Mastery Criteria Research Articles

Mastery Criteria and Maintenance: a Descriptive Analysis of Applied Research Procedures.

Behavioral practitioners and researchers often define skill acquisition in terms of meeting specific mastery criteria. Only 2 studies have systematically evaluated the impact of any dimension of mastery criteria on skill maintenance. Recent survey data indicate practitioners often adopt lower criterion levels than are found to reliably produce maintenance. Data regarding the mastery criteria adopted by applied researchers are not currently available. This study provides a descriptive comparison of mastery criteria reported in behavior-analytic research with that utilized by practitioners. Results indicate researchers are more likely to adopt higher levels of accuracy across fewer observations, whereas practitioners are more likely to adopt lower levels of accuracy across more observations. Surprisingly, a large amount of research (a) lacks technological descriptions of the mastery criterion adopted and (b) does not include assessments of maintenance following acquisition. We discuss implications for interpretations within and across research studies.

Pyramidal parent training using behavioral skills training: Training caregivers in the use of a differential reinforcement procedure

Six caregivers participated in a research study in which behavioral skills training (BST) was used within a pyramidal training model to train a differential reinforcement of an alternative behavior (DRA) procedure. Physical prompting was utilized to obtain correct responses across the identified alternative behavior. The caregivers were split into two tiers, comprised of three caregivers each. The experimenter trained tier‐one caregivers, who then trained tier‐two caregivers after meeting a predetermined mastery criterion. A multiple baseline design across participants research design was used to evaluate the effectiveness of correct implementation of the DRA procedure, demonstrating experimental control across participants. During baseline, caregivers did not implement DRA correctly. Following training, tier‐one and tier‐two caregivers demonstrated correct implementation of the DRA and prompting procedure. Intervention score was (M = 96%), from a baseline score of (M = 34.6%), for tier‐one participants. Intervention score was (M = 96.6%), from a baseline score of (M = 33%), for tier‐two participants. A follow‐up maintenance probe demonstrated correct implementation of the DRA procedure with prompting across both tiers of trained caregivers.

TEACHING READING COMPREHENSION THROUGH CONCEPT ORIENTED READING INSTRUCTION (CORI) STRATEGYTO THE EIGHTH GRADE STUDENTS OF SMP NEGERI 13 LUBUKLINGGAU

The problem of this research was to find out whether or not it is significantly effective to improve reading comprehension through Concept Oriented Reading Instruction (CORI) Strategy to the Eighth Grade Students of SMP Negeri 13 Lubuklinggau in the academic year 2016/2017. The strategy applied was pre experimental method with one group pretest-posttest design.. The sample was taken through cluster random sampling. The result was VIII.2 class with the total number of 28 students. The data were collected through test consisted of 25 items of multiple choices. The data were analyzed through four techniques: 1) Students’ Individual Score, 2) Minimum Mastery Criteria, 3) Normality and 4) Paired t-test calculation. The result of this study: (1) The mean students’ score in the pre-test was 64.00, (2) The mean score of post-test was 76.00 and (3) the result of paired t-test was 11.43, which was higher than 1.703 value of the t-table of 27 (28-1) with 95% significant level for one tailed-test. In this research the researcher formulated two hypotheses. They were null hypothesis (Ho) and alternative hypothesis (Ha). Based on the result of the paired t-test calculation showed that the null hypothesis (Ho) was rejected and the alternative hypothesis (Ha) was accepted. It meant that it was significantly effective to Teach Reading Comprehension through Concept Oriented Reading Instruction (CORI) Strategy to the Eighth Grade Students of SMP Negeri 13 Lubuklinggau in the academic year of 2016/2017

Proportional Reasoning Word Problem Performance for Middle School Students With High-Incidence Disabilities (HID)

Schema-based instruction (SBI) was used to teach nine middle school students with high-incidence disabilities (HID) to solve proportional reasoning word problems. A multiple-baseline-across-groups design was used to determine student understanding of the SBI process. The design consisted of three phases including baseline, SBI process, and maintenance. Training of the SBI process with worked problems occurred between baseline and SBI process. Students’ performance was measured using a five-category rubric, under two conditions: solving problems with and without calculator use. Results indicated that all groups improved problem-solving performance and maintained improvement 4 weeks after instruction. Implications for revising the rubric’s mastery criteria and future research are described.

Gallery Walk Technique to Improve Students’ Speaking Skill

This study aims to overcome some problems of students’ speaking ability at the Second Grade Students of Senior High School 6 Bengkulu Tengah, Bengkulu, Indonesia by using gallery walk technique. The participants of this study were 30 students. The method used in this study was Classroom Action Research (CAR). This study was carried out in two cycles. Each cycle consisted of four meetings. Each cycle consisted of four stages-planning, action, observing and reflecting. The result of this study showed that the students’ speaking ability was improved after the action was given to the students. Besides, using gallery walk technique could motivate the students to speak up confidently and also could make the students became more active and enjoy in learning process at the classroom. Most of the students gradually gained good scores at the end of the cycle. The minimum score of Mastery Criterion- Kriteria Ketuntasan Minimal (KKM) of English subject was 71 (seventy-one). In cycle I, the result of the students’ score was failed, where the mean score of the students was 70.29 (poor). However, in cycle II, the result of the cycle showed that there was good improvement. The students’ mean score in this stage was 80.83 (very good). In conclusion, gallery walk technique could improve students’ speaking ability.Â

Training behavioral technicians to implement naturalistic behavioral interventions using behavioral skills training

Training behavioral technicians mainly focuses on teaching accurate implementation of structured behavioral intervention programs. Often behavioral technicians are unable to adequately promote their clients' learning in less structured environments, which can limit opportunities for generalization of the clients' skills to the natural environment. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the effectiveness of using behavioral skills training to coach behavioral technicians on the implementation of naturalistic behavioral interventions. Naturalistic behavioral interventions take advantage of naturally occurring situations to teach new skills and practice mastered skills in natural settings, thus promoting generalization across environments and in the presence of natural contingencies. Five behavioral technicians were trained to implement a novel protocol based on play therapy. Specifically, they were coached to engage in well‐defined positive behaviors during their interactions with clients (e.g., labeled praise). All participants reached mastery criteria, maintained skills at follow‐up, and demonstrated generalization of skills with novel clients.

Evaluating the Effects of Similar and Distinct Discriminative Stimuli During Auditory Conditional Discrimination Training With Children With Autism.

Children with autism are often taught auditory conditional discriminations in the form of personal information questions that might prove useful in conversation (e.g., "What is your favorite food?" "Pizza" and "What is your favorite color?" "Purple"). In these questions, the auditory stimuli presented as part of the compound discriminative stimulus (i.e., what, favorite, color/food) do not always simultaneously control responding. If all components of the auditory stimulus do not control responding, a child may master 1 target but have trouble acquiring subsequent targets that have a component of a previously learned auditory stimulus because the previously learned response is emitted. One way to avoid this problem is to teach many targets that have no overlapping component stimuli before introducing targets that include a previously learned component. Another way to avoid the problem is to systematically introduce overlapping stimulus components simultaneously to facilitate control by all relevant components. Three children with autism were taught auditory conditional discriminations. An adapted alternating-treatments design was used to compare the use of training sets with programmed overlap of component auditory stimuli to training sets with no overlap of stimulus components. The effects of these 2 arrangements were evaluated on trials to criterion and percentage accuracy during acquisition. All participants reached mastery faster with at least 1 target set in the nonoverlap condition compared to the overlapping condition; 2 out of the 3 participants met the mastery criteria for both overlapping and nonoverlapping targets at a similar rate by the 3rd training set.

Learning a foreign language: Effects of tact and listener instruction on the emergence of bidirectional intraverbals.

We evaluated the effects of tact and listener instruction on the emergence of bidirectional intraverbal relations with 6 typically developing Brazilian children, using an adapted alternating treatment design with pretest and posttest probes. In listener instruction, participants selected pictures that corresponded to spoken foreign-language words. For tact instruction, children had to vocalize foreign words in the presence of the corresponding pictures. After meeting mastery criteria, bidirectional intraverbal tests assessed vocalizations in Portuguese (native language) following the presentation of the equivalent words in English (foreign language) and vice versa. Tact instruction consistently produced higher levels of emergent intraverbal responding compared to listener instruction, confirming results from previous studies.

Fidelity Assessment in Community Programs: An Approach to Validating Simplified Methodology.

Fidelity to intervention protocol is linked to best outcomes for individuals with autism spectrum disorder (ASD; see Boyd & Corley [Autism 5(4):430-441, 2001]; Pellecchia et al. [J Autism Dev Disord 45(9):2917-2927, 2015]); however, fidelity measurement tools that are both accurate and feasible for community use are often not available. In this paper we explore methods for validated simplification of fidelity assessment procedures toward the goal of increased use in clinical practice. Video recordings (n= 36) of therapists working with children with ASD were coded using three variations of fidelity assessment methodology (trial-by-trial, 5-point Likert Scale, and 3-point Likert Scale), and the results were compared for exact agreement, mastery criterion agreement, and overall reliability. The results indicated overall a very high percentage of exact agreement (mean 99.44%, range 94.4-100%) and excellent reliability (mean Krippendorff's alpha [Kα] 1.0) between the trial-by-trial and 5-point Likert Scale across all components; however, the 3-point method may be viewed as being the more feasible strategy within community programs.

The Use of Youtube Vlog to Improve The Students’ Listening Skill of MTs Samarinda

The background of research is students have less motivation in learning English and some students feel difficult in understand vocabularies that were pronounced. As a result, they did not know the word and its meaning. It happens because they couldn’t hear the articulation of the word clearly. The objective of this research is to find out is YouTube vlog can improve students’ listening skill of eighth grade at MTs DDI Tani Aman Loa Janan. The design of this research was Classroom Action Research (CAR) which researcher following Kemmis and McTaggart action research procedures. The subject of this research was students of VIIIB at MTs DDI Tani Aman were about 29 students. The instrument of this research is observation checklist, test, and field note. The result of this research indicates that there was improvement of the students’ listening skill. Most of the students gradually gained good scores at the second cycle. The score of Minimum Mastery Criterion (KKM) of English lesson was 75.00. In the preliminary study there were 2 students or 7.69% students who passed the KKM and mean score of preliminary study was 28.51. Next, the result of the first cycle showed that there were 9 students or 31.03% students who passed the KKM considering their mean score of the test gained 145.47%. next, the result of the second cycle shows that there were 27 students or 96.42% students who passed the KKM which their mean scores derived 88.21 and gained 209.40% of improvement. So, the final result is found that more than 75% students with individual score in listening skill passed the KKM.

A component analysis of job interview training for young adults with autism spectrum disorder

The job interview is a vital component to acquire employment. Individuals with autism spectrum disorder may experience difficulties with job interviews due to notable deficits in social and communication skills. We evaluated the relative impact of several components of a job interview training package on six participants' responses to commonly asked interview questions. We used a multiple baseline design across participants to present the following components: written instructions, rehearsal and video self‐feedback with a commercially available training program, and verbal feedback delivered by the experimenter. Results demonstrated that all participants required an additional behavioral skills training session to meet our mastery criterion. However, once training was complete, all participants showed generalized performance when the interview questions were presented in a varied format and by a novel interviewer outside of the training environment. In addition, their performance was maintained at follow‐up.

Cross-modal generalization of receptive and expressive vocabulary in children with autism spectrum disorder

Background and aims Word learning is an area that poses a particular challenge to children with autism spectrum disorder. A unique challenge for this population is generalization of learned skills across new learning contexts. In clinical settings, a common assumption in teaching vocabulary for children with autism spectrum disorder is that learning in one modality will generalize incidentally to untreated modalities, but very few studies have evaluated the validity of this assumption. The purpose of this study was to investigate receptive and expressive word acquisition and cross-modal generalization in children with autism spectrum disorder. Methods A single-case parallel treatments design was used to compare word learning and cross-modal generalization in children with autism spectrum disorder. Ten children with autism spectrum disorder were taught unfamiliar vocabulary words in a combined storybook and play intervention. For each child, half of the target words were trained expressively and the other half were trained receptively by random assignment. No direct cross-modal instruction was delivered. A series of probe sessions were completed to assess participants’ within-modal learning and cross-modal generalization of vocabulary learning. Results All children learned target words in both receptive and expressive conditions, as evidenced by an average of 80% accuracy across three trials at the end of each intervention. Overall, cross-modal generalization was higher for the expressive-to-receptive direction than for the receptive-to expressive direction. Nine out of ten children demonstrated successful cross-modal generalization on the expressive-to-receptive probes and only three children demonstrated successful cross-modal generalization on the receptive-to-expressive probes. Large variability was observed with regard to number of intervention sessions needed to reach mastery criterion and there were individual patterns of word learning. Conclusion Contrary to the assumption that vocabulary learning will be “automatically” generalized across modalities, results from this study indicate that cross-modal generalization at the word level is not automatic nor consistent in children with autism spectrum disorder, particularly in the receptive-to-expressive direction. Implications The finding that more children demonstrated expressive-to-receptive generalization than the opposite direction suggests that targeting expressive vocabulary first with the goal of incidentally increasing receptive vocabulary may be more efficient than starting with the receptive modality. Additionally, the finding that not all children demonstrated successful expressive-to-receptive cross-modal generalization indicates that teaching vocabulary in the expressive modality exclusively does not guarantee receptive understanding in this population. We recommend that practitioners periodically monitor children’s vocabulary learning in both modalities or set an explicit generalization goal to ensure complete learning of trained words.

Razlike prostog i izbornog vremena reakcije kod mladih karatista oba pola različitog nivoa obučenosti

Compared to adults, children have longer simple reaction time (SRT) and choice reaction time (CRT) to simple and choice visual stimuli. Based on the available data, it can be concluded that this occurrence could be due to correlation between age and the information processing speed. Other factors may have an impact, too, such as the shorter attention span which children may have. Some studies indicate that karate favors the development of cognitive functions, including the RT. Therefore, the aim of the current study was to determine whether there is a difference in simple and choice reaction time between boys and girls of preadolescent and early adolescent age on the basic and premastery level of karate training. Testing involved 78 participants divided into four subgroups, in accordance with the gender and the level of training, using a custom designed RT measuring software, developed in LabVIEW 2012 software package. A two-way analysis of variance (Two-way ANOVA) confirmed no differences between boys' and girls' SRT scores, while the significant differences were found at the mastery criterion subsample level. When it comes to CRT, the differences were found at the boys' subsample level, as well as between genders on the basic level of training. It cannot be stated with absolute certainty whether the acquired differences are the result of karate training, some other physiological and cognitive phenomena or the maturation process. Consequently, the further research should involve a broader sample - the population of the physically inactive, as well as the children involved in other sports.

Effects of Behavioral Skills Training on Teacher Implementation of a Reading Racetrack Intervention.

This study examined the effects of behavioral skills training (BST) on teachers' implementation fidelity of a reading racetrack (a board game designed to increase sight word fluency) with elementary students identified as struggling readers. BST, an alternative to traditional professional development, is a performance-based protocol incorporating instruction, modeling, rehearsal, and feedback. A multiple probe design across teacher-student dyads demonstrated that BST was functionally related to the teachers' implementation of a reading racetrack with 100% fidelity on at least three consecutive sessions. Additionally, students met mastery criteria for sight word acquisition and demonstrated maintenance at least one to two weeks post intervention.

PENERAPAN MODEL PEMBELAJARAN PROBLEM BASED LEARNING UNTUK MENINGKATKAN HASIL BELAJAR MATEMATIKA DI SMP MUHAMMADIYAH 07 MEDAN PERJUANGAN TAHUN PELAJARAN 2018/2019

The objectives of the study were, to find out the result of student in learning Math before and after using problem based learning model, to find out whether problem based learning model able to improve students’ ability in learning Math. The material topic was Addition and Reduction of integer operations. The subject of the study were 33 students at the seventh grade of SMP Muhammadiyah 07 Medan Perjuangan in academic year 2018/2019. The object of the study was problem based learning model in improving students’ ability in learning math with th topic Addition and Reduction of integer operations. The data were collected by using test, observation, documentation and interview. The data were analyzed in several steps, they were: data reduction, data display, and verifiying/conclusion. The result of students’ ability in learning math before using problem based learning model was low. It was represented by percentage of students’minimum mastery criteria only 15,15% with average 52,27. After using problem based learning model, students’ ability was improved. The percentage of students’ minimum mastery criteria was 60,60% and 75 at the end of cycle I and 90,90% and 87.57 at the end of cycle II. As a result, the using of problem based learning model in learning math with topic Addition and Reduction of integer operations was able to improve the ability og the seventh grade students of SMP Muhammadiyah 07 Medan Perjuangan in academic year 2018/2019.

The Effectiveness of Learning Implementation Plan Tool Through Design-Based Research

Background: Research of Program for International Student Assessment (PISA) focusing on reading material, mathematics, and Natural Science shows that Indonesia ranks 10th of the lowest from 65 countries. Research of Trends International Mathematics and Science Study (TIMSS) shows the Indonesian students capability at very low rank in 1) understanding complex information, 2) theory, analysis, and problem solving, 3) use of tools, procedures, and problem solving, and 4) investigation. One possible way to overcome the problem of Indonesian students’ weakness is to improve the Lesson Plan. Materials and Methods: This research intended to determine the effectiveness of Science-Biology Lesson Plan through design-based research. The research used Tessmer Model with the stages of self-evaluation, expert reviews, one by one, small group, and field test as the research focus. The research subject was VII A students amounted to 40 students. The data included 1) cognitive learning outcomes, 2) performance skills, 3) character behavior, 4) social skills, and 5) critical thinking skills. Learning outcomes was obtained through test and analyzed based on Minimum Mastery Criteria. Performance skills were assessed through observation using performance task detail rubric. Character behavior and social skill were assessed through observation using characteristic behavior rubric. Critical thinking skills were ssessed through student worksheets with quantitative rubric. Results: The research result shows that Lesson Plan is effective to be used based on (1) student learning outcomes (product and process) that have exceeded the classical completeness, (2) student performance skills are very good, (3) student character behavior (discipline and responsibility) is very good, (4) student social skills (collaborating and contributing ideas) are mostly very good, and (5) student critical thinking skills are good.

The Potential Effect of Developed Reader Response Strategy-Based Mobile Reading for Students’ Establishing Character and Comprehension Achievement

Mobile learning is nowadays utilized by educators to meet the students’ mode of learning in this digital era. This current study’s objective is to develop the mobile learning of reading based reader response strategy for comprehension achievement and character establishment of the eleventh grade students of SMAN 4 Lubuklinggau with 29 student. By employing development research with Analysis, Design, Development, Implementation, and Evaluation (ADDIE) research design , reading test material was delivered to determine the potential effect of students. The result of the study were: the developed product for reading material was effective by showing 26 students (89.65%) out of 29 students achieved the minimum mastery criterion (70) and the students’ answers showed students’ moral knowing and moral feeling in relation to the character building. In term of moral knowing, it showed that students comprehension about moral value inside texts. Students were able to put themselves in moral knowing stage of character building. Besides, the students expressed what they felt and what should they do if they should face the condition.

Meningkatkan Aktivitas dan Hasil Belajar Matematika Melalui Strategi Pembelajaran TAPPS Berbasis Pendekatan (STEM)

This study aimed to improve the activity and learning outcome of the eighth grade students of Al-Ulum Islamic school Medan through the TAPPS learning strategy based on STEM education. The research method was a classroom action research as much as two cycles. Each cycle consisted of 4 stages: planning, action, observation, and reflection. The data analysis technique was a descriptive analysis model. Data collection methods were observation and tests. The results showed that the implementation of using the STEM-based TAPPS learning strategy could improve learning activity of the eighth grade student of Al-Ulum Islamic school Medan on the subject of geometry flat side (Bangun Ruang Sisi Datar). This was shown by the percentage of group activity of students in the cycle I was 50.71% or in a good category, the percentage of student group activity in the cycle II was 85.04% or in an excellent category. Thus, the enhancement of students' learning activity using the TAPPS learning strategy based on STEM education could also improve students' learning outcome. This was shown by the percentage of learning mastery in the cycle I was 65,6255% or in the criteria of learning mastery was achieved but it was still classified as low and the percentage of learning mastery, in the cycle II was 90,625% or in the criteria of leaening mastery was achieved. The conclusion of this study is the use of TAPPS-based STEM education learning strategy can improve the activity and learning outcome of students.
 Keyword: TAPPS strategy,STEM education, activities, students' learningout come

ANALISIS KEMAMPUAN KEMAMPUAN PENALARAN DAN SELF CONFIDENCE SISWA SMA DALAM MATERI PELUANG

This research is based on the level of mathematical reasoning ability and Self confidence which is owned by Students who are still relatively low. then the purpose of this study are: 1) to know the level of students' reasoning ability seen from the achievement of minimum mastery criteria (KKM); 2) to know the students' perceptions of each indicator of mathematical reasoning ability; 3) to know the level of Self confidence categories of students on each item statement. This research uses qualitative approach with explorative descriptive method. Subjects in this study were students of class XI IPS1 which amounted to 20 students in SMA Putra Juang academic year 2017/2018. The research instrument consisted of test question instrument, non test instrument in the form of questionnaire, and interview guide. From the research, it is found that the reasoning ability and self confidence of XI IPS1 SMA Putra Juang class students on the opportunity material are included in low category. This can be seen from the test results where the value of Students 75% below KKM and only 25% above KKM.Serta from the questionnaire that shows the ability of self-confidence mathematics owned 50% low students, 25% Medium, 20% High, and 5 % very high. whereas students 'misconception in reasoning ability occurs in many indicators of students' ability to construct and test a conjecture in mathematics lessons, where only 5 students reach this indicator of ability.

Influence Learning Model Predict Discuss Explain Observe Discuss Explain (PDEODE) Literacy of Science Literacy Against Learning Competencies Learners on Biology Subjects Class X SMAN 1 2x11 Kayutanam

This research is based on the low competence of biology learners learners. Factors that affect the low competence of learners learning is the process of learning by teachers and learners in the classroom is still centered on the teacher, the lack of interaction between students with teachers, and learning competence of learners has not been achieved in accordance with minimal mastery criteria (KKM). The purpose of this research is to know the influence of predictor learning model explain explain observe discuss explain (PDEODE) containing science literacy to learners' competence in the subjects of biology class X SMAN 1 2X11 Kayutanam. This research is a quasi experimental research with randomized control group design posstest only design. Sampling from population using purposive sampling technique that class X1 as experiment class and class X3 as control class. The data analysis technique used to test the hypothesis is t test. Learning competencies analyzed are learning competence in the cognitive, affective, and psychomotor aspects with environmental change materials. The results showed that the average value of posstest learning competence on the cognitive, affective and psychomotor aspects of the experimental class students higher than the control class. So it can be concluded that the application of predictor learning explain explain observe discuss explain (PDEODE) model of science literacy improves the cognitive, affective, and psychomotor learners' competence in the material of environmental change.