Material Sphere Research Articles

Identification of the viscoelastic properties of soft materials using a convenient dynamic indentation system and procedure

The responses of soft structures such as tissue depend on their viscoelastic properties. Therefore, the knowledge of the elastic and damping properties of soft materials is of great interest. This paper presents the identification of the viscoelastic properties of soft materials using a convenient dynamic indentation system and procedure. Using an electromagnet, a force is applied to a rigid sphere located at the soft-material interface and the dynamic response of the sphere is recorded using a high-speed camera. The recorded video is processed to identify the displacement of the sphere as a function of time. The dynamic response of the sphere located at the soft-material interface is predicted using an analytical model that considers the shear modulus and density of the soft sample, the radiation damping due to shear waves, and the radius and density of the sphere. By matching the measured and predicted steady-state displacements of the sphere, the shear modulus of the soft sample is determined. The viscous damping ratio of the soft sample is identified by using an equivalent viscous damping ratio for the soft sample in the analytical model and matching the measured and predicted oscillation amplitudes of the sphere. Experiments and analyzes are performed using gelation phantoms with different mechanical properties, spheres of different materials and sizes, and different force levels to verify the system and procedure. Three experiments are performed for each gelation phantom, sphere, and external force, and the repeatability of the results is presented. The results show that the dynamic indentation system and procedure presented in this study can be conveniently used to determine the viscoelastic properties of soft materials in practical applications.

A New Approach for Assessing the Reliability of Electronic Assemblies Using Fuzzy Logic for Multi-criteria Optimization

Abstract The reliability of electronic assemblies is a vital criterion used to assure product quality over its lifetime. Weibull distribution is the most common distribution utilized to describe the reliability data. Most of the studies use the Weibull scale parameter, or characteristic life, to compare alternatives and make a selective decision. This may not lead to achieving the optimal parameters which can be problematic because this method doesn’t consider the variability behavior of the fatigue life. In this study, a new approach for process parameters selection is proposed to find the optimal parameter values that improve the micro-optimality selection process based on reliability data. In this study, a new approach is proposed based on examining the solder joint reliability by using a multi criteria analysis. The fuzzy logic is utilized as a tool to solve the multi criteria problem that is presented from the proposed approach. The reliability of microelectronic connections in thermal cycling operating conditions is used as a validation case study. In the validation case study, the optimal process parameters are found for ball grid array electronic components. Two levels of the solder sphere materials, three levels of the surface finish, and 10 levels of solder paste alloys are studied as process parameters. Using the proposed approach, four quality responses are employed to assess the reliability data, including the scale parameter, the B10 (life at 10% of the population failure), mean-standard deviation response, and the signal to noise ratio (SNR). The fuzzy logic is applied to solve the multiresponse problem. An optimal process parameter setting that considers different quality characteristics was found for the validation case study. ENIG surface finish, SAC305 solder sphere, and material six were the optimal factor levels that are obtained for the aged CABGA208 component using the proposed approach.

РЕШЕНИЯ КАДРОВОЙ ПРОБЛЕМЫ В ПЕРИОД РЕЭВАКУАЦИИ НАСЕЛЕНИЯ ИЗ КРАСНОЯРСКОГО КРАЯ В ВОЕННЫЙ И ПОСЛЕВОЕННЫЙ ПЕРИОД (1944–1948 ГГ.)

The Great Patriotic War of the Soviet Union against Germany caused the movement of many enterprises and people from the western regions of the country to the eastern ones. Among them is the Krasnoyarsk Territory. About 200 enterprises and institutions from 25 western cities of the country were located here. More than 80 thousand people arrived with enterprises and independently. This is how the machine-building giant Sibtyazhmash, KrasTETs, the Yenisei chemical plant, Krasmash, the Norilsk plant and many other enterprises appeared. They turned Krasnoyarsk into an industrial region of the country. With the victories of the Red Army, the problem arose of restoring the economy of the liberated territories, which suffered significant losses in the material and human spheres. And here the eastern regions again came to the rescue — the process of re-evacuation of equipment and people to their former place of residence begins. This aggravated the problem of workers, especially skilled workers, in Siberia, including the Krasnoyarsk Territory. The enterprises of the region needed qualified personnel, since here, in contrast to the western regions of the USSR, the restructuring of the economy began on a peaceful track, and not its restoration. In this article, the authors analyze the means and methods for solving the problem of retaining personnel in the process of re-evacuation of the civilian population and equipment by the party-Soviet and economic bodies of the Krasnoyarsk Territory. The experience of this period, with certain adjustments, can be used today in order to solve the personnel problem, but now for the settlement of the eastern regions of the country in difficult economic and demographic conditions.

Effect of sphere configurated particle damper on tribological properties during boring of hardened steel

Tool vibration is the most unfavourable element in the boring operation, as it contributes to poor surface finish, excessive tool wear, and progressive cutting force. Tool vibration mainly occurs due to the overhanging length of the boring tool and to overcome this factor an appropriate mechanism has to be established which helps to increase the production and quality of the product in manufacturing sector. An impact particle damper with variable material spheres, sphere diameter, and sphere location in a boring tool is fabricated in this work. A 27 run experiments were conducted to find the effect of impact particle damping on tribological properties during boring process. The results shows that impact particle damper increases the rigidity of the tool holder which enhances the tribological properties. The sphere in the boring tool will collide with one another thereby suppressing the tool vibration efficiently.

Kędzierzyn-Koźle – dziedzictwo przeszłości w kulturze miasta przemysłowego na pograniczu etniczno-kulturowym

Kędzierzyn-Koźle – The Heritage of the Past in the Culture of the Industrial City Functioning in the Ethnic and Cultural Frontier The article draws attention to the issues of symbolic functioning of the city which was formed of two different entities as a result of political and economic decisions. In the 20th century, the history of a traditional city got entwined with a modernistic industrial city which was taking shape. As a result, ideologies and politics impacted on the newly-established conurbation. The city denotes not only the material sphere, but also its urban community, which, in the case of the places under study, was basically historically complicated. The method of description is the ‘culturalistic’ orientation in the study of the city and also the (emotional) sociology of Silesia of the Rev. Emil Szramek. The author’s reflections touch upon ideas, facts as well as the real city’s organism shaped in its longterm and short-term perspective.

Techno-species in the Becoming Towards a Relational Ontology of Multi-species Assemblages (ROMA)

Robots equipped with artificial intelligence pose a huge challenge to traditional ontological differentiations between the spheres of the human and the non-human. Drawing mainly from neo-animistic and perspectivist approaches in anthropology and science and technology studies, the paper explores the potential of new forms of interconnectedness and rhizomatic entanglements between humans and a world transcending the boundaries between species and material spheres. We argue that intelligent robots meet virtually all criteria Western biology came up with to define ‘life’ and that it ultimately makes sense to recognize them as a new species that is part of our social universe. Contrasting dualistic concepts of man and nature with a monistic approach, we show that traditional properties of life (agency, self-replication, etc.) may apply to artefacts and that, once we accept the idea that social relationships are ultimately open connections to matter of any kind, the seemingly strict boundaries between species and material spheres can no longer be sustained. Instead, we propose to include ‘matter’ and ideas into the sphere of the social as agents in their own right to form a relational ontology of multi-species assemblages (ROMA).

Пути формирования стратегии развития предприятий материально-технического снабжения сельского хозяйства

The purpose of the study is to develop methodological recommendations for strategic planning of the development of enterprises in the sphere of material and technical supply of agriculture on the basis of the theoretical provisions of strategic management. The article focuses on the specifics of the considered wholesale sector, certain aspects of the marketing strategy of enterprises in this area, the recommended parameters of the customer survey, the possibilities of using the balanced scorecard and the justification of the economic feasibility of the planned activities. The scientific novelty of the work carried out consists in identifying the features of developing a strategy for wholesalers of agrochemical products and forming an appropriate methodological complex. As a result, various aspects of substantiating strategic directions of development were demonstrated using specific examples and the advantages of measures for their implementation were argued.

A Student Experiment About Rainbows: Ray Tracing Through an Acrylic Cylinder

Nearly everyone, including physics students, finds rainbows to be fascinating and much has been written about them. For example, in a 2020 paper, Kenneth Ford sets forth the basic theory of rainbows created by water droplets at the level of geometric optics and uses a graphical approach to address the question of the relative intensities of the light in the arc of the rainbow and below the arc. However, little has been written about related experiments that students can carry out. In this paper we describe an experiment easily accessible to students that clearly illustrates the principles of rainbow formation. Since experimenting with spheres of either water or other transparent material is difficult, the experiment is carried out with cylinders. The principles are the same. Ivanov and Nikolov have used cylindrical bodies to demonstrate rainbows, but without reference to student activities.

Improved electrochemical performance for lithium-ion battery through titanium dissolving synthesis of diphase Li4Ti5O12 -TiO2 nanocomposite with prominent specific surface area

By means of developing a novel titanium dissolving slow hydrolysis method, a diphase Li4Ti5O12-TiO2 nanocomposite sphere material with high grain boundary density was synthesized in situ, which showed improved rate capability and specific capacity when being applied to lithium-ion battery as an anode material. Due to a large amount of heat released during the dissolution of titanium powder, the sample with the primary structural morphology of nanosphere has the highest specific surface area of 124.6 m2g−1, and yielded good electrochemical performance in terms of high capacity (274 mAhg−1 at a current density of 0.5 C) as well as excellent cycling stability (135 mAhg−1 at a current density of 5 C up to 200 cycles). The outstanding electrochemical performance of the Li4Ti5O12-TiO2 nanocomposite could be a result of the improved morphology, including the presence of high grain boundary density among the nanoparticles, Ti3+layering on each nanocrystal, and larger grain boundary interface areas. On this basis, the electronic transport properties were adjusted through interface design and nanometer-scale interface spacing, so as to provide more channels for the Li+ ion insertion/extraction reactions. As a highly effective way to improve the electrochemical properties of Li4Ti5O12-TiO2, a titanium dissolving slow hydrolysis mechanism promising to be the advanced batteries with denser volumetric energy, higher surface stability and longer cycle life than the common TBT hydrolysis in electrode materials. Therefore, it is ideal for being used as a high rate performance anode material for lithium-ion batteries.

Frazematyczny potencjał połączenia wyrazowego bieda z nędzą we współczesnej polszczyźnie

Phrasematic Potential of the Word Combination: bieda z nędzą in Contemporary Polish
 The combination of synonymous words, whose origin may be associated with folk demonology and personified notions of Bieda [Poverty] and Nędza [Misery], has become the basis for a few phrasemes that are authenticated in contemporary Polish language. The analysis of research material that includes a variety of texts, differing in terms of topic, genre and style, is the evidence that apart from the phraseme bieda z nędzą, which is registered in dictionaries, also other multi-verbal units, whose basic element of composition is this particular word combination, are used in Polish. The primary significance of the analysed phrasemes results from the presence of two synonymous words denoting a difficult financial situation, which leads to the hyperbolisation of the phenomenon. From the pragmatic perspective, however, they are used mostly as negative evaluation units, referring to the material sphere, but also to various fields, phenomena and events, which, according to the speaker, are characterised by low quality, have visible shortages and symptoms of poverty, or result from negligence or bad taste. As expressively and axiologically marked terms, which are characteristic of the colloquial style, these phrasemes are encountered in comments and discussion forums, as well as media coverage, especially in headlines. Longer phrasemes, which are joined by a clear rhyme, are the elements of intertextual games in various cultural texts: artistic works, blogs and chrematonyms.

Characteristic Psychological and Physiological Aspects of Personality in Idiomatic Expressions of Modern French and English

Idioms remain a peculiar composition of specific lexical units, which differ from the words. The use of a word in an idiomatic unit is only its specific case. The particular colouring of the given units creates special (different from the word) possibilities for its appliance for emotional-expressive purpose.Idiomatic expressions are firm combinations that adorn speech. These inseparable structures, which have lexical meaning, define phenomena, features, states, and signs. They are called alternations that are freely divided into constituent parts. Moreover, these elements are independent and have some meaningful significance. Idiomatic expressions are considered to be such linguistic units that are represented as groups of words and are not often predetermined by structure and by meaning in particular.Research materials have been selected and taken from the French and English explanatory (monolingual) and phraseological dictionaries.The specificity of phraseological semantics is determined by the fact that phraseological units reflect not the fragment of reality named by the word-components, but give us information about the world obtained as a result of the secondary nomination. The highest function of phraseological units and idiomatic vocabulary is expressiveness. Phraseologisms mainly serve the emotional sphere of language.The origins of idiomatic units in both French and English, as well as in other languages, are varied. Their images have been derived from various spheres of material, cultural and socio-economic life of Nations. They (the units) reflect the history, existence and culture, their spirituality and the way of thinking. Phraseologisms are considered to be one of the most striking manifestations of the national-cultural specificity of a language.Idioms with a positive evaluation (i.e. phraseologisms that refer to a person and his/her positive characteristics) are used in ordinary expressions to describe what another person is. Idioms implying a personality are mostly historically conditioned.To sum up, from the above idiomatic expressions, we can conclude that most of these units carry a negative connotation of the physiological and psychological aspects of a person.

Comparison Between Historic Nuclear Explosion Yield Formulas

During the Manhattan Project, a simple formula was developed by Bethe and Feynman in 1943 to estimate the yield of a fission-only nuclear explosion of a uniformly dense bare sphere of supercritical fissile material. We have not found any evidence that Bethe and Feynman knew of the first yield formula obtained by Frisch and Peierls contained within their famous March 1940 memorandum. Similarly, we have not found any technical documents that compare the Bethe-Feynman formula to the earlier works of Frisch and Peierls or Serber. After adjusting for differences in the labeling of critical radii, we find that earlier formulas only differ by a scaling factor.

Pengembangan Perangkat Pembelajaran Matematika Menggunakan Model Discovery Learning pada Materi Bangun Ruang Sisi Lengkung Kelas IX SMP/ MTs

This study aims to create mathematics learning devices such as a syllabus, lesson plans, and student worksheets for the 9th grade of junior high school using discovery learning on curved face three-dimensional (cylinder, cone, and sphere) material. The incompatibility instruments arranged by the teacher based on the 2013 Curriculum inspired this research. The 4-D development model was used in this study, and it consists of defining, designing, developing, and disseminating stages. The validation sheet and student response questionnaires were the instruments used in this study. The learning that was developed was validated by three of the validators and revised based on their suggestions. With very valid categories, the average score of the validation results for the syllabus is 3,79, lesson plans are 3,81, and student worksheet is 3,73. This validation indicates that the syllabus, lesson plans, and student worksheet can be sampled. Then, in small groups, valid student worksheets are tested. The average percentage of small group trial results for student worksheets is 92,29 percent, with a very practical category. Based on the results of data analysis and discussion, it can be concluded that syllabus, lesson plans, and student worksheets by using discovery learning on curved face three dimensional material for the 9th grade of junior high school has fulfilled valid

Modeling photoexcited carrier interactions in a solid sphere of a semiconductor material based on the photothermal Moore–Gibson–Thompson model

Modeling photoexcited carrier interactions in a solid sphere of a semiconductor material based on the photothermal Moore–Gibson–Thompson model

Generation Time and Independence

This article discusses the value changes in the time of generations over the years of Kazakhstan’s independence. It was considered that in the first years of independence, Kazakh society, as a result of the creation of a value vacuum in people’s behaviour, was disoriented in the spiritual and material spheres. The issue of spiritual obscenity was also addressed. At the same time, the influence of an atheistic society on a person’s worldview, the factor of polyreligiosity of one nation, the inability of the Kazakh people to occupy the cultural space as a state of the forming nation, living with one-day interests, was recorded. It was shown that the time of generations is associated with the political freedom of citizens and that this freedom is a guarantee of the security of the state. The article presents the views of philosophers such Hegel, Marx, Foucault, Zh.Abdildin, G.Yessim, B.Kolbayev, Sinan Uzbek, Sh.Aitmatov. In the novel of Sh. Aitmatov “Cassandra’s Brand” in the study of universal values were given thoughts such as evil in non-religious society, struggle against it, conscience, and shame.

Concept of Fallenness and Patriarchy in Anuradha Sharma Pujari’s Novel “Kanchan”

Patriarchy places women in a marginalised position. Women always bare same feeling and same status of their lives in patriarchal oppression and exploitation. Men often speak about virtues and vices of women and on the basis of that categorise them as chaste or unchaste. Women in patriarchal society should be pure to get societal honour. The society decides what a woman should do, how a woman should behave and these views are the cultural determinant of a society or a community. If a woman challenges these lessons of morality, she will get the identity of fallen woman in a patriarchal society. The novelist Sharma Pujari through the portrayal of Kanchan as a fallen woman does not want to condemn her fundamental disorder but attempts to expose the exploitation and oppression that exist in sexual practices and thereby wants to challenge it. A patriarchal society mirrors some cultural views and attitudes of sexuality. On the basis of these norms a woman is relegated to the rank of fallen woman. The man being the superior section of the society proves his male power in the emotional, physical and material sphere of a woman’s life. This power of patriarchal authority determines the fallenness of a woman and thereby deprives her from availing the pleasures and securities which are only permissible for a wife. The culturally constructed feminine myth looks at her as an exception. People’s psyche is moulded by this cultural affinities constructed by patriarchal system. The novel Kanchan describes the discrimination on gender relation and sexual responses between two genders that exists in a patriarchy. Anuradha Sharma Pujari narrates the complexities in the life of the woman character who tries to come out of her destitute situation by using her body. Adopting a feminist perspective this research article attempts to discuss the construction of the idea “fallen women” by patriarchy and the experiences and struggles of the marginalised protagonist Kanchan in the novel Kanchan.

Magnomechanical phonon laser beyond the steady state

Phonon lasers, the mechanical analogs of optical lasers, have long been a subject of interest as they provide coherent sound waves. We numerically study a magnomechanical phonon laser that operates under a general continuous-wave pump. This system consists of a microwave cavity, a sphere of magnetic material (yttrium iron garnet), a microwave drive pump, and a uniform external bias magnetic field. A population inversion between the supermodes of the system leads to phonon laser action. We study the population inversion and the stimulated emission of phonons under various conditions, such as different drive pump powers and detunings. Unlike previous studies, our results show that the population inversion between the supermodes oscillates with time. Despite the oscillations of the population inversion, one can achieve relatively large stimulated phonon emission if the power of the drive pump is beyond a threshold. Moreover, the optimum operation occurs if the frequency of the drive field matches the frequencies of the cavity photons and magnons. Since it is highly tunable with low loss and has an extra degree of freedom provided by the constant magnetic field, it is possible to develop the system into an alternative to the optomechanical phonon lasers.

A numerical study on nested cavities during the water entry of deformable elastic spheres

Among the three typical cavities formed by elastic spheres, the nested cavities are investigated, including the formation moment, influencing factors, size and quantities. To achieve this, a fluid-solid interaction model is used to describe the water entry of elastic spheres. The results show that the formation moment is related to the sphere diameter, density and material shear modulus, but not to the impact velocity. The formation moment and number of nested cavities can be predicted from the material properties. Additionally, we have shown the change characteristics for the dimension parameters of the nested cavity with the dimensionless ratio of material shear modulus to impact hydrodynamic pressure and the sphere density. The higher the sphere density, the longer the nested cavity. The results also show that the cavity pinch-off time is modulated by the sphere size and density. With the increase of the dimensionless parameter for time D/(μ0/ρS)1/2, the pinch-off time grows rapidly first and then slowly.

Crisis of the Rule of Law in Europe: The Cases of Hungary, Poland and Spain

Democracy is an instrument at the service of a noble purpose: to ensure the freedom and equality of all citizens by guaranteeing the civil, political and social rights contained in constitutional texts. Among the great principles on which this instrument rests is the division of powers, which consists, substantially, in the fact that power is not concentrated, but that the various functions of the State are exercised by different bodies, which, moreover, control each other. Well, the increasingly aggressive interference of the Executive and, to a lesser extent, the Legislative in material spheres that should be reserved exclusively for the Judiciary, violates this principle and, for this reason, distorts the idea of democracy, an alarming trend that, for some time now, are observed in European Union countries such as Hungary, Poland and Spain. Preventing the alarming degradation of European democracy, of which these three countries are an example, requires not only more than necessary institutional reforms to ensure respect for these principles and prevent the arbitrariness of the public authorities, but also a media network and an education system that explains and promotes these values and principles, that is, one that makes citizens aware of and defend constitutionalism. Keywords: Rule of law; Democracy; Separation of powers; judicial independence; Europe.

Самооценки состояния здоровья занятых россиян и основные способы лечения

The aim of the article is to consider self-assessments of health and the main treating methods of employed Russians in the changed reality due to the pandemic. The empirical basis of the study was the results of a sociological survey of the employed Russian population, conducted in 2020. The results of the study demonstrate a tendency for the growth of positive self-assessments of the health of employed Russians over the last decades, which, however, does not apply to the oldest generation, which assess their health even worse than in previous years. The authors reveal that during the period of the economic crisis caused by the pandemic, the most severely affected in the professional and material sphere s were citizens who had any health problems. There is a decrease in the popularity of self-medication and an increase in the number of calls of the employed population to various medical institutions in case of malaise (illness), which causes an increasing burden on the health care system. The article is written on the base of the RANEPA state assignment research program.