Maslow's Theory Research Articles

Does Money Motivate Employees? Empirical Study of Private and Public Financial Sector in Kazakhstan

Purpose: The paper analyzes the financial and non-financial factors impacting employees’ performance ofdifferent financial institutes currently operating in Kazakhstan.Methodology: The survey was conducted by using questionnaire with five-point Likert scale for assessing givenstatements regarding financial and non-financial motivators at the different organizational and demographiclevels for employees at the chosen financial institutes. Additionally was considered different perception ofmotivational factors within different demographic categories.Findings: This study proved sustainability Maslow theory of motivation and Herzberg’s motivation and hygienefactors at the workplace. Money still is the strongest and compulsory factor for employees, which can satisfyonly basic needs. But in isolation of other non-financial motivational factors money are not able to encouragestaff to do go beyond their duties and increase their productivity. Job security, internal relationship andtransparency were defined by interviewees as the most important non-financial motivation factors. Also there isan advantage of Corporation “B” which is Government public financial company over private bank – which isbank “A” is higher level of satisfaction of its employees with financial motivation.Research limitations: The study was limited by only two financial institutes study, meanwhile in Kazakhstanthere are 42 commercial banks.Practical implications: The paper analyzes the financial and non-financial factors impacting employees’performance of different financial institutes currently operating in Kazakhstan. The results can be used as avaluable feedback for improvement Strategic HR Policies in considered financial institutes and will be useful forthose who are interested in HR Management in Kazakhstan in general.

Beyond environmental concerns: using means–end chains to explore the personal psychological values and motivations of leisure/recreational cyclists

This study employs the means–end chain approach to explore the psychological values that motivate leisure and recreational cyclists. In-depth personal interviews with 60 subjects in Taiwan supplied data. The paper notes the growing importance of cycling for sustainable tourism in general, and slow tourism in particular. It examines the existing literature on cycling's perceived benefits. It finds that in addition to having conscious environmental concerns, cyclists seek security in many personal ways; major intrinsic motivational factors include competence mastery, solitude, exploration, physical challenge, adventure experiences, stimulus seeking, social encounters, and relaxation/escapism. The research produced a summary chart called a hierarchical value map that characterizes the key linkages associated with the particular experience domain of cyclists. Core values include happiness, belongingness, self-esteem, and self-actualization, all of which appear to be the end-states that the cyclists’ goal-striving would like to achieve. The values reflect the leisure/recreational cyclists’ engagement in this activity to fulfil basic and higher-order needs, based on Maslow's theory of a five-level hierarchy of personal needs leading to self-actualization. The study's findings have implications for researchers and practitioners interested in developing sustainable tourism and recreational opportunities that target cycling subcultures. A range of future research needs are discussed.

Climbing social media in medicine's hierarchy of needs.

The social media and medicine landscape is evolving rapidly. Early research, social media policies, and educational efforts focused on risk avoidance, while more current efforts have encouraged reflection and explored opportunities. This trajectory has affirmed physicians' professional commitment to maintaining public trust in the face of new challenges in the digital age. In this Commentary, the authors propose viewing physicians' social media use as a hierarchy of needs, similar to Maslow's psychological theory which posits that more basic levels of needs must be met before higher, aspirational levels can be fully attained. The three levels in the social media in medicine's hierarchy of needs are Security, Reflection, and Discovery. Critical to this model is respecting the essential need for Security in order to move towards Reflection and into Discovery. The social media in medicine hierarchy of needs pyramid rests on a foundation of Public Trust. How physicians as a profession have responded to past--and continue to respond to present and future--social media challenges to professionalism reveals what matters most: maintaining public trust and honoring the physicians' contract with society. A victory for online professionalism would be providing trainees with the tools and guidance needed to ascend to Discovery, while ensuring that their basic social media needs are first met. To do this, physician educators need to continue increasing trainees' awareness through designing relevant curricula, encouraging reflection, and providing positive role modeling and effective mentorship.

Jaunų žmonių poreikių Lietuvos darbo rinkoje analizė

Nowadays it is not disputed that the success of organizations significantly depends on their human resource competencies and motivation to achieve organizational goals. Therefore, it is not yet considered how to ensure employee motivation in organizations: it depends on job satisfaction or satisfaction of needs? Management literature in this area suggests that the exploration of human needs could contribute to solving of problems associated with people, and especially with young people, expectations in the labour market and their motivation to work. Thus, such studies may be useful in trying to understand and prevent the emigration of the youth and brain drain – these problems are among the most important in Lithuanian labour market. However, there still exists a theoretical, as well as, practical problem, in discussion which of the needs have the biggest influence on the young people’s decisions in the labour market, what they expect in organizations. Therefore, the object of the research, presented in this article, is expectations of young people, potential labour market participants, in Lithuania. The aim of the research is to identify the needs and factors that influence young people, the potential labour market participants, in Lithuania. To achieve this aim the following objectives have been formulated: 1) to justify the main theoretical provisions and research methodology; 2) to identify expectations of young people in Lithuanian labour market through their needs and factors that have influence on them; 3) to rank these needs in order of importance, according to sex, education and work experience features. The research is based on the fundamental provisions of A. Maslow theory, because it suggests the most valuable information on the human needs groups and gives ideas how to determine their significance. In order to get more information about the factors, having influence on the individual human needs at work in the organization, basically the factors of F. Herzberg theory were used. The link between A. Maslow’s needs groups and motivators as well as the hygiene factors set by F. Herzberg were determined according to P. Keogh (2013). The authors developed for the survey a questionnaire with 22 statements. Due to the goal of the research the statements were formulated using the statement: “it would be important for me“. To assess these statements there has been used the Likert 5 point response scale with separated neutral evaluation. For the sample of the research there was formed a scale of the respondents at the age of 22-25 years, taking into account the specificity of Lithuania. The representativeness of the survey sample – 266 respondents – was calculated according to the online calculator (see: http://www.apklausos.lt/imties- dydis). The authors aiming to collect the data conducted a web-based anonymous survey in the period from March 2013 to April 2013. The request to complete a web-based questionnaire was distributed via intranets and social networks stressing the anonymity of the respondents. 298 respondents were surveyed. The data of the survey was processed applying MS Excel for Windows software package. The survey of young people expectations in Lithuanian labour market leads to provisions that they would wish to meet all the needs of A. Maslow theory, and approximately all groups of the needs are of the same importance for young people. The analysis of separate factors, which have influence on the different need groups, showed that young people expect to meet their needs in various ways and all of them are quite important. Salary appeared to be the key factor in meeting their needs throughout all employee groups. In the second place of the importance appeared the successful performance of job tasks. Social security, positive opinion of managers, subordinates and peers as well as good working conditions were found as very important factors too, which are influencing the needs of young people. However, degree of control at work, benefits, responsibility and possibility to make decisions are relatively less important for young people. The research also revealed that the needs of young people in Lithuanian labour market at the age of 22-25 years do not correspond to A. Maslow’s hierarchy of needs. They could be ranked in the following sequence: 1) esteem needs, 2) self-actualization needs, 3) physiological needs, 4) belongingness needs, 6) security needs. Despite the fact that for the young people in Lithuania physiological needs are in the third place in order of importance, the sufficient salary and working conditions are among the most significant expectations. Social security in the security needs group is also of high interest.

Self-actualization Levels of Participants in Lifelong Education Centers

Self-actualization need was theorized in Maslow's Theory of Human Motivation and defined as the potential of the individual to reach his highest level of personal fulfillment throughout his life(Schultz and Schultz, 2001). Lifelong Education Centers (LEC) in Turkey are appropriate places to satisfy this need. The aim of this study is to find out the self-actualization levels of participants who attended the educational programs in LECs and discuss how these educational programs affect their self-actualization needs. According to the findings, both the general and the dimensional level of self-actualization for the participants have been found as high.

Extrinsic and Intrinsic Job Factors: Motivation and Satisfaction in a Developing Arab Country – The Case of Lebanon

IntroductionFrom a socio-economical perspective, Maslow's needs gratification theory of well-being has put forward a universally applicable hierarchy of needs based on the idea that man is a continually wanting animal. That is, one will be continuously striving for more than what he/she already has (Maslow, 1943: 370). Motivation has always been an important element on managers' agendas as well as the employees. In order for a company to be successful, it needs employees who are dedicated to the achievement of organizational goals and have a strong sense of loyalty to the organization (Molander, 1996). The pioneer work of Herzberg, Mausner, and Snyderman's (1959) on the model of motivation and hygiene factors inspired and paved the way towards numerous research studies on intrinsic and extrinsic job characteristics and job satisfaction. Regardless of the nature of the work, an employee's job satisfaction is influenced by the attitude he or she has towards the job (Herzberg, Mausner, & Snyderman, 1999). Rewards at work, whether financial (Vandenberghe & Tremblay, 2008) or nonfinancial (Amabile, Hill, Hennessey, and Tighe, 1994) are considered as important predictors of attitudes and behavior at work.Cross national studies have studied motivation in different parts of the world with some stressing the differential factors between poor and more developed countries (Huang & Van de Vliert, 2003). Studies show that in poorer countries (Adigun & Stephenson, 1992; Kanungo, 1990) intrinsic job characteristics such as recognition, autonomy, challenge, and the nature of work itself are less closely related to job satisfaction. On the other hand, extrinsic job characteristics like salary, job security, and working conditions, and environment are more closely related to job satisfaction.Reflecting on such crucial studies done on the subject of motivation and in an attempt to understand the Lebanese work environment better, this study examines the issue of whether extrinsic job characteristics are more associated with job satisfaction and motivation than intrinsic job factors. The paper examines both extrinsic and intrinsic job characteristics from a socio-economic perspective to understand their underlying effects on employees. Academics have continuously called for greater research in the Middle East region given the lack of empirical studies in this field (Budhwar & Mellahi, 2006; Abdulla, Djebarni, and Mellahi, 2011). Moreover, this paper will also extend its scope to examine the possible conditions where intrinsic job factors can lead to motivation over and above extrinsic job factors. Although research shows that extrinsic job factors play a greater role on motivation in developing countries, Maslow's theory argues that intrinsic factors will have a motivating impact if the extrinsic job factors are satisfied at work. Accordingly, we aim to explore this assumption in Lebanon, that is, whether intrinsic job factors have a stronger impact on motivation than extrinsic job factors when the latter factors are present.In the following pages, the literature review and the hypothesis will be presented. Next, the methodology will be reviewed. Finally, the paper ends with the results, discussion, and management implications.Literature ReviewThe word motivation originally comes from the Latin word movere, meaning to move (Kreitner, 2001). Human motivation is a critical aspect in the field of organizational behavior and psychology (Benabou and Tirole, 2003). The importance of motivation in organizations is explained by the equation put forward by Maier (1955): Job Performance = Ability x Motivation. Motivation represents those psychological processes that cause arousal, direction, and persistence of voluntary actions that are goal oriented (Mitchell, 1982: 81). Another definition put forward for motivation is that it is a psychological development that causes the stimulation, direction and persistence of behavior (Luthans, 2010). …

Application of Motivation Theories in the Construction Industry

This study examined the suitability of the motivation techniques used in the construction industry and their underlying theories. These techniques and theories were adapted from psychology and management literature/practice. Though this adaptation was necessary, yet, it queries the basic principle of motivation, which stipulates that motivation depends on the environment, the man and the job characteristics. These all differ in the construction industry when compared with manufacturing and purely management settings. Historically, application of motivation techniques in the construction industry is rooted in the basic Maslow, Herzberg and McGregor's theories underlying such practices in the service and manufacturing industries. Analysis of field application of these theories revealed that certain peculiarities of the construction industry have influenced them. For example, union influence limit options of the theories that can be adopted in the construction industry, a clear boundary between factors in the Herzberg's theory does not exist when applied to workers in the construction industry, and Maslow's theory is also not empirically supported by the behaviour of some construction workers. And mixtures of the rigidly categorized X and Y classes of the McGregor's theory are the norm in the construction industry. The study concluded that, though the foundational motivation theories are desirable, but collation and summary of empirical based flaws in their application in the construction industry is necessary and that a further test of the effects of the peculiarities of the construction industry on the effectiveness of these theories which have been effective elsewhere is equally desirable.

The Satisfaction of Human Needs in Physical and Virtual Spaces

This article attempts to explore the spatial dimension of Maslow's theory on the hierarchy of human needs, in light of the growing role of virtual space via the Internet in the contemporary information age. Generally speaking, virtual space constitutes a space for the gratification of human needs, side by side with physical space. Its role, as compared to physical space, grows along the hierarchy of human needs: physiology, safety, love and belonging, esteem, and self-actualization. Thus, its role for the gratification of physiological needs is complementary, whereas its role for self-actualization is significant. The growing role of virtual space has evolved into an equivalent hierarchical relationship with physical space: complementarity, competition, substitution, escape, and, potentially also exclusivity. Escape from physical to virtual space, as both need and relationship, has been brought about by social networking, being similar to the physical escape offered by tourism. It does not seem real to foresee that virtual space will offer exclusive fulfillment of as of yet unforeseen new human needs.

Music Appreciation and Self-actualization of Gifted Students

Abstract Music appreciation is attributed to engaging oneself in musical activities practically in daily life. The use of music is a predictor of music appreciation regardless of the preference for being musically engaged (listening, playing instrument and composing song). Maslow's theory of human needs has shed its light on music as one of the most powerful arenas of peak experiences, which one feels at the height of his or her powers (a sense of self-actualization). Self-actualization as one of the construct of human development is a desirable life-long outcome for all individuals including the gifted students. Gifted students exclusively need personal thriving in terms of their talent to acquire honorable character and well-being. This article focuses on research relating to four aspects. The primary purpose of this article is to discuss on Maslow's needs theory of self- actualization. As music triggers emotional and psychological impact on individuals, the article identifies the most helpful means of music appreciation to promote human development particularly during adolescence. Review of literature on self- actualization characteristics and personalities held by gifted students will be discussed subsequently. Additional purposes are related to Maslow's theory and music appreciation practice through the experience of music listening on the well-being of human being.

Nain's Porous Hierarchy of Needs: An Alternative to Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs

model treats all men as pre-programmed robots, all of whom have the same pre-programmed pattern of needs. Human behaviour is an enigma. Nobody can say that he or she has understood it fully. Some even say that it is indeterminable (Gary, 1989), whereas, some say that the same is to some extent predictable / deterministic (Vitor, 2007) and that it can be scientifically studied. The reason why its study is not easy is because human behaviour is based on multiple factors like needs, impulses, circumstances, environment, abilities, repulsions, core beliefs, culture, upbringing, and genetics, etc. Maslow, a father figure in modem psychology, has an important place in the history of understanding human behaviour because he attempted to obtain a simplified model of the motivations/needs of the humans. He developed the Maslow's Needs Hierarchy Model. This was his most well-known contribution to psychology (Cohen, 2011).Maslow's Need Theory and his various supposed Hierarchy Models (Abraham, 2011; Ward & Lasen, 2009) supposedly form the bedrock principles of psychology (Mark, 2006; Marta, 2009), and it has been applied to diverse fields like organizational behaviour (Mustafa, 1992; Neher, 1991), organizational/& behavioural economics (Fred, 1978; Lindner, 1998), and management studies (Venter, 2012; Jerome, 2013) and beyond (Neher, 1991). In the fields of organizational behaviour, organizational economics, and management studies it has been applied by using the said theory as a basis to serve as a theory of motivation for the employees by understanding the employees' needs.However, the said theory is not without demerits and drawbacks. Maslow (1943) has wrongly given a supposedly iron cast hierarchy of needs:Firstly, and most basic, are physiological needs (like breathing, food, water, sex, sleep, homeostasis, excretion, etc).Then, secondly, lesser basic, safety needs (like security of body, employment, resources, morality, family, health, property, etc).Then, thirdly, even lesser basic, belonging needs (like family, friendship, sexual intimacy, etc).Fourthly, then, self-esteem needs (like self-esteem, confidence, achievement, respect of others, respect by others, etc).Fifthly, then, self-actualization needs (like morality, creativity, spontaneity, problem solving, lack of prejudice, acceptance of facts, etc).Sixthly, the later on added, least basic, self-transcendence needs (Abraham, 2011 ; Rivera, 2006).Thus, Maslow recognized that there are distinctly different levels of categories of needs and arranged it in the said hierarchy. As per his theory, all the men generally first aim to satisfy lower (&/ more basic) need (as given lower in their hierarchy model) and then only they aim to satisfy a higher need ie. a need shown higher his hierarchy model. These generalizations and his said theory is wrong due to many reasons, which are enunciated herein-under.The author has primarily done conceptual, theoretical and critical academic analysis of the Maslow's Need Theory/ Hierarchy in the said article. The author has done literature review in this regard.Discussion of flaws in Maslow model (s)Firstly, there can be no iron cast common hierarchy of needs for all. If it were so, all people of world might have been behaviourally similar. It is a known fact that all people are not behaviourally similar. Thus, hierarchy of needs is to be different from person to person.Secondly, the said models assume that certain needs are most basic and, thus, all aim to fulfil them first. It is true that some needs may be basic. But, what is basic for one, may be not basic for another. Eg. Some people may even prefer work (for self-esteem) over and above his family (ie. belonging need) but some don't.Thirdly, Maslow model(s) is very idealist and are not applicable to a large section of society. Maslow model(s) presumes that all people/ individuals are rationally thinking and are having a certain understanding and acceptance of certain societal notion of needs mentioned in the Maslow Model. …

Wellbeing through self-fulfilment: Examining developmental aspects of self-actualization.

Self-actualization is described as an individual's expression of their full potential and a desire for self-fulfilment. It is the leading need in Maslow's hierarchical motivation theory (Maslow, 1943 Maslow , A. H. ( 1943 ). Conflict, frustration, and the theory of threat . Journal of Abnormal Social Psychology , 38 , 81 – 86 . [CrossRef] ) which does not specify an age range for each level, believing that individuals progress through the hierarchy at different rates. However, he recognises older adults are more likely than young adults to be concerned with higher motivation (Maslow, 1970 Maslow , A. H. ( 1970 ). Motivation and personality . New York : Harper & Row . ). Previous work has revealed that people over the age of 36 have a tendency to be concerned with higher motives and people under this age with lower motives (Reiss & Havercamp, 2005 Reiss , S. , & Havercamp , S. M. ( 2005 ). Motivation in a developmental context: A new method for studying self-actualization . Journal of Humanistic Psychology , 45 , 41 – 53 . [CrossRef], [Web of Science ®] ). This study looks at the influence of age on the level of self-actualization and discovered that on 8 out of the 12 Personal Orientation Inventory (POI) scales, participants over the age of 36 showed higher levels of self-actualization than participants under the age of 36. These results indicate the relevance of developmental issues in this matter and back up the hypothesis that there is a relationship between one's age and levels of self-actualization. However, results also showed a degree of overlap of self-actualization scores across age groups, suggesting further research may find other important factors, beyond age, which have a relationship with self-actualization.

Relationship between body satisfaction with self esteemand unhealthy body weight management

Introduction:A favorable or unfavorable attitude about self was named self esteem. According to Maslow theory to achieve quality of life and happiness, one must reach the gradual fulfillment of human needs, including a high degree of own self-esteem. Body dissatisfaction is a negative distortion of one's body which is especially mentioned by the women. Many studies have shown links between self esteem, body dissatisfaction, health and behaviors. this study intends to determine relationship between body satisfaction, self esteem and unhealthy weight control behaviors between women.Methods:This cross-sectional study was done on 408 women employees in Isfahan University and Isfahan University of Medical Sciences during 1390. They were chosen according to the stratified random sampling method. Inclusion criteria were 1) willing to participate in the study and 2) lack of serious physical defect 3) not being in pregnancy or breastfeeding course. Exclusion criteria was filling out questionnaires incompletely. Data collection tool was a multidimensional questionnaire which comprised of 4 sections as following: demographic (5items), A self-administrative questionnaire for body Satisfaction (7 items), Rosenberg Self-Esteem Scale (10 items) and a standard Weight Control Behavior Scale (18 items). Cranach's alpha was 0.9 or higher for the different sections. Finally, collected data was analyzed with SPSS18 using the independent T-test, one-way ANOVA, Pearson correlation coefficient, regression, Spearman correlation.Results:Frequencies of participants by weight category were 14.1% for obese, 35.3% for overweight, 47.6% for normal weight. The mean body satisfaction score in the studied women was 63.26 ± 16.27 (from 100). Mean score of self esteem was 76.70 ± 10.45. 51.5% of women had medium self esteem, 47.5% had high self esteem. Pearson correlation showed that the variables of body Satisfaction (r = 0.3, P = 0.02), BMI (r = - 0.14, P < 0.003), education level (r = 0.22, P < 0.001), income (r = 0.14, P < 0.004), consumption of fruit (r = 0.13, P < 0.008) all correlated with self-esteem significantly. Women with higher self esteem used higher fruits had a good nutrition overall (r = 0.11, P = 0.02). 92.15%, 10.8% of women respectively participated in one of healthy and unhealthy weight control behavior. There was not any Relationship between self esteem and healthy weight control behavior while finding showed reverse relationship between self esteem and Unhealthy Dieting Behaviors.Conclusion:It seemed women identity in our society tied to social appreciations that formed and supported by body satisfaction. When they feel their current appearance is differ from ideal appearance, they feel down and have lower self esteem and used unhealthy dieting behavior and low fruits daily. Due to importance of precise self evaluation, self esteem can be used to design and conduct public health programs, especially for women.

Understanding Culture through Personality: From the World of a Thai University

This quantitative research studies the personality of Mahasarakham University students in order to prepare instruction in the subjects relating to personality and social etiquette for leadership in the University's revised curriculum, and to promote personality and identity development in accordance with Mahasarakham University's policy on desirable characteristics of graduated students. The data was collected using a self-report questionnaire completed by years 1-5 students from 18 faculties in 96 majors totaling 6117 persons. This study was carried out using Self theory (Roger, 1959), Maslow's theory, and the conceptual framework of students’ personality development policy as related to Thai culture and behavior according to Ruth Benedict's (1970) concept. The research findings were discussed in terms of the students’ physical, intellectual and emotional personalities. The research found that the mean of all three aspects was at the high level. The physical, intellectual, and emotional readiness of the students was expressed as personalities, and the physical and emotional personalities were relevant and in accordance with each other. Students expressed themselves in terms of intellect and, when comparing male and female students’ opinions, it was found that the intellectual and emotional personalities of male students were at a higher level, whereas female students had a higher level of physical personality.

The basic needs of the population of Iraq, and the challenges of satisfying them in the light of Maslow's theory Sociodemographic study / Mosul city as a model

Since the first circle of humanity, man has been striving to satisfy his needs, defying all the challenges that confront him and impede the achievement of those challenges, whether they are (natural, social, or economic... and others). Despite the similarity of humanity in its needs, it differs in terms of importance from one individual to another, from one family to another, from one society to another, and from one period of time to another, due to the nature of the circumstances that surround the societies.And in light of the current conditions that the Iraqi population suffers from in their daily lives

The relationship among deficiency needs and growth needs: An empirical investigation of Maslow's theory

Abstract Maslow's (1954) influential theory suggests that children's ability to be motivated by “growth needs” (e.g., academic achievement) first requires satisfaction of “deficiency needs” (e.g., safety needs, love/belonging needs). Given the vast number of children experiencing deficiency needs, a better understanding of these relationships can serve as a prerequisite for establishing conditions that maximize learning outcomes. In this study, we examined Maslow's model by testing the relationship between deficiency needs variables and growth needs variables. Our sample was comprised of 390 economically disadvantaged students attending more than 40 schools in a Midwestern state in the U.S. Deficiency needs were measured using factors derived from a parent survey and growth needs were measured using factors derived from a parent survey and results from an individually-administered norm-referenced achievement test. Regression analyses were conducted to determine the relationship between a set of two deficiency needs variables (i.e., safety needs and love/belonging needs) and four academic achievement outcome variables. All four regression models were significant, revealing a positive relationship between deficiency needs and growth needs. The factor most significantly related to achievement outcomes was access to health and dental care (a safety need). Implications for research and practice are discussed.

The Validity of Herzberg’s Dual-Factor Theory on Job Satisfaction of Political Marketers

An avalanche of studies has been conducted to determine the level of job satisfaction, and determinants thereof, among political marketers – including political party supporters. Majority of these studies utilized the Maslow theory, which is based on a hierarchy of needs. Maslow’s theory has severally been criticized on philosophical, methodological and hierarchical grounds. The theory argues that human needs are ordered, i.e. they range from lower-order to higher-order needs. As one need is adequately or partially fulfilled, the individual moves to the next higher-order need. By so doing, an individual is said to derive his job satisfaction. But Herzberg’s two-factor theory (also called motivation /Hygiene theory) has been suggested as a more plausible alternative to the Maslow’s Theory for studying job satisfaction, and in evaluating the previous research efforts on political marketers which are mainly rooted in Maslow’s theory. The purpose of this paper is to present the result of an empirical investigation of the validity of the motivation – Hygiene Theory in the Nigerian political environment. The result should prove useful in evaluating the theory as an alternative to Maslow’s theory when studying job satisfaction. Key words: Motivation, Job satisfaction, Political marketers, Herzberg‘s Theory

Self Actualization Needs and Education of Participants in Lifelong Education Centers

Self actualization need was theorized in Maslow's Theory of Human Motivation and defined as the potential of the individual to reach his highest level of personal fulfillment throughout his life. Lifelong Education Centers in Turkey are appropriate places to satisfy this need. The aim of this study is to find out the expectations and life satisfaction levels of the participants who attended the educational programs. The findings of the study revealed that the expectations of the participants were met in the “agree” level and their life satisfaction levels after the program were also in the “agree” level.

Exploring Housing Attributes Selection based on Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs

Meeting the user's needs is essential in housing delivery. Therefore, designers are required to consider personal motivations in the housing decision making process. The authors consider that Maslow's theory on hierarchy of needs is applicable in explaining user's motivations in housing. The theory indicates that different levels of user's needs imply different levels of housing expectations, hence different house attributes. This paper discusses a theoretical framework developed by the authors to summarize the relationship between the user's needs and the attributes of housing units. By systematically linking the user's needs to architectural attributes, person-environment congruence (PEC), hence suitability of living environment, will be improved.

Research on the Current Situation of Peasant-Workers in Construction Industry Based on AHP

This paper establishes evaluation indexes system of the construction peasant-workers’ current situation in the principle of Maslow's hierarchy theory of needs. Then, it analyzes the weight of each evaluation index on the basis of the AHP model, and evaluates the current situation of the peasant-workers with fuzzy comprehensive evaluation method. Through the analysis, we can grasp the key indexes affecting the management of the peasant-workers in construction industry. Finally, the article proposes several incentive measures about the management of the peasant-workers in aspects of salary, security and enterprise culture for the purpose of strengthening the management of the peasant-workers with limited resources.

Motivations for Success

Small- and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) have been playing an important role in the U.S. economy for a long time. The contribution of SMEs to the textile and apparel industry has been intensified in the global economy. Yet, little is known about what motivates SMEs for success. An understanding of motivations for success is critical to SMES' business strategies and performance. This study explored SMEs' motivations for success through the theoretical framework of Maslow's (1943) theory of human motivation. Results of the content analysis of two prominent small business magazines suggested that Maslow's theory provided a reasonable framework, and that textile and apparel SME owners explained filling the niche as physiological needs, financial security as safety needs, building intimate relationship as love needs, recognition and respect as esteem needs, and being good global citizen as self-actualization needs for their success. The study concludes with contributions, implications, limitations, and future research opportunities.