Boundary Markers Research Articles

Ethnic Conflict And The Vulnerability Of Women

It is widely accepted that ethnicity is a sort of affiliation to a group, a type of distinctiveness involving an array of characteristics or attributes such as a shared culture that may be seen in their shared history, and language that serve as the basis for this affiliation. Does it satisfy any vital need of individuals, given how fiercely people cling to their ethnic identities? Clinging to an ethnic identity is often seen to provide certain personal or societal benefits. Ethnicity is perceived by many scholars as an expression of individual or group agendas as well as political scheming. Therefore, it is not unlikely for other forms of allegiances such as that of class, to override ethnic allegiance. Owing to the worldwide gender inequality, women due to their shared experience of oppression and subordination, both economic and social, may be categorized as a distinct class in itself. It is difficult to fathom the extent to which women are subjected to atrocities during times of conflict, given how vulnerable their existence is during ordinary circumstances. This paper seeks to investigate how the patriarchal grasp on ethnicity is reinforced by designating women's bodies as symbols of ethnic purity and employing them as boundary markers. Abuse of women to portray a masculine display of power over a rival community becomes a method of warfare. As their quality of life and chances of survival seem to deteriorate during such conflicts, women tend to transcend ethnic allegiances and push for conflict resolution.

Towards Effective Antiviral Oral Therapy: Development of a Novel Self-Double Emulsifying Drug Delivery System for Improved Zanamivir Intestinal Permeability.

Self-double emulsifying drug delivery systems have the potential to enhance the intestinal permeability of drugs classified under the Biopharmaceutics Classification System (BCS) class III. One such example is the antiviral agent zanamivir, exhibiting suboptimal oral absorption (with a bioavailability range of 1-5%). To address this challenge, we have developed an innovative oral formulation for zanamivir: a self-double nanoemulsifying Winsor delivery system (SDNE-WDS) consisting of the microemulsion, which subsequently yields final double nanoemulsion (W1/O/W2) upon interaction with water. Two distinct formulations were prepared: SDNE-WDS1, classified as a W/O microemulsion, and SDNE-WDS2, discovered to be a bicontinuous microemulsion. The inner microemulsions displayed a consistent radius of gyration, with an average size of 35.1 ± 2.1 nm. Following self-emulsification, the resultant zanamivir-loaded nanoemulsion droplets for zSDNE-WDS1 and zSDNE-WDS2 measured 542.1 ± 36.1 and 174.4 ± 3.4 nm, respectively. Both types of emulsions demonstrated the ability to enhance the transport of zanamivir across a parallel artificial membrane. Additionally, in situ rat intestinal perfusion studies involving drug-loaded SDNE-WDSs revealed a significantly increased permeability of zanamivir through the small intestinal wall. Notably, both SDNE-WDS formulations exhibited effective permeability (Peff) values that were 3.5-5.5-fold higher than those of the low/high permeability boundary marker metoprolol. This research emphasizes the success of SDNE-WDSs in overcoming intestinal permeability barriers and enabling the effective oral administration of zanamivir. These findings hold promise for advancing the development of efficacious oral administration of BCS class III drugs.

PRAGMATIC MARKER ETO SAMOE IN DIFFERENT TYPES OF RUSSIAN SPEECH (COMPARATIVE CORPORAL STUDY)

Pragmatic markers (PM) play an important role in the generation and organization of oral speech in any language. This article is devoted to a comparative study of the use of PM eto samoe (ES) in different types of Russian speech, recorded in three corpora: the corpus of everyday Russian speech “One Speaker’s Day” (real, mostly dialogic speech), the corpus of Russian monologue speech “Balanced Annotated Textbook Library” (monologues obtained under experimental recording conditions) and the Multimedia subcorpus of the Russian National Corpus (various types of quasi-spontaneous speech, partially prepared or stylized speech as colloquial). According to the results of the analysis of the corpus material, the uses of the PM ES are divided into four types: hesitative marker (the most frequent), boundary marker, self-correction marker, and xeno-marker. The last two types are used by speakers much less frequently than the first two. The features of the implementation of all these types of marker ES vary somewhat from one corpus to another. In general, ES is used more often in dialogic speech than in monological speech; more often in colloquial speech than in oral public speech and film speech. The frequency of the use of ES may be an indicator of the degree of naturalness and spontaneity of oral discourse.

First occurrence of planktonic foraminiferal species Boliella adamsii as a marker for the Pleistocene-Holocene Boundary in the sea around Sumba Island

The expensive cost of Accelerator Mass Spectrometry radiocarbon dating (AMS 14C), the main tool for geochronology in Late Pleistocene-Holocene paleoclimate and paleoceanography study using marine sediment cores, hinders Indonesian researchers to produce competing research outputs. The first occurrences of planktonic foraminiferal species which have been applied as Pleistocene-Holocene Boundary markers in previous Quarternary marine sediment studies in the Indonesian region need to be confirmed as these species might actually occur since the Late Pleistocene. Quantitative foraminifera determination and oxygen isotope (δ18O) analysis of planktonic foraminiferal species Globigerinoides (Gs.) ruber have been carried out in marine sediment cores ST10 (off south Sumba) and ST14 (Sumba strait). δ18O of Gs. ruber was correlated to North Greenland Ice Core Project (NGRIP) Greenland Ice Core Chronology 2005 (GICC05) δ18O to determine the depth of the Pleistocene-Holocene Boundary (11653 BP) in core ST10 and ST14. Pleistocene-Holocene Boundary depth in core ST10 (31 cm) and ST14 (28 cm) are nearly coeval with the First occurrence (FO) of planktonic foraminifera Boliella adamsii, which at 34-35 cm depth interval in core ST10 and at 26-27 cm depth interval in core ST14. This indicated the practicality of Boliella adamsii FO as a Pleistocene-Holocene Boundary marker in the sea around Sumba Island, in case radiocarbon ages and proper planktonic foraminiferal δ18O data are not available. Future studies using a similar method in other Indonesian regions are needed to confirm the practicality of Boliella adamsii FO as a Pleistocene-Holocene Boundary marker in the Indonesian region.

Prevalence and clinical significance of the Sg6/Sg7 intersegmental veins based on re-evaluation of the Couinaud classification for the right posterior portal vein.

Although Segment 6(Sg6) and Segment 7(Sg7) are two independent units, there are currently no clear anatomical boundary markers between Sg6 and Sg7. This study aimed to identify intersegmental veins (ISV) in the intersegmental plane of Sg6 and Sg7, and evaluate the prevalence of ISV, and its clinical significance in anatomical hepatectomy. We analyzed data from 180 patients undergoing abdominal computed tomography (CT) examination, and simultaneously performed 3D reconstruction models of the liver for each patient. The right posterior portal vein was analyzed and re-typed. Furthermore, the existence of ISV was defined, and prevalence and confluence patterns of ISV were analyzed. The author attempted to apply ISV to laparoscopic S6/S7 segmentectomy. We sorted data from the right posterior portal vein and divided it into six types. The ISV could be identified in 82.2% (148/180) of the patients, which were derived from the right hepatic vein (RHV) (91.9%) and right posterior inferior vein (IRHV) (8.1%). Ten ISV-guided laparoscopic Sg6/Sg7 segmentectomy were successfully carried out, seven patients underwent Sg6 segmentectomy, and three patients underwent Sg7 segmentectomy. There was no perioperative mortality. The median operative time was 223min (range 181-260min). The median blood loss was 200ml (range 150-310ml). The R0 resection rate was 100%. The ISV may be a candidate vessel to distinguish the boundary of the right posterior sector; it is expected to be a landmark in the liver parenchyma of anatomical hepatectomy.

Stable reconstruction of simple Riemannian manifolds from unknown interior sources

Consider the geometric inverse problem: there is a set of delta-sources in spacetime that emit waves travelling at unit speed. If we know all the arrival times at the boundary cylinder of the spacetime, can we reconstruct the space, a Riemannian manifold with boundary? With a finite set of sources we can only hope to get an approximate reconstruction, and we indeed provide a discrete metric approximation to the manifold with explicit data-driven error bounds when the manifold is simple. This is the geometrization of a seismological inverse problem where we measure the arrival times on the surface of waves from an unknown number of unknown interior microseismic events at unknown times. The closeness of two metric spaces with a marked boundary is measured by a labeled Gromov–Hausdorff distance. If measurements are done for infinite time and spatially dense sources, our construction produces the true Riemannian manifold and the finite-time approximations converge to it in the metric sense

Pembuatan Sign System Sebagai Penanda Batas Antardusun di Desa Sambirejo, Kabupaten Jombang

Installing a sign system as a boundary marker between hamlets is one of the development efforts undertaken to improve the existing infrastructure in Sambirejo Village. It aims to direct visitors and provide information about the areas they enter, where each hamlet has its own tours and even MSME. The method of implementing the community service activity program carried out in the KKN-T MBKM UPN "Veteran" East Java activities is to use a qualitative descriptive approach because it describes the phenomena that occur in depth, and describes the responses without testing the hypothesis. This activity starts from conducting a field survey by looking for a location where the sign system will be installed. Followed by the planning and design, manufacture, and installation of sign systems. The government is expected to continue its commitment to improve infrastructure development, as having reliable infrastructure is essential to support infrastructure development and business growth.

Dari Desa Ke Destinasi: Mengembangkan Potensi Wisata Guna Meningkatkan Perekonomian Desa Sambirejo

This research is entitled "From Village to Destination: Developing Tourism Potential to Improve the Economy of Sambirejo Village". The goal is for tourism to become one of the economic drivers, so it is necessary to develop the tourism potential in Sambirejo Village. Based on the problems found in the field, there are still many outsiders who do not know the potential in Sambirejo Village. Therefore, it requires participation from all elements, both the community and the government. The method used in this research is a qualitative research method with a participatory approach. Data collection was carried out by interview, observation and FGD. In the preparation of this service, several steps have been taken including increasing public awareness through the socialization of one home one plant, building a mini garden, building a sign system as a boundary marker between hamlets, training in digitizing MSMEs through digital branding and product photos, and promoting in the form of a QR Code.

Grain segmentation in sandstone thin-section based on computer analysis of microscopic images

The segmentation of minerals visible in sandstone thin-sections is a necessary part of microscopic estimation of mineral composition, the most important part of petrographic and sedimentological studies. This process is often a hard task due to the difficulty in determining the exact boundaries between grains, mainly caused by secondary alteration in minerals, etching of grains and pore-space filling by cements. Structural features play a very important role in mineral identification and undoubtedly without their use mineral recognition in thin sections gives many misclassification results. Calculation of each grain area is an important part of the process that is very time-consuming if done by-hand. Presented method provides a precise solution while mixing automated and non-automated approach. Photos of a sandstone thin section were taken using a Nikon Eclipse LV100N POL polarizing microscope, at 200x magnification, in transmitted light, with crossed polarizers. Then to determine the borders and therefore area of distinct grains, a sample image has been chosen. Initial contours have been created by-hand inside graphic application on a tablet device, as the non-automated part of the presented method. Afterward, the layer with marked boundaries was analyzed by computer software. In the automated part of the method, marked contours of grains were detected inside the algorithm with areas calculated afterward.

JURIDICAL REVIEW ARRANGEMENT OF COMPLETE SYSTEMIC LAND REGISTRATION (PTSL) IN LAND CERTIFICATION CASE STUDY IN THE LAND OFFICE OF WATES VILLAGE

The aim of this research is to find out the implementation of a complete systematic land registration arrangement at the Grobogan District Land Office and to find out the supporting and inhibiting factors that arise in the complete systematic land registration activity at the Wates Land Office. The method used in this study is a normative juridical research method through a direct survey in Wates supported by secondary data. The method for analyzing data is a qualitative method. Research results show the implementation of complete systematic land registration (PTSL) arrangements in 2022 at the Wates Land Office. the implementation of PTSL is carried out with the following stages and implementation of activities: a. planning; b. preparation; c. location determination; d. Establishment and determination of the adjudication committee and task force; e. Extension; f. certificate issuance process; g. research on juridical data to prove rights; h. Announcement of physical data and juridical data and their ratification; i. Affirmation of conversion, recognition of rights, and grant of rights; j. bookkeeping and issuance of certificates of land rights; k. submission of the certificate of land rights; l. Reporting; m. Digitization. Supporting factors; a. Participatory maps which are very supportive in planning activities for implementing juridical measurements and implementation; b. Wates Village officials who actively participate in filing PTSL activities; c. Communities who participate assist in delineating the boundaries of land parcels in measurement activities. Factors that become obstacles; a. Misunderstanding of village officials when applying for PTSL files; b. There are still many land boundary disputes between residents in Wates Village, Kedungjati District; c. The stakes or boundary markers for the land parcels that will be registered with the PTSL certificate have not been installed; d. Found land that has been certified as participating in PTSL activities; e. Revision of PBT after the announcement of physical data and juridical data; f. PTSL difference process last year and 2022

Triangular-grid billiards and plabic graphs

Given a polygon \(P\) in the triangular grid, we obtain a permutation \(\pi_P\) via a natural billiards system in which beams of light bounce around inside of \(P\). The different cycles in \(\pi_P\) correspond to the different trajectories of light beams. We prove that \[\operatorname{area}(P)\geq 6\operatorname{cyc}(P)-6\quad\text{and}\quad\operatorname{perim}(P)\geq\frac{7}{2}\operatorname{cyc}(P)-\frac{3}{2},\] where \(\operatorname{area}(P)\) and \(\operatorname{perim}(P)\) are the (appropriately normalized) area and perimeter of \(P\), respectively, and \(\operatorname{cyc}(P)\) is the number of cycles in \(\pi_P\). The inequality concerning \(\operatorname{area}(P)\) is tight, and we characterize the polygons \(P\) satisfying \(\operatorname{area}(P)=6\operatorname{cyc}(P)-6\). These results can be reformulated in the language of Postnikov's plabic graphs as follows. Let \(G\) be a connected reduced plabic graph with essential dimension \(2\). Suppose \(G\) has \(n\) marked boundary points and \(v\) (internal) vertices, and let \(c\) be the number of cycles in the trip permutation of \(G\). Then we have \[v\geq 6c-6\quad\text{and}\quad n\geq\frac{7}{2}c-\frac{3}{2}.\]Mathematics Subject Classifications: 05D99, 51M04Keywords: Triangular grid, billiards, plabic graph, membrane

Radiative transfer equation-based color prediction and color adjustment strategies.

This paper discusses different strategies for color prediction and matching. Although many groups use the two-flux model (i.e.,the Kubelka-Munk theory or its extensions), we introduce a solution of the P N approximation for the radiative transfer equation (RTE) with modified Mark boundaries for the prediction of the transmittance and reflectance of turbid slabs with or without a glass layer on top. To demonstrate the capabilities of our solution, we have presented a way to prepare samples with different scatterers and absorbers where we can control and predict the optical properties and discussed three color-matching strategies: the approximation of the scattering and absorption coefficient, the adjustment of the reflectance, and the direct matching of the color valueL ∗ a ∗ b ∗.

Discrepancy in prosodic disambiguation strategies between Chinese EFL learners and native English speakers

Abstract Previous studies on prosodic disambiguation have found Chinese EFL learners capable of using prosodic cues for both boundary marking and focus encoding in English, but somewhat differently from native English speakers. No clear understanding has yet been obtained about their overall use of prosodic strategies in speech production for disambiguation. In this study, we conducted a contextualized production task followed by perception judgments and acoustic analyses to investigate their prosodic disambiguation, with native English speakers as the contrast group. We considered three types of prosodic cues (duration, pitch, and intensity), and examined ambiguities in both syntactic structure and information structure. We found that Chinese EFL learners did alter their prosodic cues to disambiguate two readings, but differently from native English speakers in both cue number and cue combination. Specifically, they used a narrower range of cues and provided insufficient prosodic information, consequently leading to poor perception by native listeners. Our findings argue for prosodic disambiguation training in foreign language teaching.

Of Wine, Sex, and Other Abominations: The Meanings of Antinomianism in Early Islamic Iraq

ABSTRACT Accusations of sexual perversion, of defying both the statutes of man and the laws of the almighty, have since Antiquity been a staple of heresiographic discourse. They had pride of place in Muslim heresiology as well, which charged many a heretical sect with engaging in group sex, incest, wine-drinking, as well as the shunning of the obligatory rituals such as prayer and pilgrimage. One group has fared particularly badly at the hands of Muslim heresiographers – the so-called Shiʿi ‘extremists’ (Ghulāt), who lived in Iraq in the eighth and ninth centuries. Scholarship has mostly taken a simplistic approach to accounts about their alleged antinomianism, by either rejecting them as hostile propaganda or, more frequently, by accepting them wholesale as accurate. Meanwhile the historical, polemical contexts in which such accusations were made have been ignored. This article evaluates within a broad historical context two bodies of evidence: the heresiographical accusations on the one hand, and the Ghulāt’s own writings on the other. My contention is that while the most hair-raising accusations are nothing by hostile polemics, others do reflect the Ghulāt’s actual beliefs and practices. I conclude by examining the cultural meanings which antinomianism had among the Ghulāt – namely, as boundary markers and tools for identity construction.

Effects of syllable boundaries in Tibetan reading

Interword spaces exist in the texts of many languages that use alphabetic writing systems. In most cases, interword spaces, as a kind of word boundary information, play an important role in the reading process of readers. Tibetan also uses alphabetic writing, its text has no spaces between words as word boundary markers. Instead, there are intersyllable tshegs (“”), which are superscript dots. Interword spaces play an important role in reading as word boundary information. Therefore, it is interesting to investigate the role of tshegs and what effect replacing tshegs with spaces will have on Tibetan reading. To answer these questions, Experiment 1 was conducted in which 72 Tibetan undergraduates read three-syllable-boundary conditions (normal, spaced, and untsheged). However, in Experiment 1, because we performed the experimental operations of deleting tshegs and replacing tshegs, the spatial information distribution of Tibetan sentences under different operating conditions was different, which may have a certain potential impact on the experimental results. To rule out the underlying confounding factor, in Experiment 2, 58 undergraduates read sentences for both untsheged and alternating-color conditions. Overall, the global and local analyses revealed that tshegs, spaces, and alternating-color markers as syllable boundaries can help readers segment syllables in Tibetan reading. In Tibetan reading, both spaces and tshegs are effective visual syllable segmentation cues, and spaces are more effective visual syllable segmentation cues than tshegs.

A Brief Study on Lane Detection using Lane Boundary Marker Network

Both advanced driver assistance systems and self-driving automobiles rely heavily on lane detection. While current techniques utilize a scope of highlights from low-level to profound highlights separated from convolutional brain networks, they all experience the ill effects of the issue of impediment and battle to distinguish paths with low or no proof on the street. Key points along the lane boundaries are identified using a lane boundary marker network in this paper. An backwards viewpoint planning is assessed utilizing street geometry which is then applied to the recognized markers and lines/bends are fitted together on the amended focuses. Finally, missing path limits are anticipated utilizing path geometry limitations i.e., equidistant and parallelism. Reciprocal weighted averaging guarantees path limits with solid proof rule their anticipated other options. This demonstrates our algorithm's resistance to occluded and missing lanes. We also demonstrate that our algorithm can be used in conjunction with other lane detectors to enhance their lane retrieval capabilities.

Ultrasensitive and multiplexed miRNA detection system with DNA-PAINT

MiRNAs hold great potential as biomarkers for the early detection and monitoring of diseases based on their differential expression profiles. Therefore, the sensitive, specific and accurate detection of miRNAs represents an emerging new tool to improve diagnosis and treatment of several diseases, cancer in particular. DNA origami-based miRNA detection is particularly advantageous as it allows to incorporate multiple attachment sites to capture different target miRNAs at the nanoscale. In this work, we present a DNA origami nanoarray system providing distance-dependent recognition of miRNAs by applying super-resolution microscopy technique; DNA-PAINT (point accumulation for imaging in nanoscale topography). The sensor can detect up to 4 miRNAs either separately or in combination based on the relative distance to the boundary markers on the structure using a single imager strand. The detection is highly sensitive, with a limit of detection down to the low femtomolar range (11 fM - 388 fM) and has a large dynamic range up to 10 nM without need for amplification. Moreover, our detection system can discriminate single base mismatches with low false positive rates. Using our strategy, we demonstrate the detection of endogenous miRNAs from cell extracts of cancer cell lines and plasma from breast cancer patients. Overall, we developed an ultrasensitive and amplification-free, DNA-PAINT imaging-based miRNA detection method using DNA origami nanoarray system for the detection of breast-cancer associated miRNAs which potentially provides a sensitive and accurate alternative to the current multiplexed diagnostic technologies.

Red and blue bananas: Time-series f0 analysis of contrastively focused noun phrases in Papuan Malay and Dutch

The prosody of Papuan Malay, spoken in the easternmost provinces of Indonesia, is not fully described and understood. The limited work available suggests that phrase prosody in this language is different from other well-studied (West-Germanic) languages. However, not much is known about possible correlates of focus marking, for which prosody is used extensively in languages like Dutch and English. To gain insight into universal and specific usages of prosody, this study reports two identical production experiments and acoustic analyses carried out for Papuan Malay and Dutch, to investigate the prosody of noun phrases in different contrastive focus conditions. Participants in the experiments described pictures with different shapes and colors using specific matrix phrases. The prosody of these descriptions was examined by time-series measures of f0 and statistically analysed using generalised additive mixed models (GAMMs). Results show that speakers of Papuan Malay do not use f0 to mark contrastively focused noun phrases, unlike Dutch speakers. The main function of f0 in Papuan Malay phrases appears to be boundary marking on the final syllable in the phrase, a function also observed in Dutch. In addition, the pre-final syllable in the Papuan Malay phrase was always marked with a rising f0, whereas in Dutch an interaction between the boundary and focus marking was found. The results are discussed in a typological perspective and provide new insights into the prosody of Papuan Malay.

Production and Comprehension of Prosodic Boundary Marking in Persons With Unilateral Brain Lesions.

Persons with unilateral brain damage in the right hemisphere (RH) or left hemisphere (LH) show limitations in processing linguistic prosody, with yet inconclusive results on their ability to process prosodically marked structural boundaries for syntactic ambiguity resolution. We aimed at systematically investigating production and comprehension of three prosodic cues (f 0 range, final lengthening, and pause) at structural boundaries in coordinate sequences in participants with right hemisphere brain damage (RHDP) and participants with left hemisphere brain damage (LHDP). Twenty RHDP and 15 LHDP participated in our study. Comprehension experiment: Participants and a control group listened to coordinate name sequences with internal grouping by a prosodically marked structural boundary (grouped condition, e.g., "(Gabi und Leni) # und Nina") or without internal grouping (ungrouped condition, e.g., "Gabi und Leni und Nina") and had to identify the target condition. The strength and combinations of prosodic cues in the stimuli were manipulated. Production experiment: Participants were asked to produce coordinate sequences in the two conditions (grouped, ungrouped) in two different tasks: a Reading Aloud and a Repetition experiment. Accuracy of participants' productions was subsequently assessed in a rating study and productions were analyzed with respect to use of prosodic cues. In the Comprehension experiment, RHDP and LHDP had overall lower identification accuracies than unimpaired control participants and LHDP were found to have particular problems with boundary identification when the pause cue was reduced. In production, LHDP and RHDP employed all three prosodic cues for boundary marking, but struggled to clearly mark prosodic boundaries in 28% of all productions. Both groups showed better performance in reading aloud than in repetition. LHDP relied more on using f 0 range and pause duration to prosodically mark structural boundaries, whereas RHDP employed final lengthening more vigorously than LHDP in reading aloud. We conclude that processing of linguistic prosody is affected in RHDP and LHDP, but not completely impaired. Therefore, prosody can serve as a relevant communicative resource. However, it should also be considered as a target area for assessment and treatment in both groups. https://doi.org/10.23641/asha.21637505.

An explicit and non-iterative moving-least-squares immersed-boundary method with low boundary velocity error

In this work, based on the moving-least-squares immersed boundary method, we proposed a new technique to improve the calculation of the volume force representing the body boundary. For boundary with simple geometry, we theoretically analyze the error between the desired volume force at boundary and the actual force given by the original method. The ratio between the two forces is very close to a constant and exhibits a very narrow distribution. A spatially uniform coefficient is then introduced to correct the force and can be fixed by the least-square method over all boundary markers. Such method is explicit and non-iterative, and is easy to implement into the existing scheme. Several test cases have been simulated with stationary and moving boundaries. Our new method can reduce the residual boundary velocity to the level comparable to that given by the iterative method, but requires much less computing time. Preliminary test suggests that the current method is also effective for nonuniform Eulerian grid. Moreover, the new method can be readily combined with the iterative method and further reduces the residual boundary velocity.