Matter Of Course Research Articles

Abstract A090: Gender Disparities in the National Institutes of Health Funding for Breast Oncology

Abstract Introduction As a matter of course, there has been an under-representation of women in academic medicine, resulting in discriminatory distribution of research grants. This study examines the trend of funding allocation of R01 grants in Breast oncology by the National Institutes of Health with specific focus on the distribution of funding between gender. Methods The data were retrieved from the NIH RePORTER (Research Portfolio Online Reporting Tools Expenditure) using breast oncology-related search terms from 2018-2021. The gender was categorized using Genderize. The number of citations, publications, H-index, and seniority were obtained from Scopus and Web of Science in December 2022. Consumer Price Index was used to adjust funding amount to 2021 equivalent U.S. dollars. Linear regression was used for analysis. Results A total of 885 NIH-funded R01 grants amounting to $444.6 million were awarded for breast oncology research. Women (n=390; 44.1% [95% CI: 40.8%-47.3%]) received relatively fewer grants than men (n=495; 55.9% [95% CI: 52.7%-59.2%]). From 2018-2021, there was a significant increase in the number of grants awarded among both men (90 to 155, p<0.01) and women (71 to 115, p=0.036). Similarly, there was a significant increase in the grant amount (in millions) awarded among men (43.4 to 76.5, p<0.01) but not in women (36.7 to 56.1, p=0.11). Of the 212 co-PIs, 133 (62.7% [95% CI: 56.2%-69.2%]) were men and 76 (37.3% [95% CI: 30.8%-43.8%]) were women. There was no significant difference in h-index (48 vs 44, p=0.12), number of publications (158 vs 138, p=0.08), and citations (13272 vs 8092, p=0.06) between the male and female PIs. Funding amount was significantly associated with number of publications (β=0.35, p<0.01), seniority (β=0.25, p<0.01) and institution (p<0.01). Conclusion Our analysis shows continued gender disparity as only 44% of total R01 grants were awarded towards females for breast oncology between the fiscal years 2018 to 2021. Though the proportion of discrepancy is lower as compared to other malignancies. A collaborative effort is still needed to bridge the gap and advance gender equality. Citation Format: Janta Ukrani, Aruba Sohail, Sarah Khan, Ibrahim Zahid, Muhammad Zain Farooq, Michael Vishal Jaglal. Gender Disparities in the National Institutes of Health Funding for Breast Oncology [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the AACR Special Conference in Cancer Research: Advances in Breast Cancer Research; 2023 Oct 19-22; San Diego, California. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2024;84(3 Suppl_1):Abstract nr A090.

Синергія управлінських ефектів в аспекті забезпечення оптимального рівня транспарентності розвитку промислових підприємств на основі тестування наявності ß-конвергенції

It is determined that the implementation of a qualitative analysis of the formation of strategic guidelines for the convergence of investment processes makes it possible to ensure the appropriate strategically relevant level of financial and economic sustainability of industrial enterprises and investment and innovation development; target strategic level of profitability; creation of an information-adaptive platform for the flexibility of the system for management of the investment processes. The dominant strategic directions for achieving the conditions for convergence of investment processes of industrial enterprises are the timely identification of synergy of managerial effects of development transparency on the basis of testing the presence of ? convergence. At this, a strategically important factor of synergistic influence is both external one, which is aimed at checking the compliance of transparent economic results of enterprises and a certain ? level of convergence of investment processes with the current adaptive-established norms, and the internal factor, the purpose of which is to ensure the implementation of transparent decisions, as well as to prevent undesirable consequences when changing the strategic and economic norms of the level of transparency of development. It is concluded that the economic identification of structuring the synergetic relationship of managerial effects and ? convergence covers their strategic dominants, which form the integrity of the transparency of development, their relations with other dominants of convergent influences and the external environment. Synergy of managerial effects and testing of ? convergence are taken into account as factors that can increase the level of competitiveness, the level of price/quality ratio and the level of cost/quality (the former is determined by consumers, we are talking about the price they are willing to pay and the quality they trust, the latter is production), and the level of efficiency of the process organization, which defines them as the highest priority criteria for transparency in the development of enterprises in terms of vector and rank orientation. Thus, in order to increase the level of variability of the impact of the synergy of managerial effects of transparency in the development of industrial enterprises on the level of ? convergence, it is necessary to take into account the specifics of the industry and the real conditions of industrial enterprises, to develop and implement a strategically relevant set of measures, among which the strategically dominant directions are, as a matter of course, increasing the level of profitability in the context of convergence of investment processes.

Internalization of multicultural education in improving students' multicultural competence.

This article aims to describe multicultural education in improving students' multicultural competence. It is very important to teach multicultural values in the school environment to help students understand the importance of mutual respect. Multicultural education is very significant for its application in Indonesia, in the midst of racial, religious, cultural, and customs diversity. This study uses a qualitative research approach with the Meta-Synthesis method to map research results from several kinds of literatures. The number of articles studied in this research was 27 articles. School is the most effective place in developing students' multicultural competence; therefore, schools must implement learning that prioritizes multicultural principles without discriminating against cultural, racial, linguistic, and cultural backgrounds of students. The results of this study indicate that 1). The concept of multicultural education applied in schools is able to increase students' multicultural competence and 2). Students are more open to dealing with existing differences. As for the results of research in an elementary school education environment which is the object of research, this is based on the importance of multicultural education being implemented from an early age. Multicultural education is very important to increase awareness and tolerance among students. By internalizing multicultural education, students can interpret differences as a matter of course and make students more open to others both in the school environment and in the community environment.

Study on the Design of Electrocatalysts for Polymer Electrolysis in the Aqueous Solution

Now, most plastic recycling is thermal recycling by incineration. As a matter of course, thermal recycling is not a sustainable recycling method for plastic material. Material recycling is being carried out in which some used plastics are molded and reused.[1] However, material recycling has the problem that cannot separate the pigments and dyes. This problem causes the limitation of color and quality degradation in the recycling of plastics. Therefore, we focused on the depolymerization and re-polymerization between polymers and monomers by electrolysis in order to develop a new recycling method without degrading the quality of the plastics.Since most polymers are insulator materials, there has been almost no report about polymer electrolysis, and the electrochemical behavior is also unknown. [2, 3] We investigated to obtain basic information for the electrolysis of polymers, a monovalent alcohol molecule bonded to the terminal or side chain and a divalent alcohol molecule bonded to both ends were used as the model molecule, and their electrochemical behavior was investigated. In addition, electrolysis of PVA and PEG, which have similar structures to alcohol molecules, was conducted as the first step of depolymerization into monomers. In the case of PEG, the oxidation current, which may be attributed to the decomposition, was observed. In contrast, the decomposition behavior of PVA was not confirmed. Their results suggested that the oxidation of polymer may favor the presence of other atoms, such as oxygen, at the main chain rather than the functional group at the side chain. Nylon66, which had nitrogen atoms at the main chain, also showed oxidation currents. However, Nylon66 was only oxidized by the iron-based catalyst. Iron should form the surface oxide layer at the oxidation potential of Nylon66. However, it doesn’t understand whether metal or metal oxide is suitable for the electrolysis of polymer materials. This study electrolyzed Nylon66 using Ti foil and Ru and RuO2 powder to consider whether metal or oxide was suitable for polymer electrolysis.The electrochemical cell was composed of a working electrode, a carbon counter electrode, a reversible hydrogen electrode (RHE) as a reference electrode, and 0.2 M NaOH. Cyclic voltammetry (CV) was conducted at room temperature in an inert atmosphere, and the scan rate was 50 mV s-1. Nylon66 was polymerized on the working electrode directly. Furthermore, before and after electrolysis, its molecular structure and electronic state on the electrode surface were confirmed by Raman and XPS.All test catalysts in this study showed the oxidation current of Nylon66 around 1.2 V only in the first cycle. RuO2 demonstrated relatively high oxidation currents compared with other catalysts. In addition, Ti foil formed a thick oxide layer at the surface during CV measurement.After electrolysis, the Raman spectrum of the Ti foil surface indicated that the C-O-C stretch vibration mode, which did not include in Nylon66, was observed. On the other hand, Ru and RuO2 did not generate new vibrational modes. However, the results of XPS suggested that the sp2 carbon species, C=C bonds, increased in all catalysts. Thus, Nylon66 was probably decomposed. Interestingly, Ru0 species were observed in RuO2 after electrolysis. This result meant RuO2 was partially reduced during electrolysis. It is thought that the lattice oxygen in the RuO2 crystal was possibly consumed by Nylon66 oxidation. The above results indicate that the lattice oxygen of oxide should play an important role in polymer electrolysis. In this study, electrolysis of Nylon66 was performed using Ti and Ru, RuO2 electrocatalysts. Each catalyst, the oxidation current was observed only in the first cycle. The results of Raman and XPS suggested the partial decomposition of Nylonn66 in all catalysts. It was concluded that the presence of lattice oxygen in oxide is one of the keys to polymer electrolysis, and the metal oxide may be suitable as an electrocatalyst.[1] T. Kamo, Science of the Field, 1, (2021) 28-44.[2] O. R. Luca et al. Molecules, 25 (2020) 1-9.[3] T. Jiang et al. Solar Energy Materials & Solar Cells, 204 (2020) 1-10.

Find out why emotional intelligence matters

Generally speaking, I don’t read articles about emotional intelligence. As a matter of course, I avoid them. If I see EI, I just keep scrolling. Why? Well, I haven’t really wanted to know if I’m emotionally intelligent or unintelligent.

Digital-Based Teaching Material Learning Design Through Android Applications in Al Islam and Kemuhamadiyahan Courses For Non-Muslim Students With Communication Barriers at The Stkip Muhammadiyah Manokwari West Papua Campus

The diversity of students in higher education, there are challenges in delivering teaching materials that respect differences, including in the Al Islam and Kemuhamadiyahan courses at the STKIP Muhammadiyah Manokwari Campus, West Papua. Non-Muslim students with communication barriers need an inclusive and accessible learning approach that enables them to learn the material effectively. The purpose of this study is to identify needs, design and measure the level of validity of Digital-Based Teaching Materials in courses. The model used in the development used by researchers is the model developed by Alessi and Trollip in Mawarni and Muhtadi (2017), several stages; First, the planning stage, the goal is to define the scope, identify student characteristics, create product guidelines and collect sources; Secondly, the design stage develops idea ideas, analysis of tasks and concepts and creation of initial descriptions of products; stages of development, product manufacturing and tests and revisions. The subjects in this study were 2 people from material validators and media validators, 22 non-Muslim students of STKIP Muhammdiyah Manokwari education, and 1 lecturer. The results of material validation are very well qualified and the results of media validation are good too. Practical trials are carried out on two target users, namely the responses of students and lecturers of the supervisory courses are of good qualifications. Based on this analysis, it is concluded that digital-based teaching materials with digital book products are valid and practical to be used in the learning process in the Al Islam and Kemuhammdiyahan courses at STKIP Muhammadiyah Manokwari.

Post-mortem dignity between piety and professionalism. Plea for a moment of silence in everyday clinical practice

IntroductionDeath is an inevitable part of clinical practice and affects, in its very own way, not only next of kin and friends but also the members of the clinical team, in particular physicians and nurses, as those who take care of a patient in the very last moments of his or her life. Nevertheless, in clinical everyday life, it is no matter of course to meet the end of human life not only on a physical but also metaphysical level.Definition of the problemIn Western sociocultural contexts, silence is commonly regarded as an adequate expression of respect in the context of death. Considering that time is a more than limited resource in Western healthcare systems, it can, however, be challenging for the clinical team to pause and pay respect to the life that has passed and to generally deal with the unfathomability of human finiteness. Instead, death tends to become drowned out by a strident clinging to the common routines of patient care, in the course of which everyday clinical noises can turn into a roaring, almost inhuman cacophony—a cacophony that may not do justice to the dignity of the deceased, the relatives, or the clinic team.ObjectiveWith that said, this article focuses on forms of bidding farewell in clinical patient care, with an emphasis on post-mortem silence. Drawing on examples from literature, medical ethics, and the law, I will plead for a moment of silence in everyday clinical practice as a possible means to interrupt the noise of medicine in the immediate aftermath of death to honor the dignity of both the dead and the living.

Find out why emotional intelligence matters

Generally speaking, I don’t read articles about emotional intelligence. As a matter of course, I avoid them. If I see EI, I just keep scrolling. Why? Well, I haven’t really wanted to know if I’m emotionally intelligent or unintelligent.

Target Management of the Integration Business Project and Activities of Partner Organizations

Relevance. The desire of organizations to reduce transaction costs and realize synergistic effects from interaction as a result of the implementation of an integration business project determines the need to develop new approaches to the targeted management of their development, which proves the relevance of this study.The purpose of the study is to develop scientific and methodological provisions to justify the participation of organizations in an integration business project based on the practical transition of the regional economy to sustainable development in modern conditions of institutional transformation.Objectives: to form an algorithm for assessing the feasibility of the participation of economic entities in an integration business project; offer a potential integration business project; consider possible options for the strategic development of organizations through the practical implementation of the provisions of the synergistic business approach and targeted management.Methodology. The study is based on the methodology of system analysis of the problems of integration interaction of business entities, considered from the standpoint of determining the possibilities of obtaining a synergistic effect from the creation of their partner business associations. The methods of system analysis and synthesis, comparative and bibliometric analysis were also used, adequate to the pursued goal and the tasks of the study structuring it.Results. In the realities of a market economy, the synergistic effect of the created business partnerships is usually considered as a matter of course. The ongoing comprehensive study made it possible to combine the productive elements of the existing practice and author's developments and, on this basis, to determine the key directions for the effective development of regulatory and targeted regulation of the processes of forming and forcing integration business partnerships.Conclusions. Integration business projects, if we consider them from the point of view of "synergy", are practically a highly effective factor in the sustainable development of the regional economy due to total compliance with all modern social, economic, political and other realities - subject to targeted management of their implementation with adequate scientific, methodological and organizational and economic support.

TEACHING OF INTERPOLATION AND APPROXIMATION CURVES THROUGH COMPUTER SIMULATION

The use of digital tools in the education process has become a matter of course. This is particularly true in computer science lessons. Our study assesses the performance of students in higher education within each subject area of computer graphics. Computer graphics and its education are very versatile. A better understanding of the algorithms that perform the graphical adjustments is much easier if the student is not only theoretically familiar with the field and its procedures but also has the opportunity to try them out. Our aim was to develop a teaching tool that would allow students attending a graphics class to learn about and test the possibilities of interpolation and approximation curves. In our study, we focused on three specific types of curves: the Hermite, Bézier and Coons curves. For universal use, students are able to simulate the curves concerned in nth-degree cases. In the development, we focused on modelling the mathematical formulas describing the curves trying to design an easy-to-use teaching tool. In this case, the teaching tool is a computer software designed for this purpose. In our research, we conducted qualitative surveys on small groups of students. Our study was conducted on control groups. We also conducted interviews with students using the software to assess the strengths and weaknesses of our software. Based on this feedback, we optimized our software and set the direction for future improvements. The practical application suggests that the educational software has a positive impact on students' learning outcomes. This paper describes the mathematical models describing the processed curves. It then presents the application's options and graphical results. Finally, we would like to present the results of the student testing and their feedback on the educational software.

A dedicated application of evolutionary algorithms: synchrotron X-ray radiation optimization based on an in-vacuum undulator

Following the rapid growth in accelerator-based light sources research since the mid of 20th century, miscellaneous third generation synchrotron radiation (SR) facilities such as SSRL, APS, ESRF, PETRA-III, and SPring-8 have come into existence. These SR source facilities provide 1020–1025 photons/s/mrad2/mm2/0.1%BW peak brightness within the photon energy range of 10–105 eV. Since different measurement techniques are utilized at X-ray beamlines of SR facilities, many kinds of insertion devices (i.e., undulators and wigglers) and optical components (e.g., high-resolution monochromators, double-crystal monochromators, lenses, mirrors, etc.) are employed for each experimental setup as a matter of course. Under the circumstances, optimization of a synchrotron beamline is a big concern for many scientists to ensure required radiation characteristics (i.e., photon flux, spot size, photon energy, etc.) for dedicated user experiments. In this respect, an in-vacuum hybrid undulator driven by a 6 GeV synchrotron electron beam is optimized using evolutionary algorithms (EA). Finally, it is shown that EA results are well consistent with both the literature and the analytical calculations, resulting in a promising design estimation for beamline scientists.

Semantic changes in the diachronic perspective from the viewpoint of ethnic experience categorization in the English language

The article considers semantic changes in English words as certain movements in accordance with figurative schemes within the framework of the conceptual structure of the word and lexical categories. We believe this aspect to be relevant as the traditional approach to semantic changes of words in the diachronic perspective does not reveal the mechanism of transition from one meaning to another. In terms of cognitive linguistics, it is possible to more profoundly describe the phenomenon of recategorization in the English word semantics in the diachronic perspective and understand the essence of these changes. The scientific novelty of this study is the evaluation of semantic changes in the vocabulary of the English language from the standpoint of categorization, which is considered within the framework of diachronic changes influenced by a variety of external, extralinguistic factors, including the level of the development of civilization, culture and thinking of the English-speaking nation. We have provided rationale for the hypothesis that every shift of the meaning towards “improvement” or “deterioration” in the diachronic perspective will depend on the direction of the movement (to the core or periphery) of the word conceptual base: deterioration of the meaning is often associated with its movement towards the periphery, and improvement - with its movement to the core. The expansion and narrowing of the meanings of words is associated, respectively, with the movement from its part to its whole and from its whole to its part in the conceptual structure of words. In each specific case, the language selects the optimal way to change the value. This is the theoretical significance of our research. The possibility of using research materials in courses in the history of the English language, linguistic and cultural aspects of the English language, lexicology and stylistics of the English language determines the practical significance of the study.

MATLAB GUI based code for acceleration analysis in learning of kinematics

In this study, a code or computer program has been developed as an educational material for courses on kinematics. This code is expected to help the learning of kinematic which mostly uses analysis of velocity and acceleration graphically. By using this code, explanation of velocity and acceleration analysis can be performed by the code/computer program, instead of using the ruler and protractor manually. This eases the teacher and student in learning of kinematic. The code is written based on MATLAB. GUI (Graphical User Interface) is used to make this code as a user friendly kinematic learning media. The calculation of velocity and acceleration is performed based on the method of relative velocity and relative acceleration. This code provides tutorial of velocity and acceleration analysis which is displayed in the GUI screen. The animation of movement and its trajectory is also displayed. In this present research work, acceleration analysis on slider crank mechanism created by the code is presented. The results is compared with the theoritical calculation and the differences are less than 1%. Therefore, the code is considered acceptable and feasible to enrich the learning experience in kinematics.

Psychological support for weight loss

Psychological support for obese people as part of their health care process seems to be a matter of course. However, it is one of the most poorly relayed components in the field. Exploring and assessing are necessary operations in order to develop an integrative approach to psychological support, involving body-mediated approaches and an optimal helping alliance.

Developing ‘Islam and Religious Moderation’ Course Based on Kampus Merdeka in Islamic Higher Education

<p>The focus of the research is the development of the subject "Islam and Religious Moderation" in Islamic Education study program at IAIN Kerinci and learning tools, namely <em>Rencana Pembelajaran Semester</em> (RPS, Semester Learning Plan) and course syllabus. In conducting the research, the research and development (R&D) approach is used as a basic reference for developing lecture programs through observation or survey methods, trials and classroom actions. From the results and research analysis, it can be concluded that in the development of a course there are several things that must become the product of development including the course structure, RPS, syllabus, and course-teaching materials of course. In terms of the development of the Islamic and Religious Moderation course based on the <em>Merdeka Belajar – Kampus Merdeka</em> (MBKM, Independent learning – Independent campus) program, theoretical and practical analysis of the guidelines, instructions, and implementation of religious moderation and MBKM is needed. The product development courses are further refined through validation by curriculum and religious education experts and theoretical validation through journal articles of international repute as comparisons.</p>

PUNISHING DOMESTIC HOUSEBREAKING

Housebreaking is pre-eminently a crime of violation. From the earliest times the interest of a person in the safe and private habitation of his home has been treated reverently and regarded as deserving of special protection by the law. This is reflected in the original rationale for the crime, in its Common Law manifestation, as an offence against the habitation. Domestic housebreaking, consisting of the breaking and entry into a dwelling for the purposes of committing a crime within, is thus the classic form of the housebreaking crime, involving the violation of the dweller's sanctuary from external attack (for, as Coke has enquired, “where shall a man be safe if it be not in his house?”). The consequences of domestic housebreaking are not only (in the typical case) material loss, but a significant degree of psychological or emotional trauma. The victim has to contend with more than just the initial shock however. Research has indicated that feelings of fear and nervousness, along with changes in eating and sleeping patterns, may persist long after the housebreaking has taken place. Where the incident of housebreaking goes beyond simple transgression of property interests, with a concomitant infringement of the victim's territoriality, and results in a confrontation between housebreaker and victim, it follows that the resulting harm may be notably amplified.
 It brooks no denial that housebreaking is a paradigmatic criminal act. This is reflected in its ubiquitous presence as a substantive offence in all jurisdictions based on English “Common Law”, usually as “burglary” or “breaking and entering”. Moreover, the conduct associated with housebreaking is criminalized in civil law jurisdictions, usually as either an aggravated form of the crime of theft or a trespass offence. Given the consensus that the conduct associated with the housebreaking crime is deserving of criminalization, this leads as a matter of course to the issue of punishment – what factors ought to be taken into account in determining the sentence of the convicted housebreaker?

Unemployment and monetary policy: a revisit and new job strategies

This paper revisits the natural unemployment rate and some studies of labor markets with search frictions that it has inspired. New job strategies being proposed suggest a need for an enhanced labor market research agenda, which looks at additional movements in the labor force. New directions in the conduct of monetary policy beyond concerns over dangers to banks and financial markets posed by interest-rate adjustment may follow as a matter of course in the context of newly emerged labor market policy.

Why should we care about emotional intelligence?

Generally, I don’t read articles about emotional intelligence. As a matter of course, I avoid them. If I see EI, I just keep scrolling. Why? Well, I haven’t really wanted to know if I’m emotionally intelligent or unintelligent.

Being “Off Course” in The Small House at Allington: Expectations, Realities and What Trollope Wants the Reader to Know About Love, the Novel and Modern Life

ABSTRACT This essay explores the many “off course” occurrences in Trollope’s The Small House at Allington (1864). Whether these courses relate to geography, romance, morality, heroism, genre or the trajectories of modernity, Trollope’s novel persistently deviates from norms and expectations; not only with regard to reality but also in terms of how these conventions work as novelistic constructions. The essay reads Lily's failed romance with Crosbie, Bell’s rejection of societal expectations concerning her path, as well as Crosbie’s and Eames’s diverging motivations and avenues towards success to show that Trollope’s favoured expression “as a matter of course” here becomes a matter of being, or turning, “off course”. I relate these thematic deviations to Trollope’s poetic reflections on the novel. The essay suggests that Trollope, in fact, sees the novel’s harmony, honesty and “oneness” in a departure from expected ethics, character and plot patterns: only in these deviations can novelistic newness emerge and complex (modern) matters be discussed. Trollope thus fosters, in this novel, an awareness of how novelistic “truth” lies not in what readers—as people and consumers of fiction—expect but, rather, in what the collision between fantasy and reality reveals to them, in actual and representational terms.

CIRS-LAS - a novel approach to increase transparency in laboratory animal science for improving animal welfare by reducing laboratory animal distress.

The 3Rs principle is highly topical in animal-based research. These include, above all, new scientific methods for conducting experiments without an animal model, by using non-animal models (Replace), reducing the number of laboratory animals (Reduction) or taking measures to keep the stress on the laboratory animal as low as possible (Refinement). Despite numerous modern alternative approaches, the complete replacement of animal experiments is not yet possible. The exchange in the team about the daily work with laboratory animals, about open questions and problems, contributes to a reflection of one's own work and to a better understanding of the work of the others. CIRS-LAS (Critical Incident Reporting System in Laboratory Animal Science) represents a reporting system for incidents in laboratory animal science. It is urgently needed because the lack of transparency about incidents leads to the repetition of failed experiments. Negative experiences from animal-based experiments are often not mentioned in publications, and the fear of hostility is still very high. Therefore, a constructive approach to errors is not a matter of course. To overcome this barrier, CIRS-LAS was created as a web-based database. It addresses the areas of reduction and refinement of the 3Rs principle by providing a platform to collect and analyze incidents. CIRS-LAS is open to all individuals working with laboratory animals worldwide and currently exists with 303 registered members, 52 reports, and an average of 71 visitors per month. The development of CIRS-LAS shows, that an open and constructive error culture is difficult to establish. Nevertheless, the upload of a case report or the search in the database leads to an active reflection of critical occurrences. Thus, it is an important step towards more transparency in laboratory animal science. As expected, the collected events in the database concern different categories and animal species and are primarily reported by persons involved in an experiment. However, reliable conclusions about observed effects require further analysis and continuous collection of case reports. Looking at the development of CIRS-LAS, its high potential is shown in considering the 3Rs principle in daily scientific work.