Marrubium Vulgare Research Articles

Evaluation of Marrubium vulgare Growing Wild in Tunisia for Its Potential as a Dietary Supplement.

Marrubium vulgare L., known as horehound, is a widespread and widely known plant that is used in beer breweries and also as a traditional remedy in Tunisia. In this study, methanolic extracts of plants harvested from five different locations were investigated for their antioxidant activities using three assays (ferric reducing power, radical scavenging activity, and β-carotene-linoleic acid bleaching assay) as well as the total phenolic content. The mineral composition of the plant was also investigated concerning the following elements: Fe, Mg, Ca, Cu, Zn, Mn, K, and three heavy metals, Ni, Pb, and Cd. Marrubiin, the major bioactive diterpenoid lactone, was quantified by NMR in the samples. The essential oils were obtained by hydrodistillation, and their radical scavenging activity was investigated. The toxicity of essential oils was evaluated against Artemia salina (the brine shrimp larva). The essential oil showed a weak radical scavenging activity and low toxicity. Data obtained from the five different locations showed that the antioxidant activity, as well as the total phenolic and marrubiin content, were strongly affected by the harvest sites. The metal content in the samples showed differences with the harvest location, but there was always a great abundance of calcium, magnesium, and potassium.

Dioscorides on Pistacia lentiscus L. and Marrubium vulgare L. through pharmacological properties of today.

Dioscorides on Pistacia lentiscus L. and Marrubium vulgare L. through pharmacological properties of today.

Chemical Composition and In Vitro Antioxidant and Antimicrobial Activities of Marrubium vulgare L.

In this study, the polyphenol content and the antioxidant and antimicrobial activities of hydroethanolic (MVE) and hydroacetonic (MVA) leaf extracts of Marrubium vulgare L. were examined. The results indicated that the total phenolic content was higher in MVA (112.09 ± 4.77 mg GAE/DW) compared to MVE extract (98.77 ± 1.68 mg GAE/DW). The total flavonoid content was also higher in MVA extract (21.08 ± 0.38 mg QE/g DW) compared to MVE (17.65 ± 0.73 mg QE/g DW). Analysis of the chemical composition revealed the presence of 13 compounds with a total of 96.14%, with the major compound being malic acid (22.57%). Both extracts possess a good total antioxidant activity. DPPH and FRAP assays indicated that the MVE extract possesses a better antioxidant activity, with IC50 = 52.04 µg/mL ± 0.2 and EC50 of 4.51 ± 0.5 mg/mL, compared to MVA extract (IC50 = 60.57 ± 0.6 µg/mL and EC50 of 6.43 ± 0.0411 mg/mL). Moreover, both extracts exhibited strong antimicrobial activity against certain nosocomial strains as indicted by the MIC values, which ranged between 0.93 mg/mL and 10 mg/mL. Taken together, these results reveal the importance of M. vulgare as a natural antioxidant with important antimicrobial activity.

Structural Characterization of Unusual Fatty Acid Methyl Esters with Double and Triple Bonds Using HPLC/APCI-MS2 with Acetonitrile In-Source Derivatization.

Double and triple bonds have significant effects on the biological activities of lipids. Determining multiple bond positions in their molecules by mass spectrometry usually requires chemical derivatization. This work presents an HPLC/MS method for pinpointing the double and triple bonds in fatty acids. Fatty acid methyl esters were separated by reversed-phase HPLC with an acetonitrile mobile phase. In the APCI source, acetonitrile formed reactive species, which added to double and triple bonds to form [M + C3H5N]+• ions. Their collisional activation in an ion trap provided fragments helpful in localizing the multiple bond positions. This approach was applied to fatty acids with isolated, cumulated, and conjugated double bonds and triple bonds. The fatty acids were isolated from the fat body of early-nesting bumblebee Bombus pratorum and seeds or seed oils of Punicum granatum, Marrubium vulgare, and Santalum album. Using the method, the presence of the known fatty acids was confirmed, and new ones were discovered.

In Vitro Antibacterial Activity of Myrtus communis L. and Marrubium vulgare L. Leaves against Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans and Eikenella corrodens.

Materials and Methods Clinical strains of Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans and Eikenella corrodens and two reference strains of A. actinomycetemcomitans were tested. The antibacterial activity of each studied plant extract was evaluated using agar diffusion and broth microdilution assays. Results Both aqueous and methanolic extracts of M. communis exhibited high antibacterial activity against periodontal pathogens as compared to M. vulgare extracts. At concentrations of 2.5-0.32 mg/disc, inhibition zones of the methanolic extract of M. communis ranged from 19.66 ± 0.57 to 12.33 ± 0.57 mm. The methanolic extract of M. vulgare showed at concentrations of 5-0.63 mg/disc inhibition zones ranging from 15.66 ± 0.57 to 12 ± 0.00 mm. Its aqueous extract at concentration of 0.63 mg/disc showed no antimicrobial activity against the clinical and reference strain of A. actinomycetemcomitans. Conclusion. This study showed that methanolic and aqueous extracts of M. communis and M. vulgare have in vitro an antibacterial activity against periodontal pathogens. They could be use as ingredients of an oral antimicrobial agent for prevention or treatment of periodontal diseases. Further research on isolating the compounds from these plant extracts and their toxicity effect could be conducted.

Isolation and Quantification of Antidiabetic and Antioxidant Components from Saturated Fraction of Marrubium vulgare. L Leaves

Marrubium vulgare L. (Lamiaceae), aerial parts has been traditionally used to cure a variety of diseases including diabetes. A good class of secondary metabolites is present in the herb; however, the potential antidiabetic agent consistently stays a secret.. The present study aimed to identify the antidiabetic agents present in M. vulgare leaf extract. The isolation of compounds from the saturated fraction was done by column chromatography and their structures were elucidated using NMR, HRMS and MS spectroscopic methods. . The antidiabetic profiling of Methonoloc Extract (MeOH) extract (500 mg/kg b.w) and its chloroform fraction (250 mg/kg b.w) was investigated in STZ- induced diabetic rats. Four bioactive compounds namely marrubiin (MV-17), marrubinone B (MV-27), ladanein (MV-19) and apigenin 7-O-β-D-(6''- p- coumaroyl) glucoside (MV-25), were isolated from chloroform fraction, oleic acid(MV-20) and Palmitic acid (MV-21) from hexane fraction of M. vulgare leaf. Among these known compounds we first time report oleic and palmitic acid in M. vulgare. Both MeOH extract (500 mg/kg b.w) and its CHCl3 fraction (250 mg/kg b.w) significantly (pË‚0.001) lowered the blood glucose level. Quantitative estimation by HPLC showed the highest concentration of MV-17, MV-20 and MV-27 in the CHCl3 fraction. Moreover this fraction also showed significant antioxidant potential measured by DPPH assay. These results confirmed that the hypoglycemic potential of chloroform fraction (IIIM-2) may be largely due to compounds MV-17, 27 and 20.

In vivo Anti-inflammatory Activities of Marrubium vulgare L. and Marrubium deserti de Noé Species Growing in Algeria

Marrubium vulgareL. andMarrubium desertide Noé have been widely used by the local population for wound healing and disinfection. The arial parts of both species were reported to relieve pain and inflammation. However, insufficient data in the literature supports the traditional use of these species. For this, the present study investigated the in vivo anti-inflammatory effects of methanolic extracts prepared fromMarrubium vulgareL. andMarrubium desertileaves in order to confirm their traditional use. The total phenolic and flavonoids content were also measured by Folin– Ciocalteu’s and aluminium chloride methods, respectively. And the anti-inflammatory activity was tested using several in vivo models including: xylene ear edema test, paw edema induced by carrageenan assay and anti-pleuritic test. The results showed that methanol extracts prepared from both species contain many secondary metabolites known for their interesting biological activities. Crude extracts had high levels of polyphenols (195 ± 0.06 mg GAE/g extract; 184 ± 0.78 mg GAE/mg of extract) and flavonoids (93.12 ± 0.17 mg QE/g extract; 28.48 ± 0.40 μg QE/mg of extract) forMarrubium vulgareandMarrubium deserti, respectively. The assessment of anti-inflammatory activity showed that the oral administration of MeOHE at a dose of 200 mg/kg to rats treated with carrageenan causes a significant decrease (87.3 ± 0.25%; 86.4%) of inflammation compared with standard diclofenac (positive control) which showed 85.52 ± 0.47% of protection. In the xylene ear edema test and antipleuretic assay, MeOHE showed significant antiinflammatory activity. Furthermore, it can be concluded that the speciesMarrubium vulgareandMarrubium desertihave potent in vivo anti-inflammatory effects and could constitute an important source of therapeutic agents. However, further biological investigations are required in order to elucidate their mechanisms of action.

Essential Oil Composition and Antimicrobial Activities of Lavandula pubescens, Marrubium vulgare and Meriandra bengalensis from Yemen

Essential Oil Composition and Antimicrobial Activities of Lavandula pubescens, Marrubium vulgare and Meriandra bengalensis from Yemen

In Vitro and In Vivo Studies of Metabolic Activation of Marrubiin, a Bioactive Constituent from Marrubium Vulgare.

Marrubiin, a furanoid compound, is a well-known diterpenoid lactone isolated from Marrubium vulgare, which displays a wide spectrum of pharmacological effects and potential hepatotoxicity. Considering that marrubiin contains a structural alert, furan ring, metabolic activation may be one of the major metabolic pathways, and the reactive metabolite may be involved in the hepatotoxicity. The present study was carried out to investigate the bioactivation mechanism of marrubiin in rats and humans. Marrubiin was initially metabolized into cis-butene-1,4-dial intermediate, which was readily trapped by glutathione (GSH) and N-acetyl-lysine (NAL) in the microsomal incubations supplemented with NADPH. A total of nine conjugates were detected and identified by high-resolution mass spectrometry and nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy. M1-M3 and M6 and M7 were characterized as mono-GSH conjugates, and M4 and M5 were identified as bis-GSH conjugates. M8 and M9 were identified as NAL conjugates. In rat bile, five GSH conjugates (M1-M3; M6 and M7) were detected. M1, M8, and M9 were chemically synthesized, and their structures were characterized by 13C NMR. Sulfaphenazole, ticlopidine, and ketoconazole displayed significant inhibitory effect on the bioactivation of marrubiin. Further phenotyping revealed that CYP2C9, CYP2C19, and CYP3A4 were the primary enzymes catalyzing the bioactivation of marrubiin. The current study provides evidence for the CYP-dominated bioactivation of marrubiin to the corresponding cis-butene-1,4-dial intermediate, which enables us to better understand the potential side effects caused by marrubiin.

HPLC-Analysis, Biological Activities and Characterization of Action Mode of Saudi Marrubium vulgare against Foodborne Diseases Bacteria.

The present study aims to evaluate the chemical composition, metabolites secondary and pharmacology activities of methanolic extract of Marrubium vulgare collected from King Saudi Arabia. Moreover, the primary mode of action of the tested extract was studied here for the first time against E. coli and L. monocytogenes. HPLC analysis shows that the major components in the tested extract are luteolin-7-O-d-glucoside, ferulic acid and premarrubiin. Obtained data demonstrated that the investigated extract was richer in phenol (26.8 ± 0.01 mg/GAE g) than in flavonoids (0.61 ± 0.05 mg EC/mL). In addition, the methanolic extract showed an important antioxidant capacity against the DPPH (IC50 = 35 ± 0.01 µg/mL) and ABTS (IC50 = 25 ± 0.2 µg/mL) radical scavenging and a strong inhibition of acetylcholinesterase enzyme with an IC50 value corresponding to 0.4 mg/mL. The antibacterial activity demonstrated that the evaluated extract had significant activity against both Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria. The effect of time on cell integrity on E. coli and L. monocytogenes determined by time–kill and bacteriolysis tests showed that the M. vulgare extract reduced the viability of both strains after 8 and 10 h and had a bacteriolytic effect against two different categories of bacteria, Gram-positive and negative, which are not of the same potency. Based on obtained data, it can be concluded that Saudi M. vulgare has a high pharmacological importance and can be used in preparation of food or drugs.

New insights for the production of medicinal plant materials: Ex vitro and in vitro propagation of valuable Lamiaceae species from northern Africa

The overuse of natural medicinal plants forces the search for alternative production techniques to meet the growing needs, compensate for habitat degradation and conserve natural populations of plants. This study investigated the macropropagation and micropropagation of four medicinal plants from the Lamiaceae family growing in Algeria: Thymus algeriensis Boiss & Reut., Rosmarinus officinalis L., Marrubium vulgare L. and Salvia officinalis L. This baseline study aimed to describe biotechnology techniques that will help in restoring these important species and the developed callus culture can be a source of pharmaceutically important metabolites. It included two experiments: In Experiment 1, macrocuttings of 10−15 cm were cultivated in plastic pots containing soil and submitted in open greenhouse conditions. The rates of developed cuttings into whole plants were estimated. Experiment 2: segments of 5 mm taken from young stems were washed, sterilized using 0.1 % HgCl2 and then cultured on semi-solid Murashige and Skoog (MS) medium supplemented with various combined concentrations of plant growth regulators (PGRs): indole-3-acetic acid (IAA) and Kinetin or N-6-furfuryladenine (Kin). The explants were incubated in a photoperiod (16 h light/25 °C, 8 h dark/15 °C) in a phytotron. The rates of callogenesis and caulogenesis were evaluated for different IAA/Kin combinations. The obtained results from macropropagation experiment showed significant differences (P < 0.001) in regeneration rates between the plant species. Salvia officinalis presented the highest success rate of regeneration (100 %) compared to other plants that showed low success rates. The combinations between IAA and Kin exhibited significant effects (P < 0.05 and P < 0.001) on callogenesis and caulogenesis. The best results of callus formation in T. algeriensis were observed at the combination of (5 mg/L IAA, 5 mg/L Kin) and (5 mg/L IAA, 10 mg/L Kin) where regeneration rates reached 23.3 % and 20 % respectively. In R. officinalis, the greatest callus production was obtained at (2.5 mg/L IAA, 5 mg/L Kin) with a rate of 56.7 %. In M. vulgare, the highest callus formation was marked at (2.5 mg/L IAA, 2.5 mg/L Kin), (2.5 mg/L IAA, 5 mg/L Kin) and (5 mg/L IAA, 5 mg/L Kin) with success rates varied between 33.3 % and 36.7 %. While S. officinalis can be significantly regenerated through macrocutting, the application of IAA and Kin combinations influenced greatly callus and shoots proliferation in T. algeriensis, R. officinalis and M. vulgare in in vitro micropropagation. The caulogenesis scores were low in the three above plants. Whereas, S. officinalis did not show any organogenic changes with all PGR combinations.

Ethnobotanical treatment of respiratory diseases in the central Middle Atlas (Morocco): Qualitative and quantitative approach

IntroductionRespiratory disorders are quite common in the Moroccan central Middle Atlas due to difficult climatic conditions and the difficulties in accessing health services. Therefore, the aim of the present work was to document the ancestral phytotherapeutic knowledge concerning the treatment of respiratory diseases in this region, using a qualitative and quantitative ethnobotanical approach. MethodsA questionnaire containing open and semi-structured questions was used to conduct the interviews with 58 practitioners of traditional medicine in order to collect the necessary ethnomedical information. Databases such as Web of Science, ScienceDirect, PubMed, and Scopus were used to analyze the inventoried plants, as well as their reported pharmacological activities. The data obtained were expressed by different quantitative indices: use value (UV), family use value (FUV), relative frequency of citation (RFC), level of fidelity (FL), informant consensus factor (ICF), relative importance (RI) and plant part value (PPV). ResultsA total of 35 plants distributed in 21 families were reported and categorized. The most represented family was Lamiaceae and the highest use value was for Scrophulariaceae (UVF=70.00). Of the plants listed, Marrubium vulgare L. has the highest use value (UVF=1.24). The highest relative citation frequency is recorded with Ruta montana L. (RFC=0.43). 24 species had a level of fidelity of 100% to treat various diseases. As for the highest value of informant consensus factor (ICF=1.00) was observed for the treatment of hoarseness and loss of voice. The leaves usually prepared by decoction and administered orally constituted the most used part (PPV=0.36). In addition, 24 plants among the 35 species studied (68.57%) have been the subject of scientific trials that have proven their pharmacological activities related to respiratory diseases. This is the case of Sambucus nigra L. which is effective in the treatment of influenza by direct effects through blocking viral glycoproteins, and indirect effects by increasing the expression of IL-6, IL-8 and TNF. Also, Hyssopus officinalis L. has an effect on chronic asthma by inhibiting eosinophil infiltration and reducing IgE levels in lung tissue. Finally, 69% of the plants used were declared toxic by the respondents. ConclusionThe population in the central Middle Atlas is still relying on herbal medicine for respiratory conditions. The documented plants can serve as a basis for further scientific studies. Promising species need to be studied phytochemically and pharmacologically. For its part, the toxicity of certain species requires great vigilance.

EFFICACY OF SOME PLANT EXTRACTS AGAINSTVarroa destructorAND THEIR SIDEEFFECT ON HONEYBEE COLONIES

The present investigation was carried out in the apiary of Faculty of Environmental Agricultural Sciences, Arish University, North Sinai Governorate, Egypt, during 2018/2019 season to study the effect of some plant extractsi.e. thyme (ThymusvulgarisL.)family Lamiaceae, castor (Ricinuscommunis L.)family Euphorbiaceae, common horehound (Marrubium vulgare L.) family Lamiaceaeand yellow nutsedge (Cyperusesculentus L.) family Cyperaceaeat different concentrations and added to sucrose syrupwhich offered to honeybee colonies on the progress of Varroamite and brood rearing activity of the test colonies. The bees were sprayedwitha solution of 100 mg (dry weight) plant extract diluted in 10 ml sugar syrup. Numbers of dead fallen mites and bees were recorded daily. Results revealed that theextracts of thyme (Thymus vulgarisL.) and castor (Ricinus communis L.)were lethal for the mite, whereas the other plant extract showed low effect. High concentrations ofT. vulgarisand R. communis (20%) were effective against both mite and bees. Thus, the most promising extract, with minimal insecticidal and maximaml acaricidal activities were fromT. vulgarisand R. communis.

Ethnobotanical survey about medicinal plants used in traditional treatment of insomnia, asthenia, and oral and gum infections in the region Fez-Meknes, Morocco.

An ethnobotanical survey was conducted among herbalists in the north-central region of Morocco using a questionnaire in order to highlight knowledge and know-how and to establish an inventory of herbal remedies used in the treatment of diseases common in the region and rarely cited in the bibliography: in this case, it is insomnia, asthenia, and oral-gum infections. The results showed that 120 herbalists were interviewed in different areas of the Fez-Meknes region, about 86 species were cited and grouped into 60 families (47 plants to treat asthenia, 25 to treat insomnia, and 21 to treat oral and gum infections). The reported plants have been identified and presented with the binomial name, family, part used, and method of preparation. In addition, the versatility was observed in several plants, indicating that the same plant could be used to treat conditions of different groups. Herbalists are people of both sexes belonging to different age groups and have different socioeconomic and intellectual levels. Eighty percent of surveyed herbalists are willing to provide us information about plants in the studied area. The most cited plants for treating these diseases are Lavandula dentata, Matricaria chamomilla, Rosmarinus officinalis, Allium cepa, Origanum vulgare, Origanum majorana, Marrubium vulgare, Lepidium sativum, and Ocimum basilicum. The Lamiaceae are the most quoted family. The leaves are the most commonly used organs. Infusion is the most common form of preparation. The results of this ethnobotanical study could constitute an important source of information and databases for further research in the fields of phytochemistry and pharmacology in order to find new bioactive molecules. In addition, this document can be used in the protection of indigenous knowledge.

Chemical Constituents, In Vitro Antibacterial Properties and Antioxidant Activity of Essential Oils from Marrubium vulgare L. Leaves

a peer-reviewed, open access online international journal which publishes original research papers. The journal welcomes submission from scholars and experts for possible publication from all over the world. The scope of the journal includes: Pharmaceutical research, chemistry and biochemistry of naturally occurring compounds, biological evaluation of crude extracts, ethnomedicine, traditional and complementary medicine, ethnopharmacology, biomedical research, Biotechnology, Evaluation of natural substances of land and sea and of plants, microbes and animals, pharmacognosy, bioavailability, clinical, pharmacological, toxicological studies and pharmacokinetics of phytochemicals, Isolation and characterization of compounds, structure elucidation, synthesis and experimental biosynthesis of natural Product as well as developments of methods in these areas are welcomed in the journal.

Ethnobotanical Survey of Medicinal Plants Used by Traditional Healers to Treat Diabetes in the Taza Region of Morocco.

Type 2 diabetes is one of the noncommunicable diseases that is becoming a pandemic in Africa. In Morocco, traditional healers have started to use herbal medicines for the treatment of diabetes either individually or in combination with food. The current study aimed to perform an ethnobiological survey of antidiabetic plants use in the Taza region of Morocco. A total of 193 traditional healers were interviewed using a semistructured questionnaire. Data collected were analyzed utilizing the use value (UV), fidelity level (FL), and relative frequency citation (RFC) indices. Forty-six plant species belonging to 28 families were recorded for the treatment of diabetes in the Taza region of Morocco. The most frequently cited plant species are Salvia officinalis, Marrubium vulgare, and Ajuga iva. Lamiaceae, Asteraceae, and Fabaceae were the most reported families. Leaves are the most used part of plants to prepare drugs, the decoction is the preferred mode of preparation, and remedies are often administered orally. Interestingly, Cytisus battandieri, Urginea maritima, Plantago ovata, and Ziziphus jujuba were reported as new medicinal plants used to treat diabetes in the Taza region of Morocco. People in the Taza region still rely on indigenous plants for their basic healthcare needs. Further research should be carried out to validate the antidiabetic effect of the newly reported plant species. This validation can be investigated by the determination of bioactive compounds and evaluation of their in vitro and in vivo antidiabetic effects.

Chemical Characterization of Marrubium vulgare Volatiles from Serbia.

Marrubium vulgare is a cosmopolitan medicinal plant from the Lamiaceae family, which produces structurally highly diverse groups of secondary metabolites. A total of 160 compounds were determined in the volatiles from Serbia during two investigated years (2019 and 2020). The main components were E-caryophyllene, followed by germacrene D, α-humulene and α-copaene. All these compounds are from sesquiterpene hydrocarbons class which was dominant in both investigated years. This variation in volatiles composition could be a consequence of weather conditions, as in the case of other aromatic plants. According to the unrooted cluster tree with 37 samples of Marrubium sp. volatiles from literature and average values from this study, it could be said that there are several chemotypes: E-caryophyllene, β-bisabolene, α-pinene, β-farnesene, E-caryophyllene + caryophyllene oxide chemotype, and diverse (unclassified) chemotypes. However, occurring polymorphism could be consequence of adaptation to grow in different environment, especially ecological conditions such as humidity, temperature and altitude, as well as hybridization strongly affected the chemotypes. In addition, this paper aimed to obtain validated models for prediction of retention indices (RIs) of compounds isolated from M. vulgare volatiles. A total of 160 experimentally obtained RIs of volatile compounds was used to build the prediction models. The coefficients of determination were 0.956 and 0.964, demonstrating that these models could be used for predicting RIs, due to low prediction error and high r2.

The bioactive ingredients and therapeutic effects of Marrubium vulgare - A review

Marrubium vulgare (Family: Lamiaceae) was used traditionally in the treatment of dyspeptic complains, pulmonary infections, cough, rheumatoid arthritis, night blindness, loss of appetite, as cholagogue, purgative, diuretic, bitter tonic, carminative and appetizer. The phytochemical analysis revealed that the plant contained alkaloids, sterols, steroids, terpenoids (diterpene), saponins, flavonoid, catecholic tannins, anthocyans, phenolic compounds and many other bioactive ingredients. The pharmacological investigations showed that the plant exerted anti-inflammatory, antiedematogenic, analgesic, antioxidant, antimicrobial, antidiabetic, cardiovascular hypolipidemic, antispasmodic and many other biological effects. This review discussed the bioactive contents and pharmacological activities of Marrubium vulgare.

NUTRITIONAL VALUE OF SOME RARE FORAGE PLANTS FED TO SMALL RUMINANTS

&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Background:&lt;/strong&gt; There are some plants in the global rangelands whose nutritional value is still unknown to animal nutritionists. &lt;strong&gt;Objective:&lt;/strong&gt; This study aimed to evaluate the &lt;em&gt;in vitro&lt;/em&gt; value of some rare plants including &lt;em&gt;Marrubium vulgare&lt;/em&gt; L., &lt;em&gt;Ceratocarpus arenarius &lt;/em&gt;L., &lt;em&gt;Gypsophila paniculate &lt;/em&gt;L., &lt;em&gt;Ferula gummosa &lt;/em&gt;Boiss., and &lt;em&gt;Centaurea virgate&lt;/em&gt; Lam. that are consumed by livestock. &lt;strong&gt;Methodology:&lt;/strong&gt; The fresh samples were collected from Iran about mid-June, after the flowering stage. Buffering capacity, chemical and mineral compounds of plants were determined according to the standard methods. An &lt;em&gt;in vitro&lt;/em&gt; media was also used to measure some fermentation parameters. &lt;strong&gt;Results:&lt;/strong&gt; There were significant differences in chemical composition and mineral contents among the plants. The higher CP content was found in &lt;em&gt;M. vulgare&lt;/em&gt; (173.8 g kg&lt;sup&gt;-1&lt;/sup&gt; DM) and &lt;em&gt;C. arenarius&lt;/em&gt; (140.1 g kg&lt;sup&gt;-1&lt;/sup&gt; DM), respectively. The lowest ADF (166.6 g kg&lt;sup&gt;-1&lt;/sup&gt; DM)‌, NDF (294.9 g kg&lt;sup&gt;-1&lt;/sup&gt; DM), and ADL (74.9 g kg&lt;sup&gt;-1&lt;/sup&gt; DM) contents were recorded in &lt;em&gt;M. vulgare&lt;/em&gt;. &lt;em&gt;‌C. arenarius&lt;/em&gt; exhibited the lowest DMD (473.3 g kg&lt;sup&gt;-1&lt;/sup&gt; DM), ME (4.12 MJ kg&lt;sup&gt;-1&lt;/sup&gt; DM), RFV (99.46), and gas volume at 24 h (13.57 ml) which were significantly different from all other plant species. The calcium content ranged from 18.15 for &lt;em&gt;C. virgata&lt;/em&gt; to 37.62 g kg&lt;sup&gt;-1&lt;/sup&gt; DM for &lt;em&gt;G. paniculata&lt;/em&gt;. The highest Na (0.64 g kg&lt;sup&gt;-1&lt;/sup&gt; DM), K (24.60 g kg&lt;sup&gt;-1&lt;/sup&gt; DM), Co (3.07 mg kg&lt;sup&gt;-1&lt;/sup&gt; DM), and Fe (756.53 mg kg&lt;sup&gt;-1&lt;/sup&gt; DM) were observed in &lt;em&gt;M. vulgare&lt;/em&gt;. With the addition of &lt;em&gt;G. paniculata&lt;/em&gt; to the culture medium, a noticeable increase in TVFA (40.65 mM L&lt;sup&gt;-1&lt;/sup&gt;) concentration was observed. The highest acid-base buffering capacity was obtained in &lt;em&gt;G. paniculata&lt;/em&gt; (191.64 mEq×10&lt;sup&gt;-3&lt;/sup&gt;). Inclusion of &lt;em&gt;C. virgata&lt;/em&gt; gave significantly higher acetate (64.07%) and butyrate (14.83%) concentration and lower propionate (19.17%) concentration in the culture medium. &lt;strong&gt;Implications:&lt;/strong&gt; The available data can take into account in preparing a balanced diet, especially for sheep grazing in the pasture. Due to the secondary metabolites, the forage value of these plants should also be evaluated in the form of &lt;em&gt;in vivo&lt;/em&gt; experiments with long-term experiment periods. &lt;strong&gt;Conclusion:&lt;/strong&gt; According to the &lt;em&gt;in vitro&lt;/em&gt; results, when these plants are fed together with a diversity of good quality forage, they can provide part of the nutrient requirement for small ruminant in Iran.&lt;/p&gt;

Adverse effects of medicinal plants used by cancer patients in Beni Mellal and the communication of this use

Moroccan cancer patients use traditional herbal medicine and no ethno botanical study has targeted them in the Béni Mellal Khénifra region. We had the objective to measure the frequency use of medicinal plants by cancer patients in the region of Béni Mellal Khénifra as well as the communication around this use and to inventory the plants used added to their adverse effects. We used an ethno botanical survey was conducted among 314 patients at the regional oncology center of Béni Mellal. The prevalence of use and the relative frequency of citation (RFC), the proportion of patients reporting this use and its adverse effects were measured. the prevalence of medicinal herbs use was 37.3% (n = 117). The citation relative frequency of plants ranged from 0.005 to 0.16. We found, also, 32 species belonging to 19 botanical families. Almost 90% (n = 102) of patients do not communicate this use and the most used plants are: Marrubium vulgare (16%), Ephedra alata (13%) and Juniperus oxycedrus (12%) Some plants seem toxic, in particular Juniperus oxycedrus used in a form of tar. The drug-plant interaction requires monitoring due to the lack of communication.