Mathura Region Research Articles

SOCIO-CULTURAL STUDY OF GOPALI CASTE OF NEPAL: A CASE STUDY IN MACHHEGAUN, CHANDRAGIRI 9, KATHMANDU, NEPAL

The Gopali caste, a subgroup within the Newar community, has a unique socio-cultural heritage that remains under-researched and underrepresented. This study examines the social and cultural conditions of the Gopali caste in Ward No. 9 of Chandragiri Municipality using a qualitative approach. Data was collected from primary sources such as on-site observation, participant observation, focus group discussions, and interviews, and secondary sources including books and online materials. The findings reveal that the Gopalis, who migrated from the Mathura region of India around 3,500 years ago, have historically maintained unique social and ritual practices while living in seclusion. Today, Gopali settlements are primarily in the southwestern Kathmandu Valley and Makwanpur district. Despite diversifying into various occupations, they face limited participation in Nepal's administrative and political processes. This research underscores the importance of recognizing the Gopalis as a separate ethnic group to preserve their cultural heritage. Future research should focus on detailed ethnographic studies to document their traditions and explore ways to integrate the Gopalis into Nepal's broader socio-political landscape while preserving their distinct identity.

Geographical analysis of fluoride and nitrate and its probabilistic health risk assessment utilizing Monte Carlo simulation and GIS in potable water in rural areas of Mathura region, Uttar Pradesh, northern India

Human health is being increasingly exposed to fluoride and nitrate ingestion globally due to anthropogenic alternations in groundwater resources. In the present research work, a hazard quotient (HQ), Monte Carlo simulation (MCS), and geographic information systems (GIS) have been used to estimate the non-carcinogenic health risk of nitrate and fluoride in vulnerable adults, teenagers, and children living in far-flung areas of Uttar Pradesh, Northern India. About 110 samples from some nearby populations were collected and analyzed for nitrates by ion chromatography and fluoride by a fluoride-selective electrode. The results indicated that the concentrations of fluoride and nitrate in the sampling areas ranged from 0.21 to 1.71 mg/L and 0.4–183.54 mg/L, respectively, with mean concentrations of about 1.20 mg/L and 51.52 mg/L for fluoride and nitrate, respectively. The results indicated that 27.27 % of the fluoride samples (27 out of 110) and 45.45 % of the nitrate samples (44 out of 110) were above the standard limits set by WHO. The calculated average HQ values fluoride and Nitrate for children, teenagers and adults were 1.88, 0.98, 0.90 and 3.02, 1.57, 1.45 respectively The 95th percentile HQ values for fluoride were 2.87 for children and 1.03 for adults, while those for nitrate were 4.10 for children and 1.98 for adults. Results of the health risk assessment show that there is a high potential for both non-carcinogenic and cancer risks from fluoride and nitrate through the consumption of groundwater. The Monte Carlo simulation showed the uncertainties and increased risks for children; therefore, one can infer that rural groundwater of the Mathura region, Uttar Pradesh, India, must be treated to make it potable for consumption.

Overview of the Ayushman Bharat (PMJAY) in the Mathura Region

Plenty of people lives in the Uttar Pradesh state's Mathura region, where obtaining economical and high-quality healthcare services can be difficult. By giving access to healthcare facilities and health insurance, Ayushman Bharat seeks to alleviate these problems. For up to INR 5 lakh (about USD 6,700) per household per year in the Mathura region, eligible beneficiaries of Ayushman Bharat have access to cashless healthcare services. This insurance plan covers a variety of medical procedures, hospital stays, and treatment costs. In order to guarantee that they receive high-quality medical care, beneficiaries can seek treatment in hospitals that have been accredited, both public and private. The economically challenged groups of society in the Mathura region have benefited greatly from the implementation of Ayushman Bharat. It has boosted families' financial security by protecting them from the burden of high medical costs. The programme has lessened the financial burden on families and made sure they can obtain vital medical care without financial restrictions by offering cashless benefits. In the Mathura region, Ayushman Bharat has significantly improved the state of healthcare. The programme has improved access to high-quality healthcare services for the economically needy population by offering health insurance coverage, creating Wellness Centres, and guaranteeing mobility of benefits. In the Mathura region, it has reduced financial pressures and enhanced the general well-being of people and families.

Antimicrobial Resistance Profile and Molecular Characterization of Staphylococcus aureus Isolated from Subclinical Mastitis of Dairy Cows in Mathura Region

Background: Subclinical mastitis is the most underrated yet economically important disease of livestock. It goes undetected by clinical examinations, making routine surveillance and monitoring necessary for its detection. Among causative agents, Staphylococcus aureus is the most crucial one. The present study determines the prevalence, antimicrobial resistance profile and molecular characterization of S. aureus from subclinical mastitis of cattle in the Mathura region. Methods: The present research was conducted during 2019-2021 and different gaushalas and dairies in and around the Mathura region were screened for mastitis by California mastitis test and somatic cell count. The samples positive were further tested by bacterial, biochemical and molecular tests along with an antimicrobial resistance profile. Result: Our research found a significant amount of S. aureus in subclinical samples with the presence of mecA gene suggesting MRSA. The public health importance of S. aureus and emerging resistance against antibiotics demands regular monitoring and effective use of antimicrobial agents against the MRSA isolates.

Surveillance of Carbapenem-resistant Gram-negative bacteria from animal sources in Mathura region, Uttar Pradesh, India

Surveillance of Carbapenem-resistant Gram-negative bacteria from animal sources in Mathura region, Uttar Pradesh, India

Analysis of Various Drought Indices over Mathura Region Using Geo-Spatial Technologies

The scarcity of water in any geophysical conditions leads to drought. The vegetation conditions and rainfall need to be assessed efficiently to develop counter measures to tackle the drought. Hence various drought indices such as Vegetation Condition Index (VCI) Standardized Precipitation Index (SPI) and Rainfall Anomaly Index (RAI) were carefully analyzed. Results of VCI showed moderate to severe droughts occurred at study region for the year 2015 in the month of September. SPI and RAI results showed that monsoon months had negative values for all the places in drought year 2015. The eastern part of the research area is found to be prone to dry condition as per the results obtained. The risk of future drought conditions can be minimized with the help of this research.

Escherichia coli serotyping from animal wounds in Mathura region

Escherichia coli serotyping from animal wounds in Mathura region

A study on chromium accumulation in Labeo rohita in the river Yamuna ecosystem in Mathura-Agra region in Uttar Pradesh, India

Abstract:
 The present study revealed the chromium toxicity and its health measures in L. rohita from the Yamuna river at Mathura- Agra region. Samples were taken in triplicate from both sites i.e. Vrindavan (Bihar ghat) and Agra (Renuka Ghat). The study was carried out on Four different organs (i.e. gills, muscles, liver, and kidney) of the fish sample. The sampling was done from Oct 2018 to January 2020. Chromium concentration in different organs of the fish was analyzed by Atomic absorption spectrophotometer(AAS). The average Cr concentration in gills was highest (9.64 mg/l) at the Mathura site followed byAgra sites (7.78 mg/l) for the month of April 2019. The concentration of Cr was highest in samples taken in the month of April 2019 and it was lowest in October 2018. The significantly high Cr concentration values were observed in the Mathura region than the Agra region for both seasons. In all samples, Cr concentration was above the standards stated by WHO except in the Kidney. In the present study, the bioaccumulation factor showed the chromium concentration in the tissues followed the order of gill > liver > muscle > kidney. HPI, MQI, and Pearson’s correlation coefficient analysis were also done in which HPI was observed very high and there was a positive correlation between all the samples.
 
 Keywords: Chromium, BCF, HPI, MQI, AAS, Fish Organs

Enhancing the California Bearing Ratio (CBR) Value of Clayey-Sand Type of Soil in Mathura Region

Road transportation is major mode of transportation over all the modes of transportation. Roads provide point to point transportation facility with freedom of movement. For the growth of any country like India roads play important role in transportation of either people or goods. Road surface which is used by vehicles for movement on road is called pavement. The bottom most layer of pavement is subgrade which is compacted layer of soil with required cross slope and gradients. This compacted layer of soil ie subgrade is an essential part of road construction and when it requires some standards to meet to be able to receive pavement layers. In some cases when it do not have sufficient properties such as: dry density, California Bearing Ratio (CBR) value; soil needs to be treated so that it fulfills the requirements of subgrade. Lower CBR value will result into lower load carrying capacity of road and life. So it is necessary to treat and improve CBR value. For various type of soil there are different methods to improve the CBR value of subgrade. Here in this study efforts have been done to improve the CBR value of clayey sand type of soil, which is mostly present in the vicinity of the district Mathura. CBR value of clayey sand type of soil could be enhanced using materials like: lime, natural fibers, cement, fly ash, chemical compounds, etc. But in this study it has been tried to use natural occurring materials and waste material-Reclaimed Asphalt Pavement (RAP), so that sustainable, cheap and locally available material could be used. Also the cost of construction does not increase substantially. Laboratory tests were performed and results showed that CBR value of clayey sand type of soil can be increased using materials - lime, jute fiber and RAP in various ratios as mentioned in detail in this study.

An understanding of interlink of Vitamin D with Tuberculosis- A cross-sectional study

Tuberculosis (TB) is the most prevalent health disorder in developing nations and is linked with decreased immunity. Vitamin D is one of the most important vitamins required to boost immune response as it is required to maintain innate immune response via its actions on TLRs and macrophages. Risk of Tuberculosis has been associated with decrease level of vitamin D in serum in various studies. Despite of these studies some discrepancies have been shown in different studies conducted in different regions which further potentiates the role of various factors like diet, ethnicity, and seasonal variations influencing the prevalence of T.B in vitamin D deficient and non-deficient population. This study has been conducted to evaluate and establish the link of serum vitamin D in TB and non TB population residing in Mathura region of U.P. Total studied population was 80. 40 participants were taken in patient group with newly diagnosed Tuberculosis both pulmonary and extrapulmonary and 40 were enrolled in healthy control group. Serum sample was collected twice first before the start of treatment in patient group and then after the three months of effective treatment initiation.Among the two groups i.e., control and patient serum level of vitamin D in patient group was found to be significantly low as compared to the control group (22.66±15.17 vs73.03±25.6 ng/mL: P<0.001)Moreover it was seen in this study that serum vitamin D level was low in extrapulmonary tuberculosis as compared to pulmonary T.B, but this is statistically insignificant (P=0.397). Likewise when serum level of vitamin D was compared before start of treatment in patient group and after treatment no significant difference was seen. (P = 0.807). Linear regression analysis ruled out any significant link in serum levels of vitamin D when matching was done including age, gender, site of tuberculosis and after treatment onset criteria P≥0.68.Healthy population has higher serum levels of vitamin D as compared to patients with tuberculosis.

Women in Braj Bhūm (Mathura region): Glimpses through Mughal-period documents

The article explores documents in the so-called Vrindavan archives from Mughal times to extract information about individual women who appear there as complainants, sellers and donors. It seeks to establish what we can learn about women’s limited rights to inheritance and notes their total exclusion from peasant holdings. An appendix furnishes recorded descriptions (ḥuliya) of women who appeared before the local qāẓī (judge).

Evaluation of corrosive behaviour and scaling potential of shallow water aquifer using corrosion indices and geospatial approaches in regions of the Yamuna river basin

The research was conducted in the district of Mathura, Uttar Pradesh, India, and samples were obtained and analysed from 65 locations in different parts of the Mathura region in June 2016. Using the obtained water quality parameters of the study area, different types of indices including Ryznar index (RI), Langelier saturation index (LSI), Aggressive index (AI), Larson–Skold index (LS), Puckorius index (PI) and chloride sulfate mass ratio (CSMR) has been assessed and compared. The spatial distribution maps were prepared using the Inverse Distance Weight method and reveal that more than 75% of the total samples lie in the category of LI < 0, while 23% of samples indicate the water to be supersaturated with scaling forming tendency. However, 83% of the total samples point towards moderate corrosive behavior and the Ryznar index of these samples lies between limit of 6.8–8.5. The Ryznar index value of 11% of the total samples is found to be more than 8.5 thus indicating a rigorous corrosive tendency towards the water. The Puckorius index value of less than 6 has been assessed in 20% of the total samples thus conforming to the tendency of water towards scaling. The Puckorius index value between 6 and 7 has been observed in 46% of the total samples analyzed in the present study, thus indicating the water to be little corrosive in nature. The chloride sulfate mass ratio value is found to be greater than 0.5, which is observed in more than 90% of the samples of the study area, thus conforming to the corrosiveness of water towards the distribution system. Most of the indexes show that the corrosion trends in water samples are very high, so that domestic and industrial water quality and distribution systems may have more deteriorated in the future.

They Treat. But Do They Actually Know? Evaluation of Knowledge Status about Management Guidelines of Avulsed Tooth among General Dental Practitioners of Agra – Mathura Region – A Cross-sectional Survey

Background: Avulsion is the most commonly occurring traumatic dental injury due to increased violence, road traffic accidents and partaking of children in contact sports and disregard to wear injury prevention devices. Replantation is the treatment of choice which is a very technique sensitive procedure and success depends on multiple factors. Aim: To evaluate knowledge status about the management guidelines of avulsed tooth among the general dental practitioners of Agra-Mathura region. Methodology: A questionnaire based cross-sectional survey was conducted among 184 general dental practitioners of Agra-Mathura region who were divided on the basis of educational qualification and practising experience. Statistical analysis was done. Chi square test was used for inter and intra group comparison. Results: There was presence of low knowledge level among the general dental practitioners. Significant difference was seen in the knowledge level among dentists based on educational qualification and practising experience in terms of handling of tooth after avulsion, socket preparation, splinting time period. Conclusion: Highly educated and more experience dentists had comparatively better knowledge still they lack information at multiple points. Current study indicates there is need to improve and update knowledge of dental practitioners on the management of avulsed tooth.

Decomposition of Organic Wastes in Mathura Region Through Vermicomposting

Decomposition of Organic Wastes in Mathura Region Through Vermicomposting

The Shahi ʿIdgah of 1312 at Rapri (Uttar Pradesh): A Landmark in Indian Glazed Tiles

Abstract The Shahi ʿIdgah at Rapri (Uttar Pradesh), which dates to 1312, was built by Malik Kafur, the general of the Delhi sultan ʿAla⁠ʾuddin Khalji (1296–1316). The village of Rapri was part of Malik Kafur’s fief and an important station for the army, as it commanded a ford on the Yamuna River. ʿĪdgāhs, sometimes translated as “wall-mosques,” are extra-urban, open prayer spaces for accommodating large congregations during the two main religious festivals (ʿīds). The Rapri ʿīdgāh constitutes a major landmark in the architecture of the Delhi Sultanate, mainly because of its exceptional decoration of turquoise-glazed tiles, the oldest example of its kind still in situ. Although often considered a technique that originated in the Iranian domains, the making of glazed tiles was already known in the Kushan period (first to fourth century CE), and some findings have been excavated from Buddhist contexts in the nearby Mathura region. This study shows the link between the tiles of Rapri and later fourteenth century examples, and with glazed pottery.

G and P types of bovine group A rotavirus in northern India

Animal rotaviruses (RVs) are considered as a potential threat to humans due to possibility of interspecies transmission and exchange of genomic materials. Among several RVs, the group A rotaviruses (RVA) are the major cause of diarrhoea in cattle and buffalo calves worldwide. The present study was carried out to understand epidemiology and types of RVA circulating in Mathura region of northern India. One hundred faecal samples were collected from diarrhoeic cattle (n=94) and buffalo calves (n=6) from organized dairy farms. Viral RNA was extracted from faecal suspension and was transcribed to cDNA using RT-PCR. The cDNA was amplified for VP6, VP7 and VP4 genes and multiplex nested PCR was done for G and P genotyping. Twelve samples were detected positive for RVA by antigen detection ELISA and eleven samples produced expected amplicon for group A specific VP6 gene. On genotyping with G3, G6, G8 and G10 specific primers for VP7 gene and P [1] and P [11] specific primers for VP4 gene, G6 genotype predominated over other genotypes. Dual genotypes were also observed. In P typing only one isolate was found to be positive for P [1] and rest all samples remained untypable. The result of present study indicates G6 as a major G genotype and change in frequencies of distribution of G types in this part of the country.

Hyperspectral Remote Sensing in Characterizing Soil Salinity Severity using SVM Technique - A Case Study of Alluvial Plains

Hyperspectral remote sensing is widely used for analyzing and estimating the severity of soil salinity in arid and semi-arid regions, throughout the world. The present study is an attempt to map the various soil salinity severity classes using different hyperspectral indices generated using EO-1 Hyperion data and Support Vector Machine (SVM) method, in the Mathura region of Indo-Gangetic plain of India. Various hyperspectral indices such as Soil Adjusted Vegetation Index (SAVI), Desertification Soil Index (DSI), Salinity Index (SI) and Normalized Difference Water Index (NDWI) were chosen, generated and effectively used for characterizing and mapping soil salinity severity. Salt infestation in the study area was categorized into four classes of normal, slight, moderate, high soil salinity. Hyperspectral indices helped in identification of various features like vegetation, waterlogged area and soil areas under various classes of soil salinity. The salinity index and desertification soil indices were found to respond well to varying degrees of soil salinity. The SVM technique generated soil salinity map with overall classification accuracy of 78.13 percent, with a kappa statistic of 0.71. The results indicated highest accuracy in high soil salinity class in comparison to other classes, attaining producers and users accuracies of 85.71% and 90.0% respectively. Slight saline class showed poor producers and users accuracy. The result showed high accuracy for mapping soil salinity severity with machine learning classifier like SVM using various indices generated from hyperspectral remote sensing data. These generated images can be effectively used in planning of various management practices and effective reclamation measures of salt affected soils.

Mughal administration in rural localities

The controversy about the limited or ‘segmented’ sovereignty in relation to the Mughal Empire seems to have been conducted without any scrutiny of primary documents. The article argues that private documents of the Mathura region show a far greater reach of the Mughal administration in the villages than one would have otherwise supposed.

Prevalence and seasonal variation of trichurid worm infections of small ruminants of Mathura, India.

Despite single handily causing significant deleterious effects on the health and production of small ruminants, trichurid infections are still amongst the underreported diseases in the Indian context. The present study deals with the season wise prevalence of Trichuris sp. in small ruminants from Mathura region India. An overall prevalence of 8.73% in sheep and 13.65% in goats was found in the instant study. Highest prevalence were recorded in rainy season (11.03 and 16.84%) followed by summer (8.12 and 13.06%) and winter season (6.91 and 11.39%) in sheep and goats, respectively. So far as age wise prevalence is concerned, young sheep and goat (<6months of age) were found to more affected than their adult (>6months) counterparts. Again considering the sex wise prevalence rates, female animals were found more affected than male counterparts regardless of both the species. Finally, the contributing factors, trends in variations of parasitism and comparison with available literature has been described. The study has generated some vital data about this under reported parasitic entity.

English

Bio-load of Mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis (MAP)&nbsp;was estimated in the first mass screening of human population in Mathura region of South Uttar Pradesh. 48,919 samples were collected between December, 2010 and March, 2013 from Pathology laboratories, 26,390 were screened by indigenous ELISA kit, IS900 blood and stool PCR, IS1311 PCR_RE and stool microscopy. From 23,196 serum samples screened by indigenous ELISA, 34.0% were positive for MAP infection (Mathura -35.4% and Agra 14.2%). Percent prevalence of MAP infection was 28.3, 41.8, 37.4, 29.5, 41.1, 40.7, 42.5, 36.5 and 51.2 in patients suspected for diabetes, liver disorders, anaemia, thyroid, tuberculosis, typhoid, abdominal disorders, inflammatory illness and ion imbalance, respectively. 3093 blood samples screened by IS900 PCR, 8.4% were positive (Mathura - 9.2% and Agra -7.9%). Percent prevalence of MAP was 4.8, 7.0, 20.0, 4.9, 17.8, 7.6 and 12.7 in patients suspected for diabetic, liver disorder, skin disorders, anaemia, Malaria, typhoid and apparently normal individuals, respectively. 101 stool samples screened by microscopy, 5.9% were positive and of these 2.9% were confirmed by IS900 PCR. IS1311 PCR_RE bio-typing showed &lsquo;Indian Bison Type&rsquo; was the most prevalent biotype. The study indicated large scale exposure of human population to MAP in the Mathura region of South Uttar Pradesh and &lsquo;Indian Bison Type&rsquo; biotype was most prevalent. Key words: Blood PCR, bio-load, Crohn&rsquo;s disease, Indian bison type, indigenous ELISA, Mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis.