Market Volume Research Articles

Modern technologies of strengthening working bodies of soil processing machines

During the operation of soil tillage machines, their working bodies, which are in direct contact with the soil, are exposed to abrasive wear, high contact and dynamic loads, as well as the corrosive effect of the soil. Heavy operating conditions cause intensive wear of such parts. Therefore, works related to increasing the wear resistance of materials intended for the manufacture of working bodies of tillage machines (ploughshares, cultivator paws, disks, chisels, etc.) are relevant. The main strengthening technologies presented on the market for the working bodies of tillage machines are considered. Data on the percentage ratio of the market volume by certain types of strengthening were collected and analyzed. Separate characteristics of the considered methods of strengthening tillage bodies are shown in comparison. To ensure wear resistance and technical resource at the same level as the best foreign analogues, it is recommended that tillage bodies be made by casting from high-strength cast iron, heat treated, reaching its bainite metal base, saturated with carbides, in particular on the surface. It is advisable that one surface layer of the metal be of increased hardness, which will meet the condition of self-sharpening of the working organs during wear. Two methods of hardening are considered to fulfill this condition, in which water is used as a cooling medium for heat treatment of the plow blade. At the same time, a new feature of the isothermal tempering of ploughshares developed by us is the use of heated metal equipment, in the given examples of the quality of which ploughshare casting was used repeatedly. The features and advantages of cooling castings in a fluidized bed of sand are also considered. Replacing expensive materials, alloys and technologies with the use of unalloyed high-strength cast iron with a wear-resistant structure, as well as the use of low-cost casting methods together with thermal strengthening will lead to a significant reduction in the cost of the working bodies of tillage machines. Keywords: technologies of strengthening, quenching, wear, working bodies of soil tillage machines, plow, high -strength cast iron.

The geological composition of rifts in Sudan as related to oil and gas content

Gradual increase in hydrocarbon production by the Saudi Arabia, Russia and the USA has led to the fact that today their share in the global production volume is about 42%, according to British Petroleum. At the same time, the market volume for small players, focused primarily on domestic demand and meeting the needs of their nearest neighbors, is falling proportionally. A striking example of this trend is the Republic of Sudan, on whose territory a small number of oil and gas fields are being developed, characterized by a very complex structure associated with rift sedimentary basins, which began to be studied in detail only a few years ago. The first comprehensive regional geological work began only at the end of 1974. As of today, all discovered oil reservoirs are located within rift zones, and the most promising one is the Muglad Basin, which contains eleven discovered oil fields connected with the terrigenous deposits of Upper Cretaceous and Miocene. Based on the study of seismic and core data, sequence stratigraphic and sedimentological models were built of the main depositional structures of the Muglad Basin, the potential was evaluated of the discovery of new hydrocarbon deposits. Keywords: rift valley; fields sedimentary complexes; Muglad Basin; Sudan; sequence stratigraphy.

Syngas from What? Comparative Life-Cycle Assessment for Syngas Production from Biomass, CO2, and Steel Mill Off-Gases

Syngas is an essential platform chemical for producing chemicals and fuels, whose market volume is expected to grow strongly. Today, syngas is mainly produced from fossil resources and thus emits large amounts of greenhouse gases (GHGs). The GHG emissions of syngas can be reduced by alternative feedstocks such as biomass, CO2, and steel mill off-gases (mill gas). However, since previous studies on alternative feedstocks differ in assumptions and methodological choices, their results are not comparable. Therefore, it remains unknown which feedstock is preferable from an environmental perspective. Herein, we present a consistent environmental assessment of alternative syngas pathways. We show that bio-based and mill gas-based syngas reduce GHG emissions the most, although the results strongly depend on the conventional feedstock use: if the feedstock is limited and already used elsewhere, its GHG mitigation potential decreases. Furthermore, producing syngas from mill gas or bio-waste leads to moderate environmental trade-offs, while other bio-feedstocks and CO2 can significantly increase other environmental impacts than GHG. Our results demonstrate that a consistent assessment of alternative pathways is required to make informed decisions on syngas decarbonization and highlight the importance of considering the conventional use of limited feedstocks in life-cycle assessments.

Intrinsic motivations affecting millennial mobile impulsive shopping in emerging markets during the COVID-19 pandemic

PurposeThis study examines intrinsic motivations and antecedents that affect millennial mobile impulsive shopping in markets with the technology acceptance model (TAM) during the COVID-19 pandemic.Design/methodology/approachThe study has been conducted by collecting data from 367 regular mobile shopping millennials, which was analyzed by structural equation modeling.FindingsThe findings reported that the perceived ease of use correlates positively with perceived usefulness. Similarly, perceived ease of use, usefulness, perceived utilitarian value and hedonic value significantly impacts shoppers' trust and attitude toward impulsive mobile shopping. Perceived trust was found to exhibit a positive association with mobile shopping. Finally, perceived usefulness, ease of use, utilitarian value, hedonic value, trust and attitude significantly positively impacted millennials' impulsive mobile shopping.Practical implicationsThis study's results will help e-retailers establish novel techniques and efforts to enhance market volume and build solid connections with mobile customers by ensuring secure purchase habits. The results would also help companies develop customer satisfaction-focused business strategies.Originality/valueThis study contributes to the body of literature by finding a significant impact of attitude, trust and shopping values on impulsive mobile shopping. These constructs have not been explored as factors impacting mobile impulsive shopping, especially when it comes to a pandemic.

РИНОК ІТ-ПОСЛУГ: ТЕНДЕНЦІЇ ЕКОНОМІЧНОГО РОЗВИТКУ ТА ОРІЄНТИРИ ДЛЯ УКРАЇНИ

The article is devoted to the study of trends in the economic development of the IT services market in Ukraine and the determination of guidelines for the future. It was established that in the context of the integration processes that Ukraine is undergoing, its national economy is affected by a significant number of external and internal factors. And, it is obvious that the identified factors have had an impact on global and local markets in different periods. The market of IT services requires special attention, as it is a strategically important direction for our country - the stability of foreign currency inflows and the activity of attracting investments for development. In the current long period of transformational processes burdened by the war of the Russian Federation against Ukraine, the market of IT services means stable jobs, taxes paid on time and filling the State Budget of Ukraine. The article determines that the field of IT services is the most sensitive, first of all, to economic factors. These are: the volume of the IT market, the exchange rate of the US dollar, the cost of IT services, wages in the market of IT services, etc. An equally important role is played by the geopolitical position of the world's leading countries, which determine (dictate) the "rules of the game" in the IT services market and determine general globalization trends, etc. In the course of the research, we established that during 2017-2021, the number of registered IT service companies in Ukraine doubled. in the world ranking, Ukraine still has advantages in the IT market compared to the nearest competing countries. At the moment, compared to its nearest neighbors, Ukraine ranks 3rd in the world ranking, behind Belarus and Serbia, but ahead of Estonia, Hungary, Poland, Lithuania and Slovakia. Based on the results of the analysis of the data array, the dynamics of the export of computer services from Ukraine during 2017-2021 were studied, which demonstrates rapid annual growth. The trend of growth in the total volume of exports of IT services from Ukraine can be explained by the growth of demand on the world market. And although the IT services market in Ukraine is still being formed, it is important that it further develop in the direction of transparency, openness and competitiveness. And external factors, such as currency fluctuations, globalization processes, etc., did not hold back its development. In order to preserve the growing trends in the development of the IT services industry, it is important to make decisions about its further development based on world experience.

Potato Value Chain Analysis in Highland of Guji Zone, Southern Oromia, Ethiopia

Potato plays a significant role in the national system and channels differ for different areas. Production of potato by smallholder farmers of the in highland parts of Guji zone districts are mainly for house consumption and market which is the most important and widely known cash crop of the area but there was lack of properly functioning marketing system and this often resulted in lower producers’ price. Therefore, this study focused on identifying potato market chain actors and their channels and factors that affect the volume of potato market. The target population was 14547 household farmers of which 141 producer households were selected using simple random sampling ad 24 traders and 13 consumers were selected purposively. Data were collected from both primary and secondary sources. Secondary data were gathered from district agriculture and rural development offices and trade and industry offices. Both descriptive and econometric analyses were employed for data analysis. The study indicated that, out of the total potato produced in 20120/21 cropping season of 6538 quintal, 89.8% of the product was supplied to the market in the study area. The result showed that about six marketing channels were identified in transferring 5897 quintals of potato, where, 38.92%, 26.13%, 11.2% and 23.75% were sold to wholesaler, retailers, collectors and consumers respectively. Result of a multiple linear regression model indicated that Age, potato production experience, amount consumed, quantity of potato produced, information access, off farm income and credit access were variables significantly affected volume of potato supplied to market in the study area. Production constraints of shortage of improved seed supply, disease and credit availability and marketing constrains of low price, and poor linkage with actors and lower consumer demand were identified. Therefore, improving seed supply problem, cooperative management, strengthening market information delivery system, post-harvest potato handling are intervention needed to boast potato production and marketing in the study area.

Sulfonic Acid Functionalized Precipitated Silica as Efficient Solid Acid Catalyst for Acetylation Reactions

Introduction: Precipitated Silica has very high commercial significance in terms of ease of preparation, market volume, cost benefits and a wide range of industrial applications. The surface silanol groups of Precipitated Silica can be modified with reactive organic functional groups to achieve desired properties for specific applications, including catalysis. Objective:: The objective of this study is to demonstrate sulfonic acid functionalized Precipitated Silica as a true heterogeneous catalyst in acetylation reaction, where the catalytic activity and desired product selectivity is a magnitude higher than industrial solid acid zeolite catalysts as well as similar catalysts reported in literature. Methods: A novel and cost-effective method for the functionalization of Precipitated Silica with sulfonic acid (–SO3H) is reported, where the silica nanoparticles are first functionalized in situ with a tetrasulfide organosilane, followed by oxidation of the tetrasulfide moiety to –SO3H groups, which are grafted to the surface silanol groups through covalent linkage. Results: CHNS analyses and XPS prove successful functionalization of –SO3H group onto the nano silica surface. The resultant material acts as a solid acid catalyst and shows exceptional activity in the acetylation of benzyl alcohol and >99% selectivity towards the desired product benzyl acetate. The resultant material can also be recycled and reused several times. Conclusion: The following factors make sulfonic acid functionalized Precipitated Silica a new generation of solid acid catalyst; (i) higher atom economy, (ii) recyclability and reusability, and (iii) significant cost benefits with respect to industrial catalysts.

Does the Digital Economy Promote Domestic Non-Tradable Sectors?: Evidence from China

The impact of the digital economy (DE) has become the important faction of the market volume of domestic non-tradable sectors (DNSs). As rising digitalization supersedes traditional market power as a driving force, there is increasing concern about the volume of trade and economy; however, the literature of how the DE procession changed the DNS’s are limited, although the Chinese government is eager to enlarge the scale of the domestic market to be consistent with the trend of digitalization. This paper addressed this issue by employing a series of data from prefecture-level cities between 2010 and 2019 in China. Using panel data methods under fixed effect, synthetic difference-in-differences (SDID), and temporal-spatial econometrics, the paper’s hypothesis sheds light on the positive impact of the DE on DNSs. The regression results showed a 14.84% of improvement for the effects of DE development on DNS growth. The policy impact effect increased the average treatment effect by 3.9% average treatment effect, accompanied by temporal and spatial correlations. Further analysis illustrated that a possible intermediary mechanism through which the DE promotes the development of DNSs is the enhancement of the local product market development. It was concluded that policy-makers of developing countries should be devoted to breaking down domestic trade barriers among different regions to enhance the benefits of digitalization.

Clarifying the scaling concept: A review, definition, and measure of scaling performance and an elaborate agenda for future research

Scaling has recently found its way into the academic discourse. However, the term has been used inconsistently and mixed up with other terms such as growth. To overcome these impediments to knowledge accumulation, we review the literature, identifying four broad applications of the scaling concept: market scaling, volume scaling, financial scaling, and organizational scaling. Building on their commonalities and setting scaling apart from growth, we develop an inclusive definition of scaling: Scaling describes an increase in the size of a focal subject that is accompanied by a larger-than-proportional increase in the performance resulting from the said subject. We further propose a set of measures that makes it possible to compare the scaling performance of organizations and track their scaling performance over time. Based on our insights as well as a list of “hot topics” in the management literature, we conclude by identifying promising areas for further research.

Polypropylene Post-Consumer Recyclate Compounds for Thermoforming Packaging Applications

Polypropylene (PP) plastic packaging waste consists of a variety of different plastic packaging products with a great span in rheological and mechanical behavior. Therefore, the resulting post-consumer recyclates usually show melt mass-flow rates (MFR) in the region of injection molding grades and intermediate mechanical properties. High-quality packaging applications demand a distinct property profile that is met by tailor-made PP grades and cannot be met by recyclates with intermediate performance. One such application with high market volume is high-stiffness thermoforming trays. The aim of this research was to blend intermediate-performance recyclates with a virgin PP grade to obtain compounds that fulfill the rheological and mechanical demands of this application. Three commercially available PP post-consumer recyclates were acquired and compounded with different blending ratios with a high stiffness, low MFR virgin PP grade. As the pure recyclates show different rheological properties, the blending ratios had to be adapted for each of them to fit into the MFR range of 2-4 g/10 min which is desirable for thermoforming applications. The resulting PP recyclate compounds show a distinct correlation of recyclate content with rheological and mechanical performance. However, the resulting property profile was directly dependent on the performance of the originally used recyclate. The best-performing recyclate could be used in a blending ratio of 65 m% recyclate content while adhering to both property limits, the MFR of 2-4 g/10 min and the lower bound tensile stiffness of 1500 MPa.

Анализ рынка искусственного интеллекта Российской Федерации

Artificial intelligence (AI) technologies are used in various fields of activity. Not only commercial organizations, but also the state are actively investing in the development of artificial intelligence. This is due to the fact that the use of AI tools and methods allows the development of many areas of activity, expanding their potential. Artificial intelligence has significant potential in the social and scientific spheres, in education, healthcare, industry and other areas. This necessitates the search for the most significant factors affecting the growth rate of artificial intelligence both within individual organizations and within the country as a whole. The purpose of the work is to conduct a scientific analysis of the artificial intelligence market of the Russian Federation, to identify factors affecting this market, as well as the main trends in its development. In the process of scientific research, the method of system analysis was used, as well as correlation-regression data analysis. The article examines the dynamics of the artificial intelligence market of the Russian Federation. The factors that had the strongest impact on this market were identified. The geography of companies operating in this field is investigated. The analysis of the dependence of the volume of the artificial intelligence market on various factors was carried out. Conclusions are made on the dynamics and development prospects of the studied market. The scientific novelty lies in the identified relationship between the volume of the artificial intelligence market and such factors as the total volume of transactions and the number of transactions in the AI venture market, the volume of government funding and government procurement in the field of artificial intelligence. The practical significance lies in the fact that the results obtained can be used to increase the effectiveness of stimulating the growth and development of the AI market in the Russian Federation. This becomes relevant due to the fact that in the short term, it is most likely that the growth rate of the AI market will slow down both in Russia and in the world, due to the negative impact of a complex of factors on the market. Such factors are, for example, the global shortage of semiconductors, the supply chain crisis, as well as the entry of the economies of many countries into a recession phase.

Fresh food supply chain coordination with competition and differentiated freshness preservation methods

For a secondary supply chain consisting of a supplier and two competing retailers, freshness spoilage rate, competitive behavior and market capacity constraint are introduced into the traditional demand-substitution model. Under different preservation methods such as chilling and freezing, the Gounod double oligopoly game and the conspiracy game competition models between retailers are constructed with the benchmark of the centralized decision-making. The optimal sales price and ordering decision are secured, and the influence of market volume, freshness deterioration rate and demand substitution rate on the optimal decision is analyzed under different competition models. Meanwhile, an optimal revenue coordination contract is constructed to maximize the benefits of each subject in the fresh supply chain. The results show that the optimal sales price and optimal order quantity are positively correlated with the respective market volume and demand substitution rate, but negatively correlated with the deterioration rate of goods. The optimal coordination degree of the proposed revenue-sharing contract is 100%, which indicates that this contract can effectively coordinate the interests of all parties in the fresh supply chain and achieve the overall optimal supply chain.

INTERNET MARKETING DEVELOPMENT TRENDS ON THE MARKET OF TRANSPARENT STRUCTURES IN THE B2B SECTOR

The article discusses the essence and features of marketing activities in the B2B sector. The problems of the market for translucent structures are identified (loss of a significant share of construction enterprises due to the destruction and suspension of factories in the occupied territories; decrease in market volume; decrease in business profitability; increase in the cost of materials for the production of glass; increase in the price of materials; reorientation from Russian to European materials; logistics problems, in particular port tax, lack of professional personnel, increased competition, difficulty in assessing the impact of the Internet, marketing effectiveness of B2B companies). It is substantiated that, although for the B2B sector, the main tools of Internet marketing are search engine optimization and contextual advertising, for the market of transparent constructions, SEO is not such an effective tool compared to the possibilities of contextual advertising. The main trends of B2B marketing for the coming years are presented (increasing costs for Internet marketing and SMM, programmatic (algorithmic) advertising, generation of quality leads, effective marketing). A ranking of priorities for increasing the effectiveness of sales via the Internet for companies producing translucent structures has been constructed.

ФАРМАЦЕВТИЧЕСКИЙ СЕКТОР РОССИЙСКОЙ ЭКОНОМИКИ: ТЕКУЩЕЕ СОСТОЯНИЕ, ДИНАМИКА И ТЕНДЕНЦИИ РАЗВИТИЯ

The article examines the main factors influencing the development of the pharmaceutical industry in Russia, the existing challenges and prospects. The article covers various aspects of the pharmaceutical sector, such as the production of medicines, the level of competition, economic indicators and regulation. It also examines global trends in the pharmaceutical industry and their impact on the Russian market. The market volumes in 2022 and 2023, sales volumes of original medicines and generics in Russia are compared. Not only quantitative data were considered, but also qualitative factors, such as changes in legal regulation and innovative trends. The study shows the current state of the pharmaceutical sector in Russia, its key development trends and potential for the future.

РИНОК ЕЛЕКТРОННОЇ КОМЕРЦІЇ В УКРАЇНІ: СУЧАСНИЙ СТАН ТА ТЕНДЕНЦІЇ ПОВОЄННОГО ВІДНОВЛЕННЯ

This research examines the current state of the electronic commerce market in Ukraine during the war as well as investigates the main barriers and trends of e-commerce market development during the war. During the research, it was identified that up to 2022 there were significant increases in volume and growth rates of the e-commerce market. The beginning of the war disturbed the market significantly. The war led to disruptions and shocks on the supply and demand side and panic among buyers was identified. However, stabilization processes within the e-commerce market become more visible in 2023. Many retail-ers are migrating online and adopting e-commerce technologies to remain competitive, adaptive, and re-silient during the war. Marketplaces, online stores, and social networksremain the most popular business models at the moment. In recent years there is a trend of transformation of key retailers from online stores to marketplaces has become noticeable. Among the trends of future development there are corporate social responsibility; the adoption of additional technological innovations to the core web technologies the en-terprise already operates; omnichannel strategies; the development and dissemination of new business models; the domination of marketplaces within the market; spreading of mobile commerce, and personal-ization of value propositions by retailers. However, the war complicated and intensified a significant num-ber of barriers such as insufficient level of infrastructure development, as well as its partial damage and destruction due to military operations; decreases in purchasing power of consumers; problems with secu-rity and consumer trust; lack of resources to develop the enterprise, particularly in marketing; disruptions in logistics chains, causing problems with thedelivery of goods to end consumers

НАПРЯМИ РОЗВИТКУ СТРАХОВОГО РИНКУ В УМОВАХ СЬОГОДЕННЯ

The insurance market in Ukraine is one of the most important components of the country's financial system. In today's conditions, it is under the influence of a number of factors that are leading to a change in its development trends. The article examines the main trends in the development of the insurance market in Ukraine under martial law and post-war recovery. The authors analyze the dynamics of the insurance market, its structure, insurance products and services, insurance companies, and insurance culture in Ukraine. The main trends in the development of the insurance market in Ukraine in today's conditions include: decrease in the size of the insurance market. In 2022, the volume of insurance premiums in Ukraine fell by 30% compared to 2021. This is due to military operations, as well as the economic crisis that arose as a result of the war; change in the structure of the insurance market. In 2022, the share of compulsory insurance in the total volume of the insurance market in Ukraine increased to 60%. This is due to the fact that in the conditions of martial law, the demand for compulsory insurance products, such as life insurance, property insurance, and accident insurance, increased; the growth of the role of digital technologies in the insurance industry. In 2022, insurance companies in Ukraine actively implemented digital technologies. This allowed them to improve the efficiency of their activities and ensure the availability of insurance services to the population. The growth of the role of insurance companies in ensuring financial stability. In 2022, insurance companies in Ukraine played an important role in ensuring the financial stability of the country. They paid insurance claims to those affected by the war, and also provided financial assistance to businesses. Conclusions: the insurance market in Ukraine has significant potential for further development. To do this, it is necessary to create favorable conditions for the activities of insurance companies, increase the level of insurance culture of the population, and ensure the stability of macroeconomic indicators.

THE CONCEPT OF SMART GRID: TECHNOLOGICAL, ORGANIZATIONAL AND ECONOMIC ASPECTS OF THE DEVELOPMENT OF THE ENERGY SECTOR

Purpose. The aim of the article is to substantiate the concept of Smart Grid application from the point of view of technological, organizational and economic aspects of development in the energy sector, outlining the features of their use in modern conditions and in the future. Methodology of research. The methodological basis of the research is the dialectical method of scientific knowledge. General scientific and special methods were used in the research process, in particular analysis and synthesis, dialectical – to determine the initial conditions and content of the Smart Grid; analytical – when processing literary and Internet sources; causal – to determine the dynamics of Smart Grid technology development in the world; abstract and logical – for outlining the main directions of operation of Smart Grid technologies in the field of energy, forming conclusions and proposals. Findings. Current and prospective Smart Grid technologies in the energy industry are summarized. The need for intellectualization of the electric power industry through the formation of a digital electric power network is substantiated. Measures to create a unified technical and informational infrastructure for electricity producers and consumers thanks to the Smart Grid concept have been determined. An assessment of the dynamics of investment in Smart Grid technologies in the world was carried out, the volume of the world market of Smart Grid technologies was determined, and the income of the world market of electricity supply and management was analysed. Originality. Measures to increase the introduction of Smart Grid in the energy sector are substantiated, which will make it possible to strengthen Ukraine's energy independence and contribute to the introduction of energy-saving technologies. The main vectors of the development of the electric power industry using the Smart Grid concept are proposed: design and use of modernized, new and breakthrough (critical) technologies; development of new energy management systems based on the principles of information interaction of energy facilities; involvement of individual and collective consumers in energy consumption management. Practical value. The substantiated research results can be used for the formation of innovative Smart Grid technologies in the field of energy security of Ukraine. Key words: Smart Grid, intelligent network, energy, energy security, energy supply, renewable energy sources.

ПРОБЛЕМЫ И РИСКИ РАЗВИТИЯ АГЕНТСКОЙ ЗАНЯТОСТИ В РОССИЙСКОЙ ЭКОНОМИКЕ

In accordance with Federal Law No. 116-FZ, starting from 2016, borrowed labor is prohibited in the Russian Federation. At the same time, such a phenomenon as agency employment is actively developing: the total volume of the Russian market for recruitment, provision of personnel, and outsourcing amounted to 281.3 billion rubles in 2020. At the same time, a number of studies indicate a possible link between agency work and informal employment, however, in the absence of statistical data, quantifying this relationship is not an easy task for Russia. In this regard, the purpose of the study is to determine the direction of the influence of the migration factor (international and interregional migration) and informal employment on agency employment. A new approach has been applied to the study of the phenomenon of agency employment in the Russian economy. Due to the limited data of the World Confederation of Labor and the fact of a positive correlation between the level of penetration of agency employment and the global competitiveness index, an attempt was made to empirically assess the impact of informal employment and migration processes on the scale of borrowed labor in Russia. To do this, based on data for 2007-2019, the authors built a multiple linear regression model, where the index of global competitiveness of Russia was used as a dependent variable. As a research result, it was found that interregional migration contributes to the growth of agency employment, while international migration, on the contrary, restrains it. As for the impact of informal employment, it is ambiguous and requires further study. The authors conclude that most of the risks of agency employment (borrowed labor) in the Russian economy are associated not so much with the phenomenon of borrowed labor itself, but rather with the problems of informal and/or shadow employment in general. The practical significance of the study lies in the fact that despite the known methodological limitations, the authors have developed, successfully tested, and recommended to experts a new effective approach to the study of agency employment (and borrowed labor) in Russia in the context of the lack of quantitative and/or qualitative data on this form of employment.

Digital Twin of the Educational System as one of the Elements of the Budget System

The education of future generations is the most important strategic task of the state. During the pandemic in 2020, there was a black swan not only in the economic systems of the world stage, but also in the educational sphere. It is important to emphasize that this dramatic transition to digital education has had the double effect that we are seeing now. Convenience, without leaving home, to connect to lectures from both your university (or school) and various digital platforms of additional education, which has been an important factor in economic growth in recent years. The volume of the e-education market has grown 900 times since the beginning of 2000.

Bitcoin and money supply relationship: An analysis of selected country economies

<abstract> <p>Bitcoin has become quite known after the 2008 economic crisis and the COVID-19 health crisis. For some, these cryptocurrencies constitute rebellion against the existing system as governments encourage uncontrolled expansions in the money supply; for some others, it is a quick source of income. Undeniably, the volume of the crypto money market has grown considerably in recent years, regardless of the reasoning of the people who invest and trade in this field. At this point, one of the most important questions to be investigated is "what variables have caused the tremendous growth in the crypto money quantities in recent years?" This study tests the assumption that changes in cryptocurrencies are affected by changes in national currencies. Thus, the Bitcoin price is the dependent variable, and M1 monetary supply changes in the USA, European Union and Japanese economies are considered independent variables. The variables in this study were tested using the time-varying Granger causality method. The results obtained from this study confirm the philosophy of Bitcoin's emergence and the possibility that it can be a hedge against the inflationary effects of money, especially after the COVID-19 pandemic.</p> </abstract>