Material Properties Research Articles

MICROHARDNESS OF SINGLE CRYSTALS OF Ag7+x(P1-xGex)S6 SOLID SOLUTIONS

Superionic conductors have a number of important characteristics and applications that make them important in the field of materials science, technology and industry. At the same time, when developing and analyzing the properties of new materials to optimize their composition and material processing, information about microhardness is mandatory. This is important to ensure the stability and efficiency of devices over a long period of time. This paper presents a study of the microhardness of single-crystal samples of Ag7+x(P1-xGex)S6 (x = 0, 0.1, 0.25, 0.33, 0.5, 0.75, 1) solid solutions. For all the studied samples, a decrease in the microhardness H is observed with an increase in the load P, indicating the presence of a direct size effect. The microhardness of single-crystal samples is also described within the PSR (proportional specimen resistance) model, the results of which also indicate the presence of a direct size effect. The values of the intrinsic hardness H0 calculated within the PSR model for solid solutions of Ag7+x(P1-xGex)S6 (x = 0, 0.1, 0.25, 0.33, 0.5, 0.75, 1) are as follows: 903.1 N/mm2 (x=0), 997.7 N/mm2 (x=0.1), 990.2 N/mm2 (x=0.25), 1019.9 N/mm2 (x=0.33), 1053.3 N/mm2 (x=0.5), 1097.8 N/mm2 (x=0.75), 1081.1 N/mm2 (x=0.1). To assess the influence of the direct size effect, Meyer's law was used. For the studied solid solutions of Ag7+x(P1-xGex)S6, the values of the Meyer's index are in the range n = 1.72 ÷ 1.86, which indicates that these solid solutions belong to soft materials.

Perovskite in Triboelectric Nanogenerator and the Hybrid Energy Collection System.

In the context of escalating energy demands and environmental sustainability, the paradigm of global energy systems is undergoing a transformative shift to innovative and reliable energy-harvesting techniques ranging from solar cells to triboelectric nanogenerators (TENGs) to hybrid energy systems, where a fever in the study of perovskite materials has been set off due to the excellent optoelectronic properties and defect tolerance features. This review begins with the basic properties of perovskite materials and the fundamentals of TENGs, including their working principles and general developing strategy, then delves into the key role of perovskite materials in promoting TENG-based hybrid technologies in terms of energy conversion. While spotlighting the coupling of triboelectric-optoelectronic effects in harnessing energy from a variety of sources, thereby transcending the limitations inherent to single-source energy systems, this review pays special attention to the strategic incorporation of perovskite materials into TENGs and TENG-based energy converting systems, which heralds a new frontier in enhancing efficiency, stability, and adaptability. At the end, this review highlights the remaining challenges such as stability, efficiency, and functionality for applications in TENG-based energy-harvesting systems, aiming to provide a comprehensive overview of the current landscape and the prospective trajectory of the role of perovskite materials in TENG-based energy-harvesting technologies within the renewable energy sector.

Characterization and Analysis of Mechanical and Morphological Properties of Hybrid Composite Material from Prosopis Juliflora and Phoenix Sylvestris for Engineering Applications

The demand for sustainable, high-performance materials has driven interest in natural fiber-based composites. This research investigates the development of a hybrid composite using fibers from Prosopis Juliflora and Phoenix Sylvestris combined with glass fibers and epoxy resin. The natural fibers underwent a 10% NaOH treatment to enhance their mechanical properties. Hand layup techniques were employed to fabricate the samples, followed by comprehensive mechanical testing, including tensile, flexural, impact, hardness, and delamination tests. The composite, composed of 60% natural fibers, and 30% resin, and treated with NaOH, exhibited superior mechanical performance, surpassing similar composites in literature. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) analysis revealed improved fiber-matrix adhesion, while wear testing indicated potential applications in brake linings. The results suggest this hybrid composite offers a viable, sustainable alternative for high-performance engineering applications, particularly in the automotive industry.

B─C Bonding Configuration Manipulation Strategy Toward Synergistic Optimization of Polarization Loss and Conductive Loss for Highly Efficient Electromagnetic Wave Absorption

AbstractIn non‐metallic atom‐doped carbonaceous materials, the disparity in electronegativity between the doped constituents and carbon atoms predetermines the bonding topology of covalent bonds and the distribution of electron density. This, consequently, influences the polarization and electron transport behavior within the doped domain and the electromagnetic wave attenuation attributes of the carbonaceous material. However, the influence of covalent bonds formed by doping with weakly electronegative atoms on electron density distribution, polarization effects, and electromagnetic wave attenuation remains uncharted. To address this deficiency, this study fabricates a porous carbonaceous material (NCP) and incorporates boron‐doped atoms to form a material with tunable B─C bonding configurations (B‐NCP). By modulating the B─C bonding configuration and proportion, it is feasible to achieve the synergistic optimization of conductive loss and polarization loss of the B‐NCP specimen. The optimized prototype B‐NCP‐1200 sample displays exceptionally efficient electromagnetic wave absorption capabilities with a minimum reflection loss (RLmin) of −52.03 dB and an effective absorption bandwidth (EAB) of 5.36 GHz. This study presents a conscientious model for comprehending the electromagnetic attenuation mechanisms associated with weakly electronegative atom doping in carbon‐based electromagnetic wave‐absorbing materials.

Single ion effect on material and electrical properties of deposited and annealed Al2O3 film on 4H-SiC by atomic layer deposition

Abstract It is preferable for the use of highly radiation tolerant SiC devices in space applications due to the strong covalent bond of SiC material. In particular, the MOS devices using SiO2 as a gate dielectric still exhibits a high density of interface states, which enables huge difficulties in accounting for the formation of latent gate damage generated along the heavy ion incidence path. High-k materials represented by Al2O3 gate dielectric offer the most promise to replace the current SiO2 gate dielectric. Al2O3 is a promising high-k material for application in radiation-resistant gate dielectrics on 4H-SiC. The effects of heavy ion irradiation via linear energy transfer (LET) of 99.8 MeV·cm²/mg Bi ions on the surface morphology and interfacial properties of Al2O3 gate dielectric on 4H-SiC were investigated and demonstrated by various characterization methods. It is found that the uniformity of refractive index of 1100 °C annealed Al2O3 films is less affected by radiation compared to as deposited films. Also, the roughness of Rq for the annealed films is varied from 0.28 nm to 0.34 nm before and after irradiation, which shows less degree of increment as compared to as deposited films with increase from 0.24 nm to 0.54 nm. The bombarded pores can be hardly observed in annealed Al2O3. Additionally, the formation of oxygen vacancies or interstitial oxygen contributes to a decrease of Al-O and Al-O-Si bonds after irradiation. Fortunately, the crystallized Al2O3 induced by annealing exhibits a more robust and stable bonding between Al and O and shows less damaged elemental components. These film characterization and underlying mechanisms behind heavy ion irradiation is of meaningful use for development of SiC metal-oxide-semiconductor field effect transistor (MOSFET) irradiation hardening process.

Gradient Luminescence Enhancement in Organic Metal Halide Perovskites via the Suppression of [SbCln]3-n Unit Distortion.

Intrinsic stereochemical activity of the 5s2 electron configuration in Sb3+ leads to structural distortion within [SbCln]3-n units, which, while stabilizing the material, paradoxically diminishes luminescence intensity due to induced asymmetry. To address this issue, a strategy, which encompasses increasing the structural dimensions and introducing In3+ doping, was developed to mitigate the geometrical distortion in the [SbCln]3-n units within the metal-organic perovskite (DABCO)2Sb2Cl10·H2O and (DABCO)2SbCdCl9·2H2O (DABCO = triethylenediamine). This dimensional augmentation confines lattice distortion effectively, and the In3+ doping modifies the 5s2 electron configuration of Sb3+, thereby reducing the distortion at its origin. The unique suitability of indium-based halides as a matrix for Sb3+ doping is underscored by our approach, which capitalizes on their ability to regulate the electron configuration of Sb3+. This strategy has been validated through crystallographic data from single-crystal X-ray diffraction. By effectively reducing the adverse effects of geometric distortion, several hundred-fold enhancements in the luminescent intensity of the material have been achieved by our methodology, leading to potential applications in white-light LEDs. This advancement not only highlights the pivotal role of structural symmetry in the optical properties of materials but also exemplifies the power of material engineering to optimize the optical performance.

Voltage Mining for (De)lithiation-Stabilized Cathodes and a Machine Learning Model for Li-Ion Cathode Voltage.

Advances in lithium-metal anodes have inspired interest in discovery of Li-free cathodes, most of which are natively found in their charged state. This is in contrast to today's commercial lithium-ion battery cathodes, which are more stable in their discharged state. In this study, we combine calculated cathode voltage information from both categories of cathode materials, covering 5577 and 2423 total unique structure pairs, respectively. The resulting voltage distributions with respect to the redox pairs and anion types for both classes of compounds emphasize design principles for high-voltage cathodes, which favor later Period 4 transition metals in their higher oxidation states and more electronegative anions like fluorine or polyanion groups. Generally, cathodes that are found in their charged, delithiated state are shown to exhibit voltages lower than those that are most stable in their lithiated state, in agreement with thermodynamic expectations. Deviations from this trend are found to originate from different anion distributions between redox pairs. In addition, a machine learning model for voltage prediction based on chemical formulas is trained and shows state-of-the-art performance when compared to two established composition-based ML models for material properties predictions, Roost and CrabNet.

Modification of computer-aided modelling input data based on medium-scale fire tests of wooden beams

The aim of the paper was to optimize the settings of the material properties of a computer model describing heat transfer in a wooden beam exposed to thermal loading from a porcelain radiation panel. The methodology was based on performing medium-scale fire tests as a basis for a creation of finite element model with 6 different setups of material characteristics based on the outputs of tests. When adjusting the settings, the T-history method was used to determine a beginning and end of a phase change of the water content in the wood, a thermal conductivity was adjusted based on a density and a moisture content, and enthalpy was used instead of a specific heat. The results of the simulations were compared with the real medium-scale fire tests, which showed the importance of adjusting the input data. Based on the T-history method, the setting with a thermal conductivity value of 0.35 W·m-1·K-1 at a temperature of 114.8 °C was shown to be the best, with a coefficient of determination 98.7%.The results of the simulations showed that there could be a correlation between the moisture content of the wood and the maximum value of the thermal conductivity of the wood in the phase change of water.

Local elasticity assessment of unidirectional fiber-reinforced polymer composites through impulse excitation and machine learning

This study presents a novel methodology that integrates the Impulse Excitation Technique (IET) and machine learning (ML) to predict local elastic properties within isolated regions of unidirectional polymeric composite plates. The proposed model incorporates fiber volume and plate thickness as input parameters and leverages the first resonance frequencies of the local region at different fiber orientations, thus accounting for the composite’s anisotropy. Regression results from the deep neural network (DNN) model demonstrate robust prediction performance across all output targets in both testing and training datasets, with R2 coefficients surpassing 0.9. The model exhibits particularly strong performance in predicting Young’s moduli. Additionally, each output objective shows sensitivity to a unique balance of input parameter weight factors for achieving optimal ML predictions. Moreover, a parabolic trend in the weight factors of fundamental frequencies at different orientations is observed as the rigidity of composites changes. Lastly, a comparative study between carbon-fiber and glass-fiber composites highlights the variations in fiber volume and elastic constants, emphasizing the effectiveness of the proposed model in accurately predicting material properties.

Seismic Behavior Analysis of a 14th Century Anatolian Seljuk Kumbet

The preservation of cultural heritage and the seismic resilience of historic buildings are crucial for maintaining social identity, particularly in earthquake-prone regions. This study focuses on the modeling of Sırçalı Kumbet, a Seljuk monument built in the 14th century in Kayseri province, located in the Central Anatolia region of Turkey, using survey drawings and analysis using the finite element method (FEM) to evaluate its seismic performance. The analysis indicates that linear elastic calculation methods can serve as an initial approach for evaluating such geometrically complex structures. The findings demonstrate that Sırçalı Kumbet exhibits substantial structural rigidity, reducing deformation and enhancing resistance to material fatigue during seismic events. Displacement and stress analyses under G+EQx and G+EQy loading conditions reveal that tensile and compressive stresses remain within acceptable limits, with localized exceedances occurring at specific points, such as cavity corners and wall bases. While these localized stresses are manageable, they highlight areas that require continuous monitoring and potential reinforcement to ensure long-term stability. Additionally, the study suggests that the integration of regular maintenance and targeted reinforcement measures can further improve the monument’s durability and minimize potential damage. This research underscores the essential role of the FEM in bridging the gap between cultural heritage conservation and seismic resilience. It provides a methodological framework for integrating architectural, restoration, and engineering expertise into comprehensive conservation strategies. Future studies should expand this approach to include various building types and material properties to enhance the development of preservation strategies.

Solution Process–Based Facile Flame–Boosted Low‐Valence Transition Metal Doping on Pristine Oxide for Highly Enhanced Photoelectrochemical Solar Water Oxidation Reaction

ABSTRACTAs for the high sustainable solar hydrogen production via water splitting, transition metal doping on an oxide photoanode in photoelectrochemical (PEC) cells has been recognized as an effective approach. However, conventional thermal‐diffusion‐mediated doping strategies face the challenge of resolving sluggish catalytic kinetics for oxygen evolution reaction (OER) and its practical utilization for the synthesis of photoanode films. Herein, we introduce facile ultrafast flame‐boosted doping of Mo into a BiVO4 (FL MoBVO) film for 20 s to achieve an efficient PEC OER. Mo elements in a low‐valence state (i.e., Mo6−δ) and Mo6+ are successfully doped into the photoanode, which manipulate the energy band structure, facilitating the downward shift of band edges and promoting the surface catalytic kinetics. Consequently, the flame‐boosted Mo‐doping results in superior PEC performance in a mild environment with neutral electrolyte without introducing any other additives or co‐catalysts, where the photocurrent density at 1.23 VRHE under 1 sun illumination in pH 7 is outstandingly enhanced, over 9‐fold higher than that of a pristine BiVO4. The flame‐boosted doping induces significantly enhanced photoexcited charge transport and catalytic reaction kinetics performances simultaneously. Our report provides the effective strategy boosting both the thermodynamic and kinetic charge migration properties for sustainable materials.

Numerical and experimental analysis and verification of plastics derived from post-consumer plastic wastes

The present study aims at replacing virgin polypropylene with a percentage of recycled plastics to assess the impact of this substitution on the mechanical properties of the original material. Homogenization is employed to predict the mechanical properties of the mixtures and verification is performed by considering tensile tests for each blend and mechanical properties are compared. Homogenized material properties achieved from numerical analysis and properties achieved from experiments are comparable with an error between 10 and 20%; such uncertainties might be connected with the unknown perfect mix present in the blend between the virgin and the recycled parts.

Study on the effects of material hardening on the development of high-speed rail corrugation

To investigate the effect of material hardening on corrugation development, a theoretical model for corrugation development is proposed, which incorporates the consideration of material properties’ variation. Experiments were conducted to reproduce the corrugation phenomenon, and the mechanical properties of the hardened layer in corrugated rail were obtained utilizing Nano-indentation experiment. The corrugation depth gradually increased and eventually stabilized with the increase of rolling cycles, and the corrugation troughs exhibit greater material hardening compared to the peaks. The numerical algorithm for the corrugation development model was developed and the processes of corrugation development under conditions with and without material hardening were simulated. The growth of corrugation calculated using the model without material hardening exhibits a continual exponential increase with the number of wheel passages, which does not agree with what was observed in experiments and in the field. However, when considering material hardening, the development process of corrugation could be accurately reproduced.

Investigation of early-age concrete strength development using a contactless ultrasonic method

ABSTRACT The compressive strength of early aged concrete was estimated using obtained shear modulus derived by leaky Rayleigh wave velocity. To obtain shear modulus without interference from other factors, a unique testing configuration was implemented using a contactless ultrasonic method, which offers the advantages of being non-invasive and non-destructive. A parametric study was conducted to examine the influence of material properties and air temperature on the development of leaky wave velocity in a joint half-space. The results indicate that shear modulus is the primary factor influencing the increase in leaky Rayleigh wave velocity, while density and Poisson’s ratio also impact wave velocity during the curing process. Experimental validation was carried out using pin penetration tests, compressive tests, and real-time measurements of Poisson’s ratio and density, along with the contactless ultrasonic method. The results indicate that the initial velocity of the leaky Rayleigh wave is significantly influenced by the stiffness of coarse aggregates, even when the compressive strength of the specimens is identical. Additionally, the relationship between compressive strength and shear modulus shows a strong linear correlation at early ages.

Impact of Microwave Pre-Curing on Pore Structure and Environmental Performance of Metakaolin- and Fly Ash-Based Geopolymers

Microwave technology in geopolymer synthesis offers a transformative, sustainable alternative to traditional methods, enhancing material properties and production efficiency. However, the effects of microwave-induced changes on pore structure and their relationship with mechanical strength and environmental performance, such as heavy metal leachability, are not fully understood. This study investigates the impact of microwave pre-curing on geopolymers, focusing on how microwave power and duration influence their pore structure and environmental performance. A total of 48 mixtures were prepared using sodium silicate and sodium hydroxide as alkali activators, with metakaolin and fly ash as raw materials. The modulus was adjusted to 1.5, and the liquid-to-solid ratio was set at 1.6 for metakaolin and 0.7 for fly ash. Microwave irradiation power settings of 100 W, 300 W, 440 W, 600 W, and 800 W were tested. The heating times ranged from 30 s to 90 s at intervals of 15 s. Our findings reveal that optimal microwave settings (100 watts for 45 s) can significantly enhance mechanical properties, with compressive strengths reaching 15.9 MPa for fly ash-based and 9.094 MPa for metakaolin-based geopolymers. However, excessive microwave energy leads to increased porosity, with adverse effects on structural integrity. Moreover, microwave pre-curing effectively reduces heavy metal leachability. Chromium (III) was used in leaching tests and it was demonstrated that ion concentrations as low as 0.097 mg/L enhance environmental safety. Advanced techniques like Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), X-ray diffraction (XRD) and X-ray CT were applied for the analysis of the atomic bonding, phases and pore structure of the studied geopolymers along with their ability to withstand compression (MPa). Chromium (III) was encapsulated and its leached concentration was measured by ICP-MS to evaluate the performance of the synthesized geopolymers. These results underscore the need for precise control over microwave irradiation parameters to maximize the benefits while mitigating negative impacts. This study provides valuable insights into the controlled use of microwave technology for geopolymer synthesis, recommending optimal irradiation conditions for improved performance and sustainability and advancing sustainable construction materials. The developed geopolymers show promise for applications in construction, waste stabilization, and heavy metal immobilization, contributing to more sustainable and environmentally friendly materials in these industries.

Modulation of Biomaterial-Associated Fibrosis by Means of Combined Physicochemical Material Properties.

Biomaterial-associated fibrosis remains a significant challenge in medical implants. To optimize implant design, understanding the interplay between biomaterials and host cells during the foreign body response (FBR) is crucial. Material properties are known to influence cellular behavior and can be used to manipulate cell responses, but predicting the right combination for the desired outcomes is challenging. This study exploreshow combined physicochemical material properties impact early myofibroblast differentiation using the Biomaterial Advanced Cell Screening (BiomACS) technology, which assesseshundreds of combinations of surface topography, stiffness, and wettability in a single experiment. Normal human dermal fibroblasts (NHDFs) are screened for cell density, area, and myofibroblast markers α-smooth muscle actin (α-SMA) and Collagen type I (COL1) after 24hand 7 days of culture, with or without transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-β). Results demonstrated that material properties influence fibroblast behavior after 7 days with TGF-β stimulation, with wettability emerging as the predominant factor, followed by stiffness. The study identified regions with increased cell adhesion while minimizing myofibroblast differentiation, offering the potential for implant surface optimization to prevent fibrosis. This research provides a powerful tool for cell-material studies andrepresents a critical step toward enhancing implant properties and reducing complications, ultimately improving patient outcomes.

Improvement of the mechanical and microstructural properties of the materials used for armour by surface deposition using the Cold Spray method

Superficial depositions gain interest in various industries due to the significant improvement of the properties of the base material that is subjected to superficial depositions. The deposits can be made both in the technological process of manufacturing the various components and in the reconditioning processes of the components with high levels of wear. Superficial coatings are applied with the aim of creating a protective surface layer, that is hard and resistant to both external factors and various demands. Depending on the nature of the application of the component, to be coated the mechanical, microstructural, thermal, corrosion resistance, etc. properties can be improved. The objective of this work is to demonstrate the ability of thermal deposition to improve the mechanical and microstructural properties of materials used in the construction of armour for military equipment using the Cold Spray (CS) thermal deposition method. Among all the deposition methods, this method is the only one that manages to deposit the particles below their melting point, having the lowest deposition temperatures, thus preserving the properties of the deposited material. This paper presents experimental results for armor elements that are subjected to severe exploitation regimes and contributes to the scientific progress in the field of deposits applicable to most industries such as petrochemical, military, aerospace, automotive, and medical.

Alignment Strategies in Total Knee Arthroplasty: The Rise and Role of Enabling Technology.

Total knee arthroplasty (TKA) remains the gold standard surgical care for end-stage knee arthritis. Since its inception, TKA has seen many transformative factors with advances in material properties, implant design, and fixation. Improvements in implant longevity has culminated in TKA being recognized as one of modern medicine's most successful surgical procedures. Patient satisfaction, however, remains a significant challenge. Recent studies report that patient satisfaction with current implants and techniques remains at 80 to 90%, suggesting that up to one in five patients remain dissatisfied with their procedure. A balanced knee, defined as equal medial and lateral gaps in knee extension and flexion, is a desired outcome in TKA. This has been shown to be associated with improved clinical outcomes. Given the poor rate of surgeon-defined balance, intraoperative knee balance can be confirmed with objective load data using sensor-embedded smart inserts or by measuring gaps using computer-assisted or robotic platforms. Currently, there is no consensus on the correct alignment or laxity targets for individualized alignment strategies in TKA, and further research in this area is required to answer this. Tremendous advances in our understanding of knee anatomy and kinematics have come to light in the recent past, and these insights have spawned interest in alternative alignment techniques in TKA. More recently, an appreciation of individual knee phenotypes and associated classification systems have provided a platform and the scientific justification behind these contemporary alignment strategies. Paired with enabling technologies, it is becoming an accepted paradigm that surgeons have the ability to select a desired alignment target when undertaking an individualized alignment strategy in TKA and execute the surgery with a high degree of precision. It is hoped that this may reduce the rate of dissatisfaction following TKA and improve clinical outcomes. This review article provides an overview of the concepts of knee phenotypes, current alignment strategies in TKA, and the emerging benefits of enabling technologies.

Mechanical properties analysis of PP-LGF40 and DC01 automotive front-end frames based on lightweight technology

In this paper, a front-end frame of a new energy vehicle is designed, and the CATIA model is established by combining the relevant parameters of the target material, and the mechanical properties of different materials under different working conditions are analyzed in depth by using ANSYS workbench software. Through parametric design, geometric modeling, material properties, and boundary conditions, the mechanical properties of all-metal, all-plastic, and mixed plastic and steel front-end frames were simulated for comparative analysis and research. In the simulation process, the static mechanical performance of the front-end frame is analyzed using the parameter indexes under different working conditions. The study shows that PP-LGF40 material has insufficient stiffness but very light mass, according to the observed stress maximum point and deformation maximum location in the vicinity of the hood main lock and upper frame, the combination of steel DC01 + PP-LGF40 is finally adopted, the main lock and upper frame part with the largest deformation is made of steel DC01 material, while the lower frame part with smaller deformation is made of lighter PP-LGF40 material. The mass of the optimized front-end frame is 5.1201 kg, which is 35.52% lighter than the steel DC01 front-end frame of 7.9417 kg, and the lightweight effect is obvious. After ANSYS analysis and calculation of the main lock of the front-end frame in 2500 N load, the maximum compressive force can be 523.38 MPa, and the maximum deformation of the main lock is 1.3552 mm.The model of the automobile front-end frame made of a mixture of plastic and steel materials uses steel in the area of the larger force, and uses plastic in the other areas, which can not only ensure the mechanical properties of the requirements, but also achieve the requirements of lightweight.

A Review of Bandgap Engineering and Prediction in 2D Material Heterostructures: A DFT Perspective.

The advent of two-dimensional (2D) materials and their capacity to form van der Waals (vdW) heterostructures has revolutionized numerous scientific fields, including electronics, optoelectronics, and energy storage. This paper presents a comprehensive investigation of bandgap engineering and band structure prediction in 2D vdW heterostructures utilizing density functional theory (DFT). By combining various 2D materials, such as graphene, hexagonal boron nitride (h-BN), transition metal dichalcogenides, and blue phosphorus, these heterostructures exhibit tailored properties that surpass those of individual components. Bandgap engineering represents an effective approach to addressing the limitations inherent in material properties, thereby providing enhanced functionalities for a range of applications, including transistors, photodetectors, and solar cells. Furthermore, this study discusses the current limitations and challenges associated with bandgap engineering in 2D heterostructures and highlights future prospects aimed at unlocking their full potential for advanced technological applications.