature, 2. substrate temperature, and 3. substrate preheating time. The formation of an intermetallic compound (IMC) between the solder and the ENIG was confirmed by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX) measurements. As a result of the comprehensive experimental parameter study, suitable printing parameters for establishing bond strengths corresponding to maximum shear force values of 3000 to 4000 mN could be found, i.e. high printhead temperature of 400 °C, short preheating and time of < 2 min, and substrate heating at 180 °C The use of flux was found to slightly improve the bond strength and to improve the consistency of the printing results for extended operation times. The achieved high bond strength and the reasonable reproducibility of the printing results qualify the StarJet technology for further investigations regarding applications in the field of direct soldering of microelectronic chips and devices to PCB boards as well as other micro-assembly tasks in the future.

Effect of Rheological Properties of Sodium Alginate-pectin Composite Solution on the Formation and Texture of Core-shell Capsules

Based on the synergistic gel formation mechanism between sodium alginate and pectin in presence of calcium ion,the sodium alginate-pectin hydrogel beads with shell-core structure,i.e. core-shell capsule,were prepared using reverse spherification technique,by adding the calcium-containing core solution into the sodium alginate-pectin complex solution. The rheological properties of both sodium alginate-pectin complex and the core solution were tested with the texture analyzer and rheometer and their effects on the texture properties of the core-shell capsules were studied. Results indicated that the viscosity of the complex solution gradually decreased gradually with the increase of the proportion of pectin in the complex system. The sodium alginate and pectin hydrogel beads prepared with sodium alginate-pectin ratio of 7:3 (w/w)and the concentration was 0.6%,showed the highest value of maximum force((430.1±24.4) g·cm-2)and chewability of the outer shell((1054.9±23.4) g).The optimized spherification(standard rate was 100%)and texture properties(the highest value of maximum force was(376.3±18.2) g·cm-2 the chewability was(1104.0±43.3) g)were obtained with xanthan gum concentration of 0.4% and the calcium lactate concentration of 1.5% in core liquid.

Comparison of Classic and Metal Reinforced Maxillary Acrylic Complete Dentures Fracture Resistance

The aim of our study was to evaluate fracture resistance of the PMMA complete dentures and to make a comparison between the classic acrylic maxillary complete dentures and the metal-reinforced ones, in terms of fracture resistance during function and to compare the fracture pattern of the two groups of complete dentures. We used maxillary complete dentures made of heat-processed acrylate, 5 exclusively and 5 in which a metal-cast net in the form of a mesh was inserted after being casted, worn by patients for a period of 5 years. A bilateral progressive force was applied to the PM2-M1 area until the samples failed, recording the force value at which the first change occurred. A Universal Loading Machine was used. The results were analyzed using the ANOVA method. For the classic acrylic complete dentures group, the minimum fracture force value was 1060 N, the maximum fracture force value being 2443 N. For the reinforced complete dentures group, the minimum fracture force value was 3320 N, the maximum value being 3760 N. Statistical analysis of data using the ANOVA shows that the results are statistically relevant, with a p value of 0.000137 (p[0,05). All the dentures from the classic acrylic complete dentures group fractured presenting two or more fracture lines, most of them involving also fractures on the acrylic teeth and breaking into multiple pieces, while all the dentures from the reinforced complete dentures group fractured presenting one or two fracture lines, most of them without detachable fragments and involving also fractures on the acrylic teeth.

The Effect of Layer Thicknesses in Hybrid Titanium-Carbon Laminates on Low-Velocity Impact Response.

The purpose of the work was the effect of metal volume fraction of fiber metal laminates on damage after dynamic loads based upon the example of innovative hybrid titanium–carbon composite laminates. The subject of the study was metal–fiber hybrid titanium–carbon composite laminates. Four types of hybrid titanium–carbon laminates were designed with various metal volume fraction coefficient but constant thickness. Based on the results, it can be stated that changes in the metal volume fraction coefficient in the range of 0.375–0.6 in constant thickness titanium–carbon composite laminates do not significantly affect their resistance to impacts in the energy range of 5–45 J. It was concluded that there were no significant differences in maximum force values, total contact time, and damage range. Some tendency towards a reduction in the energy accumulation capacity was observed with an increase in thickness of the metal part in relation to the total thickness of the laminate, especially in the lower impact energy range. This can result in the lower bending stiffness of laminates with lower metal content and potential elastic strain of the composite part before the initiation of the fiber damage process.

DETERMINATION OF PHYSICO-MECHANICAL PROPERTIES OF SOME DOMESTIC AND FOREIGN WALNUT (Juglans regia L.) VARIETIES

In this research, we examined some of the physical (fruit dimensions, geometric mean diameter sphericity and surface area) and mechanical (puncture force, deformation, energy absorption and hardness) properties on the four different domestic (Şebin, Kaman, Bilecik and Yalova-3) and two different foreign (Chandler and Fernor) walnut (Juglans regia) varieties. For this purpose, we applied puncture force on the walnuts at the direction of width orientation (x–x), length orientation (y–y) and suture orientation (z‒z). According to obtained results, there are significant differences among the walnut varieties for crustacean walnut weight and walnut weight. The maximum and minimum values of crustacean walnut weight were observed as 18.27 g and 10.98 g for Kaman and Chandler, respectively. In addition to these results, Bilecik has a maximum walnut weight – 8.71 g, while the minimum walnut weight was observed for Yalova-3 – 4.57 g. Furthermore, geometric mean diameter and sphericity values ranged to 31.93–38.57 mm and 82.78–92.54%, respectively. There are statistically significant differences on the puncture force, deformation, energy absorption and hardness according to the load axes. The maximum and minimum puncture force values were determined at the Fernor (572 N) with y–y axes and Chandler (211.9 N) with z–z axes, respectively. Also, the highest hardness and the lowest deformation values were obtained for Kaman (y–y axes) and the highest deformation and the lowest hardness were determined at Bilecik (x–x axes). The energy absorption values changed as follows: 0.455–1.086 J, 0.404–0.985 J and 0.426–1.051 J for x–x, y–y and z–z axes, respectively.

Maximum bite force in relation to maximum mouth opening among primary school children

Background: The vertical distance between the upper and lower incisal edge of the central incisors when the mouth is opened as wide as possible is called maximum mouth opening (MMO). Any pathological change in the masticatory system had a direct effect on the maximal mouth opening. The aim of this study was to evaluate the relationship between the maximum bite force and the maximum mouth opening among group of children. Materials and methods: Four hundred children of both genders were included in this study, their age ranged from eight to ten years. Anterior and posterior (right, left) bite force were measured using bite force sensor. Maximum mouth opening was evaluated by electronic digital caliper. Data was statistically analyzed by descriptive statistics and by using paired t‑test and Chi‑square test. Results: The value of Maximum mouth opening was increased with the increasing of age in both genders; however, boys had higher value of Maximum Mouth opening than that of girls. A significant difference was found between genders among 9 years old children concerning the maximum bite force. A weak positive relation was observed between Maximum mouth opening and Maximum Bite Force among the boys in both of the age groups. Conclusions: In this study, a significant positive correlation was found between Maximum bite force and Maximum Mouth opening for boys, as they had higher mean value of maximum mouth opening and maximum bite force than girls.

Shaping the Parameters of Cylindrical Belt Surface in the Joint Area

Abstract Most of the industrial machines use round-shaped drive belts for power transfer. They are often a few millimetres in diameter, and made of thermoplastic elastomer, especially polyurethane. Their production process requires the bonding step, which is often performed by butt welding, using the hot plate method. The authors have undertaken to design an automatic welding machine for this purpose. Consequently, it is required to carry out a process analysis of hot plate welding, which entails describing the dependency between technological parameters (temperature, pressure force, time) and the quality of the joint, especially the outer surface of the belt around the weld. To analyse this process in a proper way, it is necessary to describe the physical phenomena that occur in the material, during particular operations of the hot plate welding process. One of the most troublesome phenomena occurring during the welding process is removing of the flash. These round rings, placed around the weld, which remains after the joining process, are unacceptable in the finished component. The authors took an effort to design the necessary equipment for removing of the flash after welding, using some simple parts that cut off excessive material. The paper shows the three possible solutions for flash removal. They were verified experimentally, and afterwards, the best solution was chosen. Additionally, a number of analytical calculations were carried out in order to determine the maximum force value required for this operation. Results of the analytical calculations were compared with experimental results.

Surface Tension Measured with Arduino

The popularization of microcontrollers like Arduino bring new possibilities of experiments for physics laboratories. For instance, load cell sensors have been used in experiments on impulse and buoyancy. Here we propose an experimental apparatus using Arduino connected to a load cell to measure surface tension by the du Noüy method (or ring method). The load cell gives the instantaneous and the maximum force value achieved during the experiment. This apparatus is presented as a simple and low-cost option for physics laboratories.

Nanoscale pore structure and mechanical property analysis of coal: An insight combining AFM and SEM images

Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) and Atomic Force Microscope (AFM), two easily acquired and widely applied image acquisition and analysis methods, have rarely been combined to study the pore structure for unconventional natural gas reservoir rocks. In this work, we present an investigation of nanoscale detection of the pore distribution and mechanical properties of coals using SEM and AFM observations, and conduct quantitative analyses on pore structure distribution, surface roughness and mechanical properties. The morphological characteristics of the coal surface can be revealed by both SEM and AFM methods, and the mechanical parameters of the selected position were obtained under the peakforce quantitative nano-mechanics (PF-QNM) AFM mode, including the Young's modulus, peak force error, deformation, and adhesion forces. By fusing 800 high resolution SEM images into one single image (named as MAPS), the pores morphology and distribution of different scales were acquired. And the studied coal shows different types of cellular pores and gas pores with multiresolution. The mechanical property difference between the matrix and minerals of coal are clearly observed, with the Young’s modulus of organic component around 2 GPa, and that of the minerals generally higher than 10 GPa. The maximum adhesion force values range between 20 and 50 nN. The high values occurred where pores are developed. This work demonstrated that the combination of two dimensional (2D) SEM and three dimensional (3D) AFM results is effective in detection of surface properties, and is of significance in revealing the pore structure and mechanical properties at nanoscale.

Numerical Simulation on Multiple Physical Fields Behaviors in Billet Continuous Casting with Different Stirrer Positions

A 3D coupled model considering electromagnetic field, flow field, heat transfer, and particle transport is developed to predict the effect of stirrer position on the magnetic field distribution, fluid flow streamlines, temperature distribution, and inclusion removal in 180 mm × 220 mm billet continuous casting process, and the effect of stirrer position on the mold‐level fluctuation and slag entrapment behavior is also studied based on the homogeneous model. The casting temperature of molten steel is 1750 K, and the casting speed of billet is 0.9 m min−1. The results indicate that as the stirrer center position is lowered, the maximum value of the magnetic induction intensity has almost no change, whereas the maximum value of the tangential electromagnetic force initially decreases followed by an increase. With the downward movement of stirrer center position, the decrease rate of central molten steel velocity slows down, and the range of the upper circulation flow zone increases. A lower stirrer center position increases the cooling of the billet and inclusion removal. When the stirrer center position is moved from 515 to 815 mm, the wave height of steel/slag interface decreases from 11.6 to 3.4 mm, and slag entrapment behavior gradually weakens.

Differences in the Force Velocity Mechanical Profile and the Effectiveness of Force Application During Sprint-Acceleration Between Sprinters and Hurdlers.

This cross-sectional study aimed to compare the horizontal and vertical force-velocity profile between female sprinters and hurdlers. Twelve high-level athletes (6 sprinters and 6 hurdlers) participated in this investigation. The testing procedures consisted of two maximal 40-m sprints and five to six vertical jumps with additional loads. For the sprint-acceleration performance, the velocity-time data, recorded by a high-speed camera, was used to calculate the variables of the horizontal F-V profile (theoretical maximal values of force [HZT-F0], velocity [HZT-V0], power [HZT-Pmax], the proportion of the theoretical maximal effectiveness of force application in the antero-posterior direction [RFmax], and the rate of decrease in the ratio of horizontal force [DRF]). The best trial of each vertical jumping condition, obtained by an optical measurement system, was used to determine the components of the vertical F-V profile (theoretical maximal values of force [VTC-F0], velocity [VTC-V0], and power [VTC-Pmax]). The female sprinters showed higher statistical differences for HZT-Pmax (2.46 ± 0.67, d = 2.1, p = 0.004), HZT-V0 (0.45 ± 0.18, d = 1.4, p = 0.03), and RFmax% (2.9 ± 0.9%, d = 1.8, p = 0.01) than female hurdlers. No statistical differences were observed for HZT-F0 (0.69 ± 0.3, d = 1.15, p = 0.07), DRF% (−0.24 ± 0.4%, d = 0.3, p = 0.62), VTC-F0 (−2.1 ± 3.8, d = 0.3, p = 0.59), VTC-V0 (0.25 ± 0.31, d = 0.5, p = 0.45), and VTC-Pmax (1.75 ± 2.5, d = 0.4, p = 0.5). Female sprinters are able to apply higher horizontally-oriented forces onto the ground during the acceleration phase than female hurdlers.

Functional Recovery via Preregenerated Nerve Graft in Rat Sciatic Nerve Injury Model

Abstract INTRODUCTION Patients who have experienced major tissue loss with peripheral nerve injury (eg, limb amputation) may be offered composite tissue allotransplantation (CTA). The return of sensory ability and cosmetic component of CTAs make them an attractive alternative to prosthetic devices. Unfortunately, robust reinnervation especially over great distances remains an issue for hand allotransplants. In this study, we introduce a preregenerated nerve graft to shorten the distance and therefore time to terminal tissue reinnervation, which could improve the utility of CTAs. METHODS A total of 18 rats weighing 250 to 300 gm each were randomized into 1 of 3 groups: baseline, fresh, or preregenerated. The baseline group underwent sham surgery to obtain baseline functional data. The fresh and preregenerated groups both underwent grafting of the sciatic nerve but the preregenerated group utilized 8-wk preregenerated grafts. At postperative week 8 from distal neurorrhaphy, both groups underwent terminal functional testing via EMG and evoked muscle force. RESULTS The preregenerated group had significantly greater mean EMG (P &lt; .05) and maximum tetanic muscle force values (P &lt; .05) than the fresh group. Mean percent recovery in EMG for the fresh group was 21.95% compared with 81.79% in the preregenerated group. Mean percent recovery in muscle force was 9.46% and 33.15%, respectively. CONCLUSION The results of this study provide a novel approach to enhance final functional recovery after peripheral nerve injury. The current practice of constructing a nerve stump may be improved by grafting a nerve segment at the time of injury and allowing it to preregenerate into local musculature so that if a CTA is later performed, an expedited and more robust reinnervation could be accomplished.

Research on transient aerodynamic characteristics of windshield wipers of vehicles

Purpose The main purpose of this paper is to gain a better understanding of the transient aerodynamic characteristics of moving windshield wipers. In addition, this paper also strives to illustrate and clarify how the wiper motion impacts the airflow structure; the aerodynamic interaction of two wipers is also discussed. Design/methodology/approach A standard vehicle model proposed by the Motor Industry Research Association and a pair of simplified bone wipers are introduced, and a dynamic mesh technique and user-defined functions are used to achieve the wiper motion. Finite volume methods and large eddy simulation (LES) are used to simulate the transient airflow field. The simulation results are validated through the wind tunnel test. Findings The results obtained from the study are presented graphically, and pressure, velocity distributions, airflow structures, aerodynamic drag and lift force are shown. Significant influences of wiper motion on airflow structures are achieved. The maximum value of aerodynamic lift and drag force exists when wipers are rotating and there is a certain change rule. The aerodynamic lift and drag force when wipers are rotating downward is greater than when wipers are rotating upward, and the force when rotating upward is greater than that when steady. The aerodynamic lift and drag forces of the driver-side wiper is greater than those of the passenger-side wiper. Originality/value The LES method in combination with dynamic mesh technique to study the transient aerodynamic characteristics of windshield wipers is relatively new.

Running and Walking Foot Loading in Children Aged 4-10 Years.

Although previous reports have provided normative plantar pressure data for walking in children, evaluation during running is lacking. This study aimed to compare foot loading patterns during running and walking in children aged 4-10 years. Furthermore, the relationship between running baropodometric parameters and anthropometric measures was investigated. Foot loading of 120 volunteers was evaluated during running and walking using an Emed AT-4 pressure platform. Analyses were performed for 5 anatomical regions (rearfoot, midfoot, forefoot, hallux, and lesser toes). Higher peak pressure and maximum force values were seen under most foot regions during running in comparison with walking, whereas relative contact area tended to increase only in the midfoot. Data for running indicated that aging explained less than 23% of the variance of plantar loads and contact area. Running foot loads were more associated with height, body mass, and foot length. This study's data described plantar loads under the feet of children were greater during running. Aging was associated with little increase in running plantar loads and larger contact areas. Results may be useful as reference to characterize foot loading during running and in the development of orthoses in clinical applications or products such as sport shoes for children.

Comparative study of hot and cold press and their effect on superconducting properties of coronene added bulk MgB2

In this study, the superconducting properties of 4 wt% coronene (C24H12) added polycrystalline bulk MgB2 samples prepared by hot pressing and cold pressing, were reported in detail. The results were compared to determine one of which pressing methods is more useful to substitute of carbon released from C24H12 into MgB2 structure and to increase the superconducting properties of MgB2. The lattice strain, crystallite size, residual resistivity, superconducting transition temperature (Tc), critical current density (Jc), flux pinning force density (Fp) and vertical/lateral levitation force (Fz, Fx) were analysed for the hot and cold pressed samples. The a-lattice parameter and Tc value reduced sharply for 4 wt% C24H12 added cold pressed sample, resulting in a notable decrease of increment ratio of Jc and Fp values, while the depressing of Tc is lower for 4 wt% C24H12 added hot pressed sample. The cold pressing strongly increased the lattice strain, confirming more C substitution, while the hot pressing ensured smaller crystallite size. The Jc and Fp values were respectively found as 4.6 × 103 A/cm2, 1.3 × 104 A/cm2, 5.8 × 103 A/cm2 and 1.8 × 108 N/m3, 5.1 × 108 N/m3, 2.3 × 108 N/m3 for the pure sample and, 4 wt% C24H12 added hot and cold pressed samples at 20 K, 4 T. The maximum repulsive and attractive levitation force values at 20 K in ZFC and FC regimes were obtained for the 4 wt% C24H12 added hot pressed sample. Finally, the hot pressing provides an effective way to substitute C into MgB2 lattice without a remarkable decrease of Tc value, ensuring more homogenous and compacted structure, more electron–phonon interaction and strong flux pinning force.

An analysis on the relation between the seed distance and vertical levitation force for the multi−seeded YBCO using the modified advanced frozen image (MAFI) and experimental methods

The higher magnetic levitation force and related stiffness values are very important for Maglev and magnetic bearing applications. Also, larger superconducting surface area is needed for continuous and larger magnetic mediums with different geometries and dimensions in real scale industrial applications of superconducting systems. In this study, the cylindrical YBCO superconductors were fabricated by top−seeded melt growth (TSMG) method in single and two−seeded forms with different seed distances and then the magnetic force and stiffness measurements were carried out by three axes magnetic force measurement system in different cooling heights (CH) of 20 mm and 75 mm. Additionally, a new analytical method, based on the magnetic dipole approximation, is proposed to calculate the levitation force in this study, named as Modified Advanced Frozen Image Method (MAFI), since although the Advanced Frozen Image Method in literature can calculate the levitation force with hysteresis, this method does not include the size effect of the superconductor. In the experimental studies, it is seen that the maximum levitation force values obtained by PMG with three PMs (named PMG−1) are more than two times higher than that of obtained with single PM for all samples with different distance of seeds, because of the higher magnetic flux distribution of related PMG arrangement than the single PM. In addition, the maximum magnetic levitation force value firstly increased and then decreased due to current coupling effect weakness by increasing distance of seeds. The calculated analytical levitation force results are not compatible with the experimental results without current coupling effect, but a well agreement is observed when the current coupling effect is taken into account in calculations. Also the MAFI method was tested with different dimensions of superconductors and the obtained results indicated the success of the proposed method. The maximum levitation force values obtained with MAFI method increased with increasing dimensions of HTS and PMs. Thus, one can say that the MAFI method is useful for the levitation force calculations between multi−seeded superconductors and PMGs with different dimensions and for different CHs. As a result, the analytical levitation force values obtained with the MAFI method are agree with the experimental levitation force sufficiently and this method can give fast calculation results without any divergence problem. This method can be thought as an alternative to the numerical calculation methods, having serious divergence problems for much amount and bigger size superconducting samples, therefore it will be useful to clarify bulk superconducting properties as supporter to the experimental studies.

Applications of Morison's equation to circular cylinders of varying cross-sections and truncated forms

Abstract Morison's equation is used for formulating forces and moments due to waves acting on circular cylinders of varying cross-sections and truncated forms. First, the usual case of bottom-mounted constant-diameter circular piles extending from seabed to free surface is revisited and then forces and moments for the truncated form are formulated. Further, linearly and parabolically varying diameter cases are considered for both bottom-mounted and truncated cylinders. The formulations are derived using linear wave theory; however, by adopting a heuristic nonlinear approach integrals are evaluated from pile bottom to wave crest instead of still water level. Corresponding linear formulations are obtained as special cases by simply setting the non-dimensional nonlinearity parameters to zero. Thus, for each cylinder configuration two different force and moment formulas are presented by integrating to actual free surface and to still water level. All the results are arranged in forms which are practically easy to use. Finally, analytical expressions for determining maximum total force and moment values are given and sample calculations are presented for all configuration types.