Nodule Mass Research Articles

Microrna Regulation of Nodule Zone-Specific Gene Expression In Soybean

Microrna Regulation of Nodule Zone-Specific Gene Expression In Soybean

Effect of P Application Rate and Rhizobium Inoculation on Nodulation, Growth, and Yield Performance of Chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.)

Chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) is the world’s third most vital food legume after beans and peas in production level. Yet, its productivity in the last decade has been declined, and it has been contended that the usual native soil rhizobial populations are insufficient/ineffective in N2-fixation. Rhizobium inoculation of the seed may substitute costly N-fertilizers and provide a useful way of achieving sustainable production. Hence, to supply an adequate rhizobial population in the rhizosphere, seed inoculation of chickpea with an effective and importunate rhizobial strain is essential in soils having no/feeble bacterial existence and has revealed optimistic effect on nodule number and mass, growth, yield, and its attributes over uninoculated ones. Its effect has been influenced by N content and P-deficiency of soil, rhizobium strain, variety, T°, pH, salinity, and moisture stress. Phosphorus (P) demand is high in chickpeas, and P deficiency also has a negative effect on chickpea production success. Several research results revealed significant effects of P rate (30–200 kg P2O5 ha−1) on nodule number, mass, and rating plant−1; LAI, RGR, DM, plant height, and branches plant−1; pods and grains plant−1, grain and biomass yields, 100-grain weight, and HI compared to the control. P rates response has been affected by moisture level, pH, available P and N, and variety. Particularly, joint use of P rate and rhizobium inoculation on chickpea has been stated to improve nodulation, growth, and yield and soil fertility. Various studies on the integrated use of P rate and rhizobium inoculation under varying situations showed enhanced nodulation, growth, and yield over the P rate or rhizobium inoculation alone. This might be attributed to adequate P supply and improved utilization with the provision of suitable N2-fixing bacteria for enhanced nodulation and adequate N supply.

An evolutionary condensation sequence revealed by mineralogically-distinct nodules in fine-grained, spinel-rich inclusions from CV3 chondrites: Implications for the genetic links between different types of non-igneous refractory inclusions

Fine-grained, spinel-rich inclusions (FGIs) are abundant in CV3 chondrites and exhibit textures and compositions that are consistent with a condensation origin. We have conducted a systematic investigation of FGIs from two reduced CV3 chondrites, Leoville and Efremovka, which has revealed a number of microscale variations in the primary mineralogies and textures of nodules, and provided further insights into the origins of FGIs. Nodules in individual FGIs vary in size and exhibit variations in their mineralogical zonation, resulting in significant heterogeneity within each FGI. In individual FGIs, nodules with a small size (typically < 10 μm) commonly form clusters, whereas larger nodules (often > 20 μm) are either embedded in the mass of small nodules or occur as shells surrounding clusters of small nodules. The size difference is associated with a difference in mineralogy: small nodules typically contain single or a few spinel/melilite grains as cores, while the spinel/melilite cores of large nodules are polycrystalline and more compact. Transmission Electron Microscope observations show that the nodules have complex microstructures, including the presence of fine-grained spinel, the close association of fine-grained Al-Ti-diopside with spinel, and a crystallographic orientation relationship between adjacent clinoenstatite and diopside grains.Our microstructural observations indicate that disequilibrium condensation played an important role in the formation of FGIs, consistent with some previous studies. Specifically, the presence of spinel-cored and melilite-dominant nodules, as well as the different occurrences of spinel (in the cores and on the periphery), suggest that formation of these nodules occurred under disequilibrium conditions, which may be caused by physical isolation of condensates.Nodules in FGIs show textural and compositional similarities with other types of non-igneous CAIs: hibonite-spinel inclusions and fluffy Type A CAIs. We suggest that mineralogically-distinct nodules are micrometer-sized counterparts of different types of non-igneous CAIs and record an evolutionary condensation sequence in the solar nebula. It is likely that different nodules in individual FGIs formed in the same gaseous reservoir, but at different times. The mechanism of physical isolation of condensates probably controlled the accretion behavior of nodules with different mineralogies and sizes, resulting in the observed distribution patterns of nodules. On the other hand, some mineralogically-zoned FGIs, with a Mg-rich core and a Ca-rich mantle, can be better explained by condensation, followed by transport of the inclusions to a different region of the protoplanetary disk.

Production of Ecologically Safe Products When Processing Plants with a Preparation Based on Biohumus

Biohumus-based preparations are widespread in agricultural production due to the high content of nutrients for plants, which improve their growth and development and, as a result, productivity. GTK indicates sufficient moisture during the growing season, but, given the nature of precipitation, in certain periods, pea plants that are sensitive to moisture, experience a lack of it in the soil and atmospheric air. The research was carried out in the farm Belousov I.V. of Starozhilovsky district. The area of plots is 40 m2. Water for the preparation of the drug solution was taken from a pond located 20 m from the pea field. The object of the study is the seed pea (Pisumsativum), which belongs to the Fabaceae family, the genus Pisum, which forms nodules on metamorphosed roots. As a result, there is a different intensity of nutrient and water consumption in ontogenesis. Watering and spraying pea plants with Humistar preparation made it possible to reliably prove high agronomic and economic efficiency in option 2: activation of enzymes, an increase in the mass of nodules on roots to 69 mg/plant, an improvement in growth to 57 cm and plant development by 5–15 days, an increase in peas yield up to 27,7 dt/ha, accumulation of dry matter in seeds up to 59 g and an increase in the level of profitability up to 80,7%.

Macronutrient management for the cultivation of Soybean (Glycine max L.): A review

The review is focused on management of macronutrients for cultivating Soybean. Soybean is an important crop in the world because the only reliable plant-based source of complete protein, comparable to meat and eggs, is from soya protein. Soybean yield is crucial for meeting protein malnutrition and edible oil needs.. The wide variation in Rhizobial cell counts and nodule mass in beans are likely related to variation is Physico-chemical conditions of the soil.

Relative Observer and Technical Error in the Ultrasonic Monitoring of Thyroid Nodular Growth Using Nodular Volume (VOL), vs. Longest Dimension (LD), vs. the Sum of the 3 Nodular Dimensions (SUM3D)

Abstract Though not a reliable indicator of malignancy, ultrasonic monitoring of nodule growth still has a role in the evaluation of nodules, e.g. indicating when a nodule may require biopsy or re-biopsy. Observer and technical limitations, however, limit the precision of ultrasonic determination of simple growth, vs. stability or shrinkage. Ultrasonic parameters used for this purpose all have their own limitations. Monitoring nodule growth by VOL frequently exhibits wide and conflicting swings in apparent size compared to the penultimate size, doubtlessly reflecting measurement limitations. As a growth parameter, LD typically exhibits a smoother time course but does not address growth in the other two dimensions. SUM3D includes changes in all dimensions but, like LD, is not a true measure of nodule mass or volume. This study was to determine the relative error of these three growth parameters and how it relates to their relative efficacy for nodular growth monitoring. The anterior-posterior (AP), left-right (LR) and superior-inferior (SI) dimensions of 34 benign nodules were determined ultrasonographically by four pairs of trained observers. One observer of a pair was regarded as a Time-1 observer and the other as a Time-2 observer, simulating the process for determining growth change over time. All observers measured the same image of each of the 34 nodules but were unaware of the measurements obtained by any other observer. For each image for each pair of observers, the dimensions were used to calculate the VOL, LD and SUM3D and the perceived changes thereof from Time-1 to Time-2. Since only one image for each nodule was distributed, differences between the Time-1 vs Time-2 measurements for each nodule could only reflect observer-based differences. “S”-curves plotting the nominal %-change in a parameter reported by the Time-2 observer compared to that reported by the Time-1 observer (x-axis) were rank-ordered from negative to positive changes (y-axis). The %-change in each parameter due to observer/technical error ranging from the highest over-estimate to the lowest were, in order from Top 10%, Middle 40%, and Bottom 10%, respectively: LD: 19-36%, -4 to 6%, -15 to -42%; SUM3D: 15 to 28%, -4 to 4%, -11 to -43%; VOL: 48 to 105%, -13 to 15%, -33 to -81%. The magnitude of %-change from Time-1 to Time-2 for the VOL parameter were 2 to 3 times greater than that of the LD or SUM3D parameters for the top 10% of values, the middle 40% of values, and the bottom 10% of values. These degrees of difference coincide with the wide variability seen in nodular growth curves [not illustrated here] when nodular VOL (y-axis) is plotted as a function of length of observation (x-axis). This study helps explain why monitoring nodular growth by LD or by the SUM3D usually provides a clearer, less fluctuant illustration of thyroid nodule growth over time than does VOL.

Reproduction of tropical water lilies

The study of coastal and aquatic tropical flora as part of the conservation of world biodiversity is the main purpose of research in botanical gardens. Conservation of plant collections involves a continuous process of plant reproduction. This means searching for ways of reproduction that are most effective for a particular group of plants and optimal timing of obtaining adult specimens. Generally accepted methods for seed (T. A. Rabotnov) and vegetative reproduction were used; for Nymphaea x daubeniana (viviparous water lily) was used the Sean Stevenson method. During 2017-2020 in the Stavropol Botanical Garden was conducted an experiment to study the reproduction of tropical water lilies in protected ground conditions. An artificial pond with a water mirror area of 85 m2 is located in a greenhouse, heated from October to April. Cross-pollination occurs during the mass flowering period (June-July, with illumination up to 93.5•103 kilolux), seed maturation occurs within 58±4 days, and seedlings bloom in 7-8 months. The moderate correlation was established between the soil composition and the intensity of flowering (p &lt; 0.4) and the formation of nodules (p &lt; 0.4). The absence or short flowering of water lily varieties and the mass of nodules (150-300 g) contributes to the formation of more planting material (up to 12 or more pieces). The vegetation period for 99% of the studied plants is 1478±26 days, for the species Nymphaea gigantea it is 887±15 days. Regardless of the species and variety of tropical water lilies, reproduction by daughter nodules formed at the base of the main tuber occurs throughout the growing season.

Gross and histological investigations on the cecum of the black-crowned night heron (Nycticoarx nycticorax)

This study was aimed to investigate the gross and the histological structure of the ceca in the black-crowned night heron Nycticoarx nycticorax. Ten captured birds were used in this study. Grossly, the cecum in the night heron was a single left unilateral tube-like (intestinal) structure. It was located at the junction between the small and large intestine, with its pointed free end (the apex) directed cranially. The cecal base possessed a well-developed muscular ring, which may act as a sphincter. Histologically, the mucosa at the proximal region was lined with simple columnar epithelium with few goblet cells. The lamina propria contained a well-developed accumulated lymphoid nodules which either covered with small villi or intermediate villi. The lamina propria and submucosa were infiltrated with the lymphocytes and contained lymphatic nodules extended into the sub mucosa. The cecum possessed a certain pattern of the distribution of lymphatic nodules in the distal rather than that of the proximal regions. The mucosal epithelium at the distal part was hardly observed and the submucosa consisted of dense masses of lymphatic nodules and inter-follicular lymphatic tissues. These extended deeply in the submucosa and contained germinal centers of lymphatic tissues found either deeper and/or closer to the muscular wall, or higher in the lamina propria. The lymphatic nodules and inter-follicular tissues were therefore seemed almost fulfill the entire lumen of the distal part. In conclusion, it was advocated that the ceca of the black crowned night herons may have an important function in immunological responses of the bird against different microorganisms.

DYNAMICS OF THE NUMBER AND WEIGHT OF NITROGEN BACTERIA BUBBLES OF PEAS GROWING

The maximum values of both total and active number of tubers, as well as their mass were obtained on the variant of the experiment, where liming was carried out (1.0 norms per g. K.) Against the background of mineral fertilizers N30P60K60 and pre-sowing treatment of seeds CoMo and foliar fertilization with microfertilizers Vuxal Microplant during the growth of vegetative mass and Vuxal Calcium, Boron during budding. The total number of tubers was 20.1 and 20.8 pieces, including active - 18.1 and 18.7 pieces / plant, as well as the weight of the bubbles - 0.47 and 0.45 g / plant, including active - 0.44 and 0.42 g / plant. The longest period of symbiosis, both general and active, was observed in the variant of the experiment, where inoculated seeds treated with microelements Vuxal Extra CoMo on the background of mineral fertilizer N30P60K60, liming (1.0 norms per hectare), foliar fertilization Vuxal Micro Calcium, Boron, respectively, 35.3 and 37.1 and 25.4 and 26.7 days in the varieties Skinado and Somerwood were sown. This is 2.2 and 4.6; 1.6 days more than in the control with liming. Lower indicators of total and symbiotic potential were obtained in the variant of the experiment, where the treatment of seeds with microelements Vuxal Extra CoMo and foliar fertilization Vuxal Microplant was carried out against the background of control - 34.2 and 35.3; 24.5 and 25.4 days in the varieties Skinado and Somerwood. A shorter period of symbiosis, both general and active, was observed in the variant of the experiment, where inoculated seeds treated with microelements Vuksal Extra CoMo against the background of mineral fertilizer N30P60K60, liming (1.0 norms per year) - 33.6 and 35 , 4; 24.2 and and 25.5 days were sown. The duration of symbiosis and the mass of nodules determine the indicators of total (ACP) and active (ACP) symbiotic potentials.

Can inoculation with diazotrophic bacteria decrease the productivity loss of defoliated Vigna unguiculata (L.) Walp?

ABSTRACT The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of artificial defoliation on vegetative and productive stages of cowpea inoculated with diazotrophic bacteria, in two experiments. The first experiment was performed in a greenhouse with 5 × 5 factorial (five defoliation percentages and five N sources), with four repetitions. N sources consisted of bacterial inoculation with strains INPA 03-11B, UFLA 03-84, UFRB FA34C2-2, and two control treatments: i - with N fertilization and ii - blank control, without N fertilization and without inoculation. The second experiment was performed in the field, in a 3 × 5 factorial scheme, with three repetitions. Treatments consisted of three N sources: with N fertilization, with bacterial strain INPA 03-11B that was selected in the first experiment, and five percentages of artificial defoliation. Defoliation percentages for both experiments were 0, 25, 50, 75, and 100%. Artificial defoliation during the vegetative stage caused reduction in the dry mass of bacterial nodules. Inoculation increased plant tolerance to defoliation and enhanced grain nutrient concentration (N and P). Inoculation with the strain INPA 03-11B allowed cowpea plants to tolerate 50% defoliation in the vegetative stage. The mean productivity of cowpea was reduced under &gt; 50% defoliation during the productive stage; therefore, control of defoliating pests until the productive stage is not necessary under field conditions.

Identification of marginal and joint CDFs using bivariate type I interval multiply censored data for RBDO of a pick-up device of a pilot mining robot

In this paper, joint probability distribution for the size and mass of deep-sea manganese nodules is investigated and reliability-based design optimization (RBDO) of a deep-sea pilot mining robot is performed. As the size and mass of the manganese nodules are strongly correlated and their data are given as bivariate type I interval multiply censored data, a new statistical modeling method should be developed to deal with these issues. However, this is significantly difficult as the conventional methods cannot resolve these issues and there is no prior knowledge of the two physical properties. The proposed method, which employs the multinomial distribution to define the likelihood function and the Akaike information criterion to select the fittest marginal distribution and copula, provides a systematic approach to find the joint probability distribution using the type I interval multiply censored data. To demonstrate the accuracy and effectiveness of the proposed method, two numerical examples are tested. Then, the RBDO of the pilot mining robot is performed using the joint probability distribution resulted from the proposed method.

Meta-analysis reveals benefits of co-inoculation of soybean with Azospirillum brasilense and Bradyrhizobium spp. in Brazil

Co-inoculation of soybean with Azospirillum brasilense and Bradyrhizobium spp. is an increasing practice in Brazil, but little is known about the conditions that maximize crop efficiency. In this study, data from field experiments run between 2009 and 2020 in Brazil were gathered to evaluate which environmental and agronomic conditions affect the response of soybean to bacterial co-inoculation. Results showed that co-inoculation of soybean increased root mass in 11%, nodule number in 5.4%, nodule mass in 10.6%, N concentration in shoots in 2.8%, grain yield and N concentration in grains in 3.2% and 3.6% respectively compared to the conventional single inoculation with Bradyrhizobium spp. Grain yield was used to discriminate co-inoculation efficiency, and soybean was more responsive to the simultaneous inoculation with B. japonicum and B. diazoefficiens in sandy soils, non-tillage system, tropical climate, soybean cultivars with determinate growth habit, and grain yield class lower than 3500 kg ha−1. Co-inoculation can also be important to mitigate the effects of water stress on plants. Co-inoculation of soybean with A. brasilense and Bradyrhizobium spp. demonstrated to be an efficient technology that contributes to the sustainability of soybean production.

Physiological features of northern soybean ecotype varieties cultivated in the conditions of the central black earth region

In 2017–2019 on 7 soybean varieties and 2 breeding lines of FSBSI «Federal Scientific Center of Legumes and Groat Crops» (FSBSI FSC LGC) the physiological mechanisms of adaptive reactions of soybean plants in contrasting meteorological conditions, influencing the formation of productivity, have been studied. The optimal area of soybean leaves for the formation of high grain productivity in unfavorable conditions of lack of heat and excess of moisture is 50 thous. m 2 /ha; in favorable conditions of a warm year with sufficient moisture supply, this indicator increases to 100 thous. m 2 /ha. In favorable weather conditions, the proportion of leaves and beans in the total plant mass increases. The adaptive reactions of the pigment complex consist in an increase in the content of chlorophyll b and carotenoids under conditions of drought and excessive illumination and carotenoids under high humidity and lack of heat and light. Two groups of varieties have been identified: 1. early ripening Lantsetnaya, Krasivaya Mecha, Osmon', distinguished by a balanced distribution of plastic substances in conditions of excessive moisture and forming a grain yield at the level of 2.5–2.8 t/ha; 2. middle-ripening Zusha, Mezenka, L-85, under these conditions, forming a large area of leaves and a mass of nodules, which leads to a decrease in grain productivity to 1.9– 2.2 t/ha. The early ripening varieties Lantsetnaya and Krasivaya Mecha have a balanced distribution of plastic substances and are able to form a high yield, both with an excess of moisture and a lack of heat, and in arid conditions. Line L-85, characterized by high values of photosynthetic and symbiotic parameters, formed the maximum yield of dry matter (12.3 t/ha) and grain (2.8 t/ha) on average over 3 years. The greatest amount of nitrogen in the vegetative organs of soybeans and in the grain accumulates in years with high humidity in comparison with favorable conditions of the growing season. Effective assimilation activity of leaves, active nitrogen fixation of nodule bacteria lead to increased accumulation of nitrogen in the grain. By the amount of crude protein in grain, the varieties Krasivaya Mecha (42.5%), Shatilovskaya 17 (41.2%) and the L-216 line (41.3%) were distinguished; for the collection of protein with a grain of 1.1 t/ha — Krasivaya Mecha and line L-85. A high positive correlation was found between the yield of the aboveground mass and the photosynthetic potential and leaf area at the level of r = 0.8–0.9; with a mass of nodules at the level — r = 0.6–0.8 for all 3 years of research. A close relationship between grain productivity and photosynthetic and symbiotic indicators was noted in a favorable 2018 at the level of r = 0.7–0.8.

MESORHIZOBIUM CICERІ ND-64 STRAIN — EFFECTIVE MICROSYMBIONT OF MODERN CHICKPEA VARIETIES

Objective. Study the competitiveness, complementarity and symbiotic activity of a new strain of chickpea nodule bacteria Mesorhizobium ciceri ND-64, study the influence of seed inoculation on the productivity and yield of chickpea varieties of Ukrainian selection under their cultivation in different soil and climatic zones of Ukraine. Methods. Serological, gas chromatography, field experiment and statistical. Results. The use of a new strain of M. ciceri ND-64 for pre-sowing bacterization of chickpea seeds of varieties Skarb, Admiral, Odysei, Budzhak, Triumf and Pamiat upon growing in field experiments in the Steppe zone against the background of the local population of nodule bacteria contributes to a significant increase in nitrogen-fixing nodules by 5 % to 67 %, an increase in the mass of nodules by 10 % to 67 % and nitrogenase activity 26 % to 150 % compared with the positive control (inoculation with the reference strain of M. ciceri H-12). The use of M. ciceri ND- 64 for pre-sowing bacterization of chickpea seeds under cultivation in the Steppe zone of Ukraine also had a positive effect on increasing the yield of chickpea — by 4 % to 18 % compared to the positive control. Inoculation with a new strain of chickpea seeds of varieties Skarb, Triumf and Pamiat contributed to the formation of higher number of nodules (by 57 % to 89 %), increaseed mass of nodules (2.2–2.9 times) and their nitrogenase activity (2–4 times) compared with the positive control upon cultivation in the Polissia zone on the fields where there is no population of chickpea rhizobia. Under these conditions, an increase in structural parameters of yield, the highest gain in chickpea yield, increase in photosynthetic activity and protein content in grain upon inoculation with M. ciceri ND-64 was shown. Obtaining a specific antisera by immunization of rabbits allowed to detect serological relatedness of M. ciceri ND-64, M. ciceri H-101, Mesorhizobium sp. ND-601 and M. ciceri ND-64, isolated from chickpea nodules of Skarb and Pamiat varieties. The competitiveness of M. ciceri ND-64 was determined using the immunological method in the field experiment. It was found that 100 % of nodules have been formed by the representatives of M. ciceri ND-64 in the variant where this serological group was applied for inoculation in the variant with inoculation of the strain M. ciceri ND-64 100 % of the nodules were formed by representatives of this serogroup. Conclusion. M. ciceri ND-64 strain is an effective microsymbiont of chickpea plants, due to its virulence, competitiveness, nitrogen-fixing properties. According to the results of field experiments, it was shown that the new strain, complementary to all studied varieties differing in seed size and shape, type of bush and average height, forms an effective symbiosis for growing chickpea plants both against the active local population of rhizobia and upon the absence of M. cicerі population in the soil. Symbiotic parameters upon seed treatment with suspension of M. ciceri ND-64 exceed these values in the variants with inoculation using the reference strain of M. ciceri H-12 and strains isolated from the nodules of each study variety. Therefore, M. ciceri ND-64 can be used as a bioagent of a microbial preparation for inoculation of chickpea of different varieties in order to form an effective bean-rhizobial symbiosis, increase the productivity of this culture and improve seed quality.

MESORHIZOBIUM CICERІ ND-64 STRAIN — EFFECTIVE MICROSYMBIONT OF MODERN CHICKPEA VARIETIES

Objective. Study the competitiveness, complementarity and symbiotic activity of a new strain of chickpea nodule bacteria Mesorhizobium ciceri ND-64, study the influence of seed inoculation on the productivity and yield of chickpea varieties of Ukrainian selection under their cultivation in different soil and climatic zones of Ukraine. Methods. Serological, gas chromatography, field experiment and statistical. Results. The use of a new strain of M. ciceri ND-64 for pre-sowing bacterization of chickpea seeds of varieties Skarb, Admiral, Odysei, Budzhak, Triumf and Pamiat upon growing in field experiments in the Steppe zone against the background of the local population of nodule bacteria contributes to a significant increase in nitrogen-fixing nodules by 5 % to 67 %, an increase in the mass of nodules by 10 % to 67 % and nitrogenase activity 26 % to 150 % compared with the positive control (inoculation with the reference strain of M. ciceri H-12). The use of M. ciceri ND- 64 for pre-sowing bacterization of chickpea seeds under cultivation in the Steppe zone of Ukraine also had a positive effect on increasing the yield of chickpea — by 4 % to 18 % compared to the positive control. Inoculation with a new strain of chickpea seeds of varieties Skarb, Triumf and Pamiat contributed to the formation of higher number of nodules (by 57 % to 89 %), increaseed mass of nodules (2.2–2.9 times) and their nitrogenase activity (2–4 times) compared with the positive control upon cultivation in the Polissia zone on the fields where there is no population of chickpea rhizobia. Under these conditions, an increase in structural parameters of yield, the highest gain in chickpea yield, increase in photosynthetic activity and protein content in grain upon inoculation with M. ciceri ND-64 was shown. Obtaining a specific antisera by immunization of rabbits allowed to detect serological relatedness of M. ciceri ND-64, M. ciceri H-101, Mesorhizobium sp. ND-601 and M. ciceri ND-64, isolated from chickpea nodules of Skarb and Pamiat varieties. The competitiveness of M. ciceri ND-64 was determined using the immunological method in the field experiment. It was found that 100 % of nodules have been formed by the representatives of M. ciceri ND-64 in the variant where this serological group was applied for inoculation in the variant with inoculation of the strain M. ciceri ND-64 100 % of the nodules were formed by representatives of this serogroup. Conclusion. M. ciceri ND-64 strain is an effective microsymbiont of chickpea plants, due to its virulence, competitiveness, nitrogen-fixing properties. According to the results of field experiments, it was shown that the new strain, complementary to all studied varieties differing in seed size and shape, type of bush and average height, forms an effective symbiosis for growing chickpea plants both against the active local population of rhizobia and upon the absence of M. cicerі population in the soil. Symbiotic parameters upon seed treatment with suspension of M. ciceri ND-64 exceed these values in the variants with inoculation using the reference strain of M. ciceri H-12 and strains isolated from the nodules of each study variety. Therefore, M. ciceri ND-64 can be used as a bioagent of a microbial preparation for inoculation of chickpea of different varieties in order to form an effective bean-rhizobial symbiosis, increase the productivity of this culture and improve seed quality.

Sowing speed can affect distribution and yield of soybean

The sowing speed or planting speed is referred to tractor and seeder displacement speed during the sowing. It plays a crucial role intruding distribution of plants, and consecuently yield of soybean grain. Therefore, this paper endeavors to corroborate the repercussions of the sowing speeds on the plants distribuition and grain yield. The experimental design consisted of a randomized complete block design with five treatments and four replications, with the treatments comprising of five sowing speeds (2.0, 3.1, 6.1, 7.4, 9.0 km h-1). The following parameters were evaluated:(i) distance between plants, (ii) double spacing, acceptable spacing and failing spacing, (iii) number and dry mass of nodules, (iv) plant population, (v) shoot dry mass, (vi) mass of one thousand grains, and (vii) grain yield. With the increase in the sowing speed, the equidistance of plants in the row was changed, which in turn decreased the soybean yield. The results showed that seeding speeds close to 4.0 km h-1 provided better uniformity and distribution of plants in the row. The results also unveiled that sowing speed mainly influence the plants distribution, having greater influence on the productivity components, thereby affecting the overall soybean grain yield

Symbiotic activity of leguminous crops depending on the variety and growing conditions

The article considers the symbiotic activity of chickpeas and soybean crops depending on the action of various herbicides and fertilizers. In the field conditions of the forest-steppe zone of North Ossetia-Alania, the effect of mineral fertilizers on the symbiotic activity of promising varieties of chickpeas was studied and it was established that mineral fertilizers had a significant effect on the formation of the symbiotic chickpeas apparatus. Mineral fertilizers contributed to the increase in the average mass of nodules and their number. According to the mass of active nodules formed by Vilana soybean plants, increasing the dose of complex fertilizer Nagro to 0.5 l/ha is justified, since the mass of nodules on one plant in this variant increased in development phases. All options with the introduction of bio fertilizer Nagro for soybean crops were characterized by a significant increase in the mass of nodules in comparison with the control variant. Control variants formed more inactive nodules on the lateral roots, which were also characterized by smaller sizes.

Microscopical Study of White and Red Pulp of Spleen of Young Porcine (Sus Scrofa) Spleen

The spleen of six young porcain aging (2 month) each spleen was examined macroscopically and was studied using light and transmission electron microscopy. The spleen is an important lymphoid organ of immunological defence. The type of pig spleen is sinusal type spleen It has a role in many hematological functions as storage, filtration and maturation of reticulocytes. The splenic parenchyma of young pig consisted of white and red pulp the whit pulp formed of few sporadic lymphocytes and seldomly found lymphatic nodules, occasionally single ovoid mass of lymphoid nodule the peri-arterial lymphatic sheath was few in pig spleen Ellipsoids (pericapillary macrophage sheath) were not clearly defined in the marginal zone which is not well demarcated. The red pulp occupied the majority of pig spleen it consisted of splenic cords and presence of few and small sized blood sinusoids lined by flat endothelial cells containing different blod cells as neutrophils and blood platlets. In spite of that the histology of the spleen was describe in different animals species, to the best of our knowledge there is no available literature concerned with the histology of the Egyptian pig spleen so we aimed in our study to illustrate the main difference of splenic parechyma.

Initial understanding and assessment of role of oceanographic features for ferromanganese crusts and nodules in the East Vietnam Sea

The iron and manganese content in marine water is very small but the volume of ferromanganese nodules contributes 30% of the total mass of polymetallic nodules and crusts in marine and ocean floor. This suggests that the process of enrichment of ferromanganese crusts and nodules is not only contributed by chemical processes but also by oceanographical and biological processes. The article indicates the initial results of analyzing oceanographic, biological, and environmental features to understand their roles in the growing ferromanganese crusts and nodules and to predict the distribution of ferromanganese crusts and nodules in the East Vietnam Sea. As a result, ferromanganese crusts and nodules in the East Vietnam Sea can be distributed in the continental slopes, where upwelling and downwelling currents occur, to ensure enough dissolved oxygen concentration for the enrichment of ferromanganese crusts and nodules as well as to meet required conditions for microbial activity, which is involved in these processes. However, due to the limitations of the results of studying the enrichment of ferromanganese crusts and nodules in the East Vietnam Sea, the paper just shows the prediction of the distribution of ferromanganese crusts and nodules. Thus, it is necessary to carry out the expedition for enrichment processes of ferromanganese crusts and nodules and to determine the factors that impacted the growing ferromanganese crusts and nodules in the East Vietnam Sea.

Native Iron Nodules in Basites - Xenoliths of the Earth Core

Summary of the published data has shown that native iron nodules, which are rarely found in the basic intrusions, are characterized by a higher content of low-temperature condensates of the protoplanetary disk (Ge, Ag, Cu) and a lower content of high-temperature condensates (Os, Ir, Ru, Pt, Rh, Pd, Ni, Co, Au) compared to iron meteorites. Such meteorites have signs of formation from the fragments of the cores of minor planets. This fact and obtained evidence of hot heterogeneous accretion of the Earth, the early formation of the Earth’s core compared to the mantle and the growth of the primary content of low-temperaGture condensates from the inner parts of the core to the outside suggest the capture and the ascent of substance of outer core by mantle plumes, and basic magmas formed in them. This explains the peculiarities of their composition, their very rare presence in basites, and sometimes a huge mass of nodules (up to tens of tons). In case of such xenogenic origin, nodules of native iron are chemically unequilibrium with basites. This is the reason of the development of reaction cohenite-magnetite and cohenite-sulfide rims on their contact and an increase of ferruginosity of olivine in basites. The formation of the lower mantle material from the earliest high-temperature condensates of the protoplanetary disk explains the decreased content of potassium, sodium, water, and other lithophile components in the nodule-containing basites. The content of volatile components lowers the crystallization temperature of melts. Therefore, the loss of them under the influence of decompression at the low-depth stages of ascent led to rapid solidification of magmas, protected the iron nodules from subsidence, and explains their location mainly in the upper parts of the main intrusions, despite the high density of iron.