Weberian Research Articles

PENGARUH RELIGIUSITAS DAN PROFIT MARGIN TERHADAP TINGKAT PERKEMBANGAN JUMLAH NASABAH DI BANK SYARIAH MANDIRI GARUT

Various previous studies show different results. Religiosity/emotional variables, for example, turn out to be the main factor of public preference for choosing Islamic banks for the people of Central Java. While for the people of West Java and East Java was religiosity / religiosity does not become the main factor of choice and preference for the utilization of sharia banks. On the other hand shows that the growth of DPK in 2004 of sharia banks in Central Java reached 247.81% exceeds the national level of only 106.55%. On average, the growth of Islamic banking DPK in Central Java between 2004 and 2009 was 74.87%. While the national level between 2004 to 2009 only ranged 45.14%. Consumer preferences according to the concept of sharia are not based on the spirit of the value of rationalism and utilitarianism, but based on the value of "falah" Chapra, (2001) which in Weber's theory (1969) is called the value of religious absolutism. Utilitarianism refers only to satisfaction based on rationality of benefit (F) calculation of economical, while falah refers to the consideration of the benefit (M). The above conditions will affect the behavior of one's economic choices against conventional banking savings products that only contain elements of F, or Islamic banking that contains elements of M. This research uses a survey method used for explanatory research method that is explanatory research Causal relationships between variables through hypothesis testing. The results showed that the variable religiosity and profit margin variables showed a significant effect on the level of development of the number of customers. The prediction ability of the two variables to the level of the development of the number of customers in this study amounted to 19.3%, while the rest influenced other factors not included in the study.

Informalitas Dalam Formalitas: Sebuah Kajian Budaya Organisasi Perusahaan Keluarga

This article intends to identify and to describe the unique structure and the managing style that owns primordial characteristics, that is giving significance to kinship, religion, and local Bugis cultural values, which made up the cultural system of PT. Hadji Kalla family business. Theoritically, this research was inspired from Weberian perspective on the ideal types of bureaucracy, that observes organizations (in this case is the family business) as one of the socio-cultural phenomena which is neutral and value-free, that is place aside its subjective aspects. The research was conducted in two locations, the head office and one of the branch offices using qualitative approach that relies on participant observation, in-depth interviews, and literature studies. The results of the research shows that the family business of PT. Hadji Kalla that has advanced into national level still prioritizes kinship, ethnicity, and religious aspects in the daily activities of the company. The value even take parts in providing the company’s colour to the urban societies in various districts where the company stands. This means that although the society has undergone transformations, it doesn’t mean that the primordial value, and the elements that exist outside of businesses (such as kinship, big men, religion, cultural values, and interest) do not influence the activities that are held in formal organizations. Therefore, the interventions of subjective aspects will always appear, followed with the application of the modern management system that is implemented by PT. Hadji Kalla company.

The Decline of Monarchy in Nepal, the Ascendancy of the Professional Middle Class and the Event that Transformed Them

AbstractIn the years leading up to the dissolution of absolute monarchy in Nepal in 1990, resistance to political authority proceeded fitfully. Opposition to the crown gained momentum after the involvement of the professional middle class. Using Max Weber's theory on legitimate power and class, this paper analyzes the erosion of the legitimacy of absolute monarchy, the ascendancy of the professional middle class, and how one event, a peaceful forum that ended in mass arrest, created momentum for the People's Movement by transforming the political subjectivity of the professional middle class, who, in turn, helped catalyze opposition to absolute rule.

Talking with terrorists, talking with governments: insurgent perspectives on legitimisation and engagement

ABSTRACT It is often claimed that “talking to terrorists legitimises terrorism”. But analysts too often assume that insurgents seek standard forms of liberal-legalistic legitimisation through engagement with the state. From a Weberian perspective, however, liberal-legalistic legitimacy is one of a myriad of symbolic and practical grounds for legitimisation. This paper takes a political sociological approach to the problem of legitimacy in “terrorist” conflicts through a comparative analysis of Irish republican and Basque separatist efforts to end the campaigns of the Provisional Irish Republican Army (IRA) and Basque Homeland and Freedom (ETA). There are three principal findings. First, violent insurgents often reject liberal-legalistic legitimatisation and instead seek recognition of their capacity to shape the trajectories of conflicts – and therefore recognition of their centrality to ending them. Second, the pursuit by violent insurgents for recognition of capacity often comes into conflict with their non-violent allies’ pursuit of liberal-legalistic legitimisation, which can hinder peace-making. Finally, the pursuit of these forms of legitimisation structure peace processes in that armed groups seeking recognition demand direct talks with governments, while legitimacy-seeking non-violent insurgents emphasise engagement with political parties and non-violent organisations. The relative balance between symbolic goals thus shapes the practice of peace-making in such conflicts.

Applying Classical Theory in a Comparative Study of the Information Revolution in the Less Developed World

This article evaluates the salience of classical theory in explaining societal transformation in the digital era. Functionalism, Marxism, and Weberian traditions are first summarized and then applied to a better understanding of how new information and communication technologies (ICTs) are shaping cultural spaces outside the advanced nations of the north. The nation of Ghana and the Indian state of Kerala are ideal social settings to assess the authority of these perspectives. The historical similarities of these two less developed world regions are persuasive, yet their present differences are telling. Although a Weberian perspective may best explain Ghana’s cultural proclivity for hierarchical domination, Marxist and functionalist theories may best explain how it will experience the diffusion of new ICTs within a globally dependent setting. Ghana’s entrenched local and global interests, rationalized along material lines, could be displaced temporarily by new ICTs; but then Ghanaian society may reequilibrate through a reestablishment of historical patterns of exploitation. On the other hand, functionalist and Weberian perspectives best frame the advantages that Kerala is experiencing in the information age. Its proximity to indigenous technological and media centers, its political safety net in greater India, its aging, yet dense population and its reformist tradition of equality and stability all support the wide diffusion of new ICTs for development. This suggests that Kerala could better accrue the predicted collective benefits of these new technologies compared with Ghana.

Reseña/Review (Ragnedda, Massimo, "The third digital divide: a Weberian approach to digital inequalities" Nueva York: Routledge, ISBN: 9781472471260 (hbk); ISBN: 978131560600 (ebk), 128 págs., 2017)

Reseña/Review (Ragnedda, Massimo, "The third digital divide: a Weberian approach to digital inequalities" Nueva York: Routledge, ISBN: 9781472471260 (hbk); ISBN: 978131560600 (ebk), 128 págs., 2017)

El proceso de secularización: apuntes sobre el cambio histórico de la religión a la ciencia

Este artículo se centra en una de las dimensiones del proceso de secularización: la secularización del conocimiento. En primer lugar, el artículo muestra las teorías clásicas de E. Durkheim y M. Weber sobre este proceso. En segundo lugar, se destacan algunas de las más importantes explicaciones que señalan la continuidad entre el saber sagrado y el saber secular. Por último, se propone una interpretación del proceso de secularización del conocimiento por medio del principio de la "heterogonía de los fines".

Submitting “Alternative Facts” to Debate: A Weberian Perspective on Post-truth Politics

Oxford Dictionaries chose “post-truth” as the “Word of the Year 2016”, while the association of German linguists (Gesellschaft fur deutsche Sprache) did the same for “postfaktische Politik”. “Alternative facts”, launched by Kellyanne Conway concerning the attendance at Donald Trump’s inaugural, was a third variant in this cluster. In this article, I shall discuss Max Weber’s parliamentary perspective on the critique of given facts and of the powers of science in relation to the debates around post-truth politics. A critical assessment of Leo Strauss’s critique of Weber as a nihilist and relativist introduces the problematic. One aim of the article is to illustrate how even trivial slogans can be situated in the history of political concepts, political theory and rhetoric.

The social construction of the legitimacy of Christian healing in Abidjan

ABSTRACTBased on ethnographic work conducted recently in the city of Abidjan where religious pluralism and medical pluralism intersect, this paper lays out the foundations of Christian healing legitimacy as perceived by some key stakeholders. Against the background of the legal recognition of biomedicine and traditional medicine which with religious healing constitute the three major healing systems in Abidjan, the paper explores the anchorages of the legitimacy of Christian healing which lacks such explicit legal backing. Data are collected through semi-structured interviews of about 240 religious practitioners, medical professionals and beneficiaries of Christian therapies in the city of Abidjan. The major theoretical framework of this paper is the Weberian theory of the triple sources of legitimation complemented with historical and political economy approaches which attempt to link the development and functioning of therapeutic systems in Côte d’Ivoire with broader political, economic and historical processes. The main argument is that Ivoirians construct the legitimacy of alternative therapies in general, and religious therapies in particular, by building on the perceived limits of biomedicine, and its inability to respond to all their therapeutic needs. From a medical pluralism perspective, the pluralisation of offers signals the plurality of needs which has determined in our Ivoirian ethnographic context the appropriation of biomedicine, the resilience of traditional medicine and the current rise of Christian healing.

The Shia armed groups and the future of Iraq

Abstract The rising and acceleration of the Shia armed group in Iraq, Syria, Yemen, and Lebanon require a deep understanding of the root of the multi-dimensional conflicts in the Middle East. An appropriate and sufficient approach to the research about these militias would be from a viewpoint of an internal conflict rather than an external conflict. The legitimization of the existence of the majority of these militias, if not all of them, is the fight and the struggle against an entity which is the Sunni sect, that would assimilate them rather than integrating them peacefully. In this article, we try to identify the impact of the Shia militias in Iraq on the formation of the future of this country. We maintain that these armed groups will be a destabilizing factor for Iraq and its neighbors, and they will worsen and deepen the sectarian division in the Middle East. We assess these different groups from different perspectives, for example, using the Weberian theory that the state is the only entity that has a monopoly of violence; Ariel Ahram’s model of state-sponsored and government-sponsored militias; and finally the devolution of violence to these armed groups.

The Limits of Weberian on Anti-Corruption Approaches in the Indonesian Municipalities

The study of corruption in the Indonesian municipalities comprises a broad variety of analysis, ranging from patron-client, clientelism, rent-seeking, etc. The various analysis of corruption indicates that there has been a gradual increase in the scholar’s attention associated with the high number of corruption cases in the Indonesian local governments, especially after reform period. Yet, the high attentions of scholars are still insufficient to formulate a best anti-corruption approach. In the public administration discourse, the scholars got often stuck to find a suitable approach to reducing corruption in the Indonesian local governments. The tendency of academia’s has explained solely by a bureaucracy analysis on the part of a Weberian discourse is one sided. Although the Weberian idea has provided some interesting ideas to frame corruption, the scholars still face difficulty in capturing a full image of the corruption problem. That means corruption is not always easy to explain from a single perspective. The failed of Weberian perspective to understand corruption could be reflected through a performance of local governments that is implemented anti-corruption programs in the bureaucracy. Thus, we need to be diagnosed in seeing the failure of a Weberian idea to formulate anti-corruption approaches in the Indonesian municipalities. I also would like to discuss the possibility of alternative perspective in the contextualizing anti-corruption approaches in the Indonesian municipalities.

Upaya Komisi Pemilihan Umum Provinsi Sumatera Selatan dalam Meningkatkan Partisipasi Pemilih pada Pilkada Serentak 2018 dan Pemilu Serentak 2019

This study explains the efforts of the South Sumatra Provincial Election Commission in increasing the political participation of the people of South Sumatra in the 2018 Simultaneous Local Election and 2019 Concurrent Elections. Democracy is determined by the voice of the people, and is closely related to legitimacy "the fewer choose the lower legitimacy, the more they choose high legitimacy. "Legitimacy is very important because of the initial legitimacy of everything in the process of implementing power from the leader. The problem in this study is how the South Sumatra Provincial Election Commission's efforts in increasing community political participation in the 2018 simultaneous regional elections and 2019 simultaneous elections, and public response to the efforts made by the South Sumatra Provincial Election Commission. This study aims to describe the efforts of the KPU of South Sumatra Province and find out the public response to the efforts of the KPU of South Sumatra Province. Theoretically this research is useful to be a reference in the study of political science and is able to become a reference in future research related to the ongoing democracy in Indonesia and the practical benefits of being able to become input to the KPU of South Sumatra Province. The theory used by researchers is Max Weber's legitimacy theory where this theory explains how important participation is to legitimacy. By using descriptive type method and qualitative approach, the data obtained by using interviews, observation, and documentation. Researcher's location is at the KPU of South Sumatra Province. The results of the study show that the KPU of South Sumatra Province has made 350 efforts to increase the political participation of the people. The result prived that the political participation percentage in crease from 63% in 2013, 69,2% in 2018, and 81,42% in 2019. Efforts to increase people's political participation will continue to be increased.

Bureaucracy: Max Weber’s Concept and Its Application to Pakistan

To investigate Max Weber’s concept of bureaucracy and its relevance to Pakistan’s civil service, this study explains the system of governance followed in different nations, its function, and bureaucratic formulations in the well-managed and administered state. The paper analyzes reasons for the poor performance of Pakistani public service provision. International development doctrines pertaining to governance are based on accountable to the governments and effective bureaucracy. This study explores the formation of the Pakistani state and civil service and its role in the implementation of government policies. Irrespective of the system of governance followed across different nations, the presence, and functioning of a bureaucratic set-up is crucial to manage and administer the state. However, in Pakistan there has been an egregious failure of the bureaucratic set-up to achieve this vision. This study explores the reasons why based on Weberian sociological theory affirming that the main characteristic of bureaucracy is espirit de corps, doing things for the good of the institution (i.e., civil service) even if goes against the public interest. This study analyzes such orientation in the context of a major developing state, Pakistan. The essential principal function of bureaucracy is to honestly and sincerely implement the government policies on behalf of the people. The government provides representation of the national interest, mainly when democratically elected, while the bureaucracy provides skills and know-how; the latter is liable to the former, but often not directly to the public. Thus, bureaucrats are usually known as “civil servants”, who provide continuity in governance and daily life, despite the vagaries of changes in government. This is a qualitative research entirely based on literature survey from library data collected from books and articles.

K interpretaci modernizace v podmínkách současné krize životního prostředí

The self-definition and self-reflection of sociology is both clarified in terms of interpretation as well as the living part and factor of the modernization process. The ongoing changes in social modernization, connected with growing ambivalent implications for global state of the environment endangers the very onthological conditions of human societies. These bring about also changes in the modernization interpretations and sociological images. These shifts can be redescribed by an „higher-order paradox of rationalization“. In these terms, two steps of description and argumentation are presented: 1. the Max Webers rationalization thesis and the interpretation problem of the goals – means – consequences of the social action in their mutual intcrconnectedness, 2. the implications of the current sociology risk-analyses and the problem of autonomization of complex socio-technological systems impacts. Both levels imply for a newly informed interpretation of modernization process meaning – in terms of the means/ends relationship of the technical versus wider socio-cultural rationalities. At the center of a „risk society“ developmental processes lies the conflict of these types of rationality Such interpretative framework – where ecological crisis helps to develop more wider perspective – could offer also a conceptual shift in meaning of the social action eoncequences where „unintended consequences“ are becoming rather „systematic products and components of modernization“. Three main barriers of wider social rationality strategy implementation are analysed. 1. the routinization of charisma and cooptation of challenging environmental knowledge, the organized irresponsibility revealing the dilemma of new global risks and old institutions, values and social emphases; 3. continuity in the consumerist hedonism routine reproduction and social indifference. The dilemmas of modernization-associal rationalization call for the new alternative politics the core of which should follow a new development of „practical rationality“, social action model assessing both, means and goals in mutual flexible adaptivity. Such „flexible adaptation model“ would enable for further changes of the means and goals according to the more comprehensive assessment of their impacts.

Max Weber's theory of personality: individuation, politics and orientalism in the sociology of religion (review)

Book Reviews 145© Max Weber Studies 2018. Sara R. Farris, Max Weber’s theory of personality: individuation, politics and orientalism in the sociology of religion. Chicago, IL: Haymarket Books, xii + 228pp. Asked by Karl Jaspers why he put himself through so much as a scholar, Weber is said to have replied, ‘to see how much I can take’. We can have a debate about where he is most obviously trying to see this: in writing Economy and Society all by himself? In the long essays on the stock exchange? In the study of music? The chances are that we wouldn’t put the studies of the world religions that occupied him for much of his final fifteen years in that category, for having given the world the two long essays on the Protestant ethic in 1904/5 and replied constantly to critics, he was perhaps bound to pursue more systematically the comparative study the thesis itself demanded. The Protestant ethic was also a kind of autobiography, or the genealogy of a sensibility Weber recognized as his own. Not all scholars have seen an intimate link between the confessional and the comparative project. Sara Farris does so. The sociology of religion as a whole may be read as a comparative study not so much of the conditions for the emergence of industrial capitalism, as of the idea of personality. In this, Weber concluded that only in the West, and in the Christian West, did there emerge an idea of the personality that we associate with autonomy and the rational mastery of the external world. That personality, Farris claims, was a normative ideal for Weber, and was embodied most starkly and significantly in the member of the voluntary Puritan sect and in the figure of the ‘charismatic’ political leader. We have been here before but what is distinctive about Farris is that she frames the discussion around the idea of orientalism, in which Weber works out the world historical significance of his own ideal of personality through highly stylized and overgeneralized contrasting accounts of ‘the’ Hindu and ‘the’ Confucian mentality, or even ‘Asiatic religiosity’, as in the last chapter of the Religion of India. Or rather, she does not so much frame it this way as book-end it; for while the reader’s heart – or this reader’s heart – sinks rather at the opening gambit, which suggests a series of rather predictable postcolonial ‘readings ’, in which the Western scholar is traduced for his ignorance, the bulk of the book is made up of very careful summaries of the each of the separate studies without much reference to the specialist literature on Ancient Judaism, Hinduism, or Confucianism. As with many before her, whatever her initial assumptions may have 146 Max Weber Studies© Max Weber Studies 2018. been, indeed, whatever thesis she wants to push, Farris finds herself entering into the richness, and surprising materialism, of his historical sociology, and doing so with considerable skill and care. Only in the final chapter is the orientalism theme emphasized at any length. The result is a slightly uneasy combination of Reinhard Bendix and Edward Said, but a very readable one. There is so much after all to try to understand, and this book will provide an admirable guide for the advanced student. But it doesn’t give us the sort of sustained encounter with what Weber got right and what he got wrong, and of where his studies fall short of today’s standards, that we find in, say, Stefan Breuer’s Max Weber’s Herrschaftssoziologie. And where criticisms are offered (190) they don’t owe much in particular to the orientalism thesis. A number of questions arise. One is that, given her emphasis on the normative aspects of the Protestant personality, it is odd that Farris downplays the role of Catholicism in the list of non-Protestant confessions with which Weber compared his own commitment (90, 95). It is of course true that, with Troeltsch’s Social Teachings appearing at the same time, Weber never studied Catholicism as he did Judaism, Hinduism, and Confucianism, and also that ascetic Protestantism is unthinkable without the ascetic traditions already developed in the West. But it is also...

Demonstration's of Max Weber's Theory of Bureaucratic Perpetuation in Supreme Court Decisions: Franklin Roosevelt’s New Deal Program v. the Lochner Court.

Demonstration's of Max Weber's Theory of Bureaucratic Perpetuation in Supreme Court Decisions: Franklin Roosevelt’s New Deal Program v. the Lochner Court.

INVESTIGATING WORK ETHIC AND ITS PERTINENT FACTORS: A CROSS-SECTIONAL STUDY IN SHIRAZ, IRAN

The main purpose of this paper is to study socio-cultural and economic factors related to work ethic. Accordingly the first step of the study was to test and analyze the subject of the research. Then the national and international researches related to the subject were studied and some of them were reported. Subsequently, various sociological theories were reviewed and, finally, Weber's theory was chosen as the theoretical framework of the research. The statistical population of the study consisted of nurses working in private and public hospitals of the Shiraz for which 390 individuals were selected as the study sample through multi-stage cluster sampling method. A questionnaire was used for data collection. The validity of the questionnaire was verified through the validity of the translation and facial validity, and its reliability was confirmed by Cronbach's alpha coefficient. The data gathered by questionnaires were analyzed using SPSS. After analyzing the data and testing the hypotheses, the findings of the research were presented in descriptive and inferential sections. The descriptive findings of the research indicate that the work ethic has been at a low level for 2.1% of the respondents, at a medium level for 69.2% of the respondents, and at a high level for 28.7% of the respondents. In the present study, 14 hypotheses were developed, where 4 hypotheses were confirmed via one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) after analyzing the hypothesis. The findings in this section of the data analysis showed that 4 variable, including place of birth, social class, media consumption, and religious identity have a significant relationship with work ethic. In addition, the results of multivariate regression analysis showed that four variables, i.e. religious identity, media consumption, place of birth, and work history, with 15.6, 7.5, 1.3, and 1 percent, respectively, predict 25.4% of the total work ethic changes. The obtained results are analyzed and discussed in final section of the study.

Gift and Gain: How Money Transformed Ancient Rome by Neil Coffee

Reviewed by: Gift and Gain: How Money Transformed Ancient Rome by Neil Coffee Marta García Morcillo Neil Coffee Gift and Gain: How Money Transformed Ancient Rome Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2016. xiii + 296 pp. 7 black-and-white figs., 5 blackand-white tables. Cloth, $75. Marcel Mauss' Essai sur le don (1923–4) grounded the foundations of an inextinguishable and fascinating debate about the functions of gift giving across cultures and its importance as a regulator of human interactions. Mauss' proposed famous triple obligation—giving, receiving, repaying—still fuels prolific discussions around the principle of gratuity, and the mechanisms of reciprocity and obligation created between giver and receiver. Authors like Claude Lévi-Strauss, Pierre Bourdieu, Alvin Gouldner and Alain Caillé, among others, have discussed the fundamental question of the unconditional or instrumental nature of gift giving. These considerations have also invigorated new debates on Graeco-Roman gift exchange (e.g., Michael Satlow, ed., The Gift in Antiquity, Oxford: Wiley-Blackwell 2013; Filippo Carlà and Maja Gori, eds., Gift Giving and the "Embedded" Economy in the Ancient World, Heidelberg: Universitätsverlag Winter 2014), to which the present monograph is an additional contribution. Coffee's work is an ambitious attempt to analyse the development of gift giving from early Rome to the early Principate. The author's thought-provoking thesis is that gift giving experienced a substantial transformation from a traditional, archaic form of altruistic generosity to a practice led by commodity exchange and self-profit. In the author's view, this transformation began to impact Roman society by the middle Republic, when Rome experienced a progressive growth of wealth, and accelerated towards the late Republic. In this process, members of the elite increasingly engaged in money lending and became growingly dissociated from traditional values of reciprocity. The book is divided into six parts that break into fourteen chapters. The structure follows a diachronic order that meets the author's thesis. Part I situates the reader within the theoretical framework of "gift studies" and summarises some important anthropological and sociological contributions to the topic. Coffee favours Max Weber's theory of four possible motivations for social action, which he also applies for gift giving: instrumental rationality directed at advantage, value rationality directed at affecting our principles, adherence to tradition, and emotion. In the same section, the author looks at relevant terminology attached to this practice as evidence to detect changes of value. The following parts of the book meet the author's proposed periodization of the Roman culture of gift exchange: (II) an archaic foundation period, (III) a middle Republican adaptation period, (IV) an exploitation period of the late Republic, and a (V) separation period of the early Empire. This division supports Coffee's hypothesis of the progressive mercantilization of gift giving. Part II focuses on the early origins of patronage and of institutions like the depositum, based on fides, as well as on the impact of early coinage. Part III discusses the introduction of gratuitous contracts as a consequence of the growth of wealth and commodity culture. In this regard, regulations such as the Plebiscitum Claudianum (219–218 b.c.e.) and the Lex Cincia (204 b.c.e.) are interpreted as elite reactions against the increase of trade [End Page 525] and economic interest in gift relationships. The author presents Cato's attachment to frugality and his lack of interest in gift giving as a transitional moment in which greed and generosity were still flexible concepts not yet completely separated. Coffee discusses also the evolution of the concept of liberality (liberalitas, liberaliter) in Latin literature (fig. 5.1). Chapter 6, which ends the section, interprets the failed reforms of the Gracchi as an attempt to introduce private generosity as a collective virtue in public life. Part IV expands the terminological analysis and looks at the increasing literary use of words like avaritia, liberalitas, pecunia and aes alienum in line with a progressive generalisation of moneylending among members of the elite towards the end of the Republic. The section is centred on Cicero's and Sallust's critical views of the degradation of generosity and the decline of reciprocity among peers. Caesar's extensive use of liberalitas...

Statelessness, Nationality, and Citizenship in Sierra Leone

This article examines the issue of statelessness in the context of postconflict Sierra Leone. Internationally, the concept of statelessness was constructed at a time when the primary view of what constituted a citizen or a national was understood from a top-down, Weberian perspective, which has limited the utility of the concept in the context of African politics. This article re-assesses this important issue, moving away from a top-down point of view to an intersubjective perspective where statelessness, citizenship, and nationality are shaped not only by formal state institutions but also by informal social norms that better reflect local realities. We conducted empirical research in Sierra Leone in five districts and Freetown. Our findings problematize our understanding of statelessness and have implications for policy and practice in addressing issues of citizenship and notions of belonging. They also challenge orthodox policies geared to addressing these populations that are largely designed and implemented by international organizations. The implications of our findings call into question the value of the concept of statelessness in the larger context of postcolonial Africa despite its recognized importance in other geographic settings.

Authority of Spiritual Leadership at Pesantren Temboro Based on Jamaah Tabligh Ideology

Kiai adalah tokoh karismatik yang memiliki pengaruh bagi eksistensi pesantren. Kepemimpinan spiritual merupakan tipologi kepemimpinan kiai yang berlandaskan pada nilai-nilai spiritualis Islam. Tujuan penelitian ini untuk mengkaji sumber otoritas kepemimpinan spiritual kiai perspektif teori otoritas Weber. Pendekatan penelitian ini adalah fenomenologi agama dengan mengamati secara fenomenologis kepemimpinan spiritual kiai di Pondok Pesantren al-Fatah Temboro, yang menjadi pusat pengembangan ideologi Jamaah Tabligh terbesar se-Asia Tenggara. Data penelitian diperoleh dari wawancara mendalam, partisipasi aktif, dokumentasi, dan angket. Penelitian ini menemukan tiga otoritas kepemimpinan spiritual kiai di Pondok Pesantren al-Fatah Temboro, yaitu tradisional, karismatik, dan rasional. Pertama, otoritas tradisional bersumber pada tiga tradisi, yaitu: (1) pendidikan pesantren, (2) Jamaah Tabligh, dan (3) tarekat Naqsyabandiyah-Khalidiyah. Kedua, otoritas karismatik bersumber pada kualitas spiritual kiai dan diperkuat dengan karomah. Ketiga, otoritas rasional bersumber pada usaha rasional kiai dalam membuka madrasah-madrasah formal sebagai bentuk modernisasi lembaga pendidikan Islam