Maritime Sector Research Articles

Proposal of Innovative Methods for Computer Vision Techniques in Maritime Sector

Computer vision (CV) techniques have been widely studied and applied in the shipping industry and maritime research. The existing literature has primarily focused on enhancing image recognition accuracy and precision for water surface targets by refining CV models themselves. This paper introduces innovative methods to further improve the accuracy of detection and recognition using CV models, including using ensemble learning and integrating shipping domain knowledge. Additionally, we present a novel application of CV techniques in the maritime domain, expanding the research perspective beyond the traditional focus on the accurate detection and recognition of water surface targets. Specifically, a novel solution integrating a CV model and the transfer learning method is proposed in this paper to address the challenge of relatively low-speed and high-charge internet services on ocean-going vessels, aiming to improve the online video viewing experience while conserving network resources. This paper is of importance for advancing further research and application of CV techniques in the shipping industry.

Impending maritime cyberspace threats: An educational research perspective

The ability to take advantage of new digital solutions and technology will give companies a competitive edge, and operational optimization remains a major concern. A significant area of risk is cyber security because software-based technologies are integral to ship operations. Particular emphasis has been placed on the vulnerabilities of the Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS), since it is an essential part of many maritime facilities and hence a target for hackers. Presently, research has shown that increased integration of new enabling technologies, like the Internet of Things (IoT) and big data, is driving the dramatic proliferation of cybercrimes. However, most of the attacks are related to ransomware attacks and/or with direct attack to the information technology (IT) and infrastructure. Nevertheless, there is a strong trend toward increased systems integration, which will produce substantial business value by making it easier to operate autonomous vessels, utilizing smart ports more, reducing the need for labour, and improving economic stability and service efficiency. Cybersecurity is becoming more and more important as a result of the quick digital transformation of the offshore and maritime sectors, which has also brought new dangers and laws. The marine sector has started to take cybersecurity seriously in light of the multiple documented instances of cyberattacks that have exposed business or personal data, caused large financial losses, and caused other problems. However, the body of existing research on emerging threats in maritime cyberspace is either inadequate or ignores important variables. Based on the most recent developments in the maritime sector, the article presents a classification of the most serious cyberthreats as well as the risks to cybersecurity in maritime operations and possible mitigation strategies from an educational research perspective.

Role of marine cadastre in supporting efforts towards achieving sustainable development goal 14 in Indonesia

ABSTRACT Indonesia’s maritime sector plays an important role in its economic growth as one of Southeast Asia’s main powers. The sector that includes fishery, transportation and trade supports over seven million jobs in the region. However, the marine ecosystem of Indonesia is presently facing threats from industrial pollution, harmful fishing methods as well as destruction of marine habitats. Proper marine governance needs to be implemented to ensure that these threats do not hamper Indonesia’s growth. The need for proper management of marine ecosystems is addressed in the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), the United Nations’ set 17 interlinked goals that serve as the new framework for the international development agenda; specifically, in SDG 14. Marine cadastre has emerged as one of the instruments in the act of marine governance. This paper offers a look into how marine cadastre, as a system within marine governance, can contribute to the implementation of SDG 14 in Indonesia. Three SDG 14 targets relating to the management of marine areas have been identified as having the potential for marine cadastre implementation. Additionally, an overview of the current state of marine cadastre from the legal, technical and institutional aspects is also presented in this paper.

Update on occupational dermatitis: reviewing toxic substances from OSHA standards.

Occupational dermatitis (OD) is an inflammatory skin disease stemming from exposure to specific substances within a work setting. As the second most prevalent occupational health concern in 2020, affecting 1.8 per 10,000 workers, OD poses a significant challenge to workforce well-being and imposes a substantial economic burden through lost wages, decreased productivity, and increased healthcare spending. Dermatologists emerge as pivotal figures in recognizing risk factors and delivering essential care to individuals with OD. This review focuses on chemical hazards and toxic substances regulated by the Occupational Safety and Health Administration across general industry, maritime, and construction sectors. It explores the background of each hazard, pathophysiology to dermatitis, and human cases reported between 2017 and 2023 for formaldehyde, chromium, vinyl chloride, and cadmium.

Fiscal Policy in Maritime Economics: Implications for Growth and Sustainability

This research explores the impact of fiscal policies on maritime economics, focusing on macroeconomic stability, sector-specific resilience, and sustainability initiatives within maritime industries. Through qualitative analysis and expert perspectives, the study examines how fiscal interventions influence economic growth, address regional disparities, and promote environmental stewardship in maritime sectors. Key findings highlight the effectiveness of fiscal tools in stabilizing economic fluctuations, fostering innovation, and enhancing industry competitiveness. Challenges such as regulatory complexities, uneven distribution of fiscal benefits, and the need for enhanced fiscal transparency are also discussed. The research underscores the importance of tailored fiscal strategies that support inclusive growth, sustainable development, and global competitiveness in maritime economies.

Digital technology adoption and institutionalization in Thai maritime industry: An exploratory study of the Thai shipowners

This exploratory study delves into the factors influencing digital technology adoption and the dynamics of its institutionalization within the Thai maritime industry, a key sector underpinning Thailand's economic expansion. Data was collected through semi-structured interviews with executive leaders from seven Thai shipowners, utilizing a snowball sampling method. The study reveals that digital technology adoption is driven by a complex interplay of factors including reliable IT infrastructure, perceived technological benefits, organizational culture, top management support, IT skills and support, legal, regulatory, and policy requirements, social pressure influence, and varying degrees of government support. Additionally, the institutionalization of such technologies within the maritime sector is heavily reliant on well-defined organizational rules and the establishment of trust in technological advancements. These findings not only enrich the theoretical landscape regarding digital adoption but also offer practical insights for industry stakeholders, paving the way for more nuanced interventions and policy formulations aimed at enhancing digital integration in this traditionally conservative sector.

The Concept of Multi-track Diplomacy in Indonesian Coast Guard to Strengthen the International Maritime Relationship

Indonesia is one of the largest archipelagic countries in the world with vast stretches of ocean. The pillars in the effort to defend Indonesia's seas are not only found in the TNI, but also in the coast guard. Bakamla as Indonesia's coast guard is tasked with protecting the country's oceans, however Bakamla faces many problems. This problem is in the form of a shortage of personnel, and is also Bakamla's main step in becoming part of Indonesia's maritime defense strategy. This research was created using a qualitative approach and literature review methods to reach the right solution to solve this problem. The results of this research include that Bakamla has a crucial role in law enforcement in Indonesia's maritime areas and also has a major responsibility for the security of the nation and state from the maritime sector. Bakamla also has the rights and opportunities to implement the precise trinity roles that is implemented in the navy since both of them serve the similar roles. As an advancement of this those roles, Bakamla also has the rights to implement the use of Multi-track Diplomacy concept to strengthen its function in international diplomacy with other country in order to reduce or even avoid the tension that has been the main issues of current era. Therefore, it is hoped that Bakamla can apply the concept of multi-track diplomacy within the naval trinity concept further, so that Indonesia's maritime defense can increase.

Exploring the Role of Robotics in Maritime Technology: Innovations, Challenges, and Future Prospects

Robotics has emerged as a disruptive force in the maritime sector, offering promising solutions for various applications, including underwater exploration, offshore operations, port logistics, and vessel maintenance. The paper begins by presenting an overview of the current state of robotics in the maritime industry, highlighting the key advancements and the impact they have had on traditional practices. It then delves into the various innovative applications of robotics, such as autonomous underwater vehicles (AUVs) for oceanographic research and inspection robots for offshore structures, discussing their capabilities and potential benefits. However, the integration of robotics in maritime technology also brings forth a unique set of challenges. These challenges encompass technical, regulatory, and ethical aspects, including issues related to safety, cyber security, legal frameworks, and public acceptance. The paper critically examines these challenges and discusses potential strategies to overcome them, emphasizing the importance of collaboration between industry stakeholders, policymakers, and researchers. It discusses emerging trends, such as swarm robotics, human-robot collaboration, and the utilization of artificial intelligence for decision-making. The potential benefits of these advancements, including increased efficiency, reduced costs, and enhanced safety, are highlighted.

Analysis from a policy perspective: The importance of strengthening in maritime axis policy design in Indonesia

This study analyzes the importance of strengthening the design of Indonesia’s maritime axis policy. This research uses a qualitative approach to systematically explain the dynamics and importance of strengthening world maritime policy, where the Nvivo 12 Plus tool is used to analyze data and answer the research questions posed. This research shows that Indonesia still has complex bureaucratic and institutional problems and aspects of political identity and leadership attitudes that require systematic and comprehensive improvement. Then, the draft for strengthening the maritime axis policy in Indonesia includes three policy recommendations: reformulating the focus of the maritime axis policy, comprehensive and coherent governance, and an integrated administrative framework, as well as improving the political identity and attitudes of leaders in public policy. Substantially, the relative failure of the Global Maritime Axis (GMA) policy, known as Joko Widodo’s concept of regulating the Indonesian government based on geographical location, was caused by the dominance of political factors and domestic bureaucratic problems. Apart from that, the lack of priority narratives in the maritime and development sectors means that the Indonesian government’s priorities are more oriented towards GMA infrastructure aspects and at the expense of other fundamental elements. This study encourages the Indonesian government to accelerate a more substantive GMA. However, this research needs to be expanded because the analysis results were only carried out through secondary data and focused on two important aspects of GMA. Therefore, further research is needed that explains the prospects for GMA policy in Indonesia in more detail.

How important is the blue economy for regional development? – The case of Poland

Since 2012, the European Union has actively promoted the growth of its maritime economy, driven by factors such as climate change and energy shortages. Despite this, research on the blue economy's impact on subnational development remains limited, often focusing solely on coastal regions. This paper aims to explore the broader spatial effects of the maritime economy in Poland, a country with a diverse and rapidly growing blue economy. Our study employs an estimated interregional version of Leontief's input-output (I-O) model, focusing on Poland's 16 regions, including three coastal regions. We address two key methodological challenges: compiling maritime sectors within the I-O table and extending the national I-O table to an interregional dimension using a spatial econometric approach.Our research demonstrates the extensive reach of the blue economy across Poland, offering a comprehensive view of its direct and indirect impacts. The results reveal significant intersectoral and interregional linkages driven by maritime economic activities. These linkages extend beyond coastal regions, highlighting the blue economy's wider influence on regional development. By examining the demand for intermediate goods and services by maritime sectors across regions, we identify the spill-over effects that transcend regional boundaries. This knowledge is crucial for crafting policies that support both maritime industries and the regions supplying these industries, ensuring balanced and inclusive economic growth. Our findings provide specific insights for policymaking, suggesting targeted spatial policy interventions to enhance the effectiveness of maritime policy and its integration with regional development strategies.

Enhancement of Thermo-Physical Properties of Form-Stable Nano-Enhanced Phase Change Materials: Advancing Maritime Sustainability

This paper explores the application of novel, form-stable eutectic mixtures in thermal energy storage systems for maritime environments. These advanced materials present a significant leap forward, addressing critical challenges faced by conventional phase change materials (PCMs) in marine environments. The stability, eliminating leakage and fluidity issues encountered with liquid PCMs are ensured by incorporating 2-hydroxypropyl ether cellulose (HPEC) as a gelling agent. Additionally, the thermal properties and heat transfer capacities were significantly enhanced, and eventually, overall system efficiency improved by including nano-graphene platelets (NGPs). Notably, NGPs effectively suppress supercooling, minimizing energy losses and guaranteeing consistent performance at elevated temperatures. Further, the eutectic mixture demonstrates exceptional durability through an accelerated thermal reliability test, guaranteeing optimal performance over a projected seventy-year lifespan. This enhanced thermal performance, and enduring stability combination establishes the form-stable eutectic mixture with NGPs as an up-and-coming solution for diverse maritime applications requiring efficient and reliable thermal energy storage. This research provides a compelling case for implementing form-stable eutectic mixtures with NGPs in maritime thermal energy storage systems. Its superior performance and sustainability offer significant advantages for diverse shipboard and offshore applications, contributing to improved energy efficiency, environmental sustainability, and operational resilience within the maritime sector.

Decarbonization in the maritime industry: Factors to create an efficient transition strategy

The maritime industry faces intense scrutiny to address climate change amidst strict environmental regulations and societal expectations. The paper mainly focuses on understanding and evaluating the key factors driving the transition toward decarbonization in shipping. The study utilized qualitative analysis, focusing on reviewing current environmental targets set by major regulatory bodies, notably the International Maritime Organization (IMO) and the European Union (EU). The study concludes that a clear strategy for reducing emissions is essential, and a holistic approach must be adopted. Thus, the investigation identified several critical factors that can facilitate the creation of an effective strategy to achieve net zero emissions, comply with regulatory goals, and reduce current emissions. They are decarbonization levels (solutions), ecosystem (value chain), and drivers (enablers), collectively referred to as the decarbonization LED model. The study emphasizes the importance of stakeholder engagement and policy advocacy to support zero-emission transition. For instance, the paper explores the sector’s decarbonization potential through a value chain perspective (Scope 3): employing the life-cycle approach to assess the complete environmental footprint of ship – “Cradle-to-Grave” frameworks (from raw material extraction, production, and product use, until the end of its life) and “Well-to-Wake” methodology to evaluate greenhouse gas emissions from fuel production to end-use by a ship. Additionally, the paper assesses the potential impacts of environmental regulations in the maritime sector, predicting significant transformations in the industry’s operational, technological, and collaborative practices. AcknowledgmentThis study was partially supported by the SEUS project – Horizon Europe Framework Programme (HORIZON), under grant agreement No 101096224. This article reflects only the authors’ views, and the European Commission is not responsible for any use that may be made of the information it contains.

Charting new waters with CRAMMTS: A survey-driven cybersecurity risk analysis method for maritime stakeholders

This article presents a novel survey-based cybersecurity risk assessment model, CRAMMTS (Cyber Risk Analysis Method for Maritime Transportation Systems), specifically designed for the maritime sector, addressing a critical gap in the literature. Our study contributes significantly in three ways: firstly, through a comprehensive critical literature review of 31 maritime guidelines and 95 scholarly articles, identifying the need for a new cybersecurity risk assessment method; secondly, by developing CRAMMTS, an adaptation of the ISRAM risk analysis method, incorporating the International Maritime Organization's criteria and enabling participation from maritime professionals, especially policymakers and leaders. The third contribution is a case study, the practical application of CRAMMTS in surveying 80 maritime professionals, assessing their perception of cybersecurity risks, and identifying varying risk levels, with the highest associated with cyber threat actors. This approach proved effective in assessing risks at both tactical and strategic levels and providing a clear, quantitative risk metric for decision-making. Our research underscores the maritime sector's need for a holistic, easily implementable cybersecurity risk analysis method that engages leaders and adapts to various Maritime Transportation System scopes, thereby enhancing cybersecurity risk assessment in this crucial domain.

Artificial Intelligence in Indonesian Ports: Opportunities and Challenges

The primary objective of this study is to ascertain the potential advantages and obstacles associated with implementing artificial intelligence (AI) within the context of Indonesian ports. The study utilises qualitative methodologies, namely conducting in-depth interviews with port managers, technicians, and operational staff. Additionally, it involves the analysis of secondary data derived from yearly port reports, case studies, and academic literature. The findings demonstrate that artificial intelligence (AI) can augment operational efficiency, boost ship traffic management, and automate container handling activities within Indonesian ports. Nevertheless, integrating artificial intelligence (AI) within Indonesian ports is currently in its nascent phase, encountering challenges about physical limitations, human capital, and regulatory frameworks. The investigation also examines using interconnected technologies, including the Internet of Things (IoT), blockchain, and augmented reality (AR), to provide additional advantages to the port sector. In summary, via a comprehensive comprehension and effective utilisation of the opportunities afforded by artificial intelligence (AI), Indonesian ports have the potential to position themselves as frontrunners in the international maritime sector.

A cradle-to-grave assessment of carbon and energy footprints of ships using synthetic fuel for net-zeros operations

PurposeAchieving net-zero emissions in the maritime sector requires adopting carbon-neutral practices in terms of shipbuilding, operation and recycling. However, research integrating life cycle and energy analysis is missing to inform decision-makers. MethodConsequently, the paper presents models combining a model-based life cycle assessment (MBLCA) and ship energy simulations to examine the footprints of a generic New Panamax Containership (DTC). Analyses were conducted to assess the energy and carbon effects of using synthetic methanol as marine fuel. ResultsThe life-cycle analysis confirms the overwhelming prevalence of operations in the total greenhouse gases emission during the ship's lifetime. The analysis highlights the potential of carbon savings if the vessel consumes methanol produced from neutral energy and renewable carbon sources. However, the magnitude of shipping fuel requirements may profoundly impact energy infrastructures while still requiring large volumes of carbon offset credits. ConclusionThe paper confirms the usefulness of integrating life-cycle analysis and energy modelling to discuss future energy scenarios. The completeness of the models also allows for future research analysing other energy solutions.

Harnessing AI for Sustainable Shipping and Green Ports: Challenges and Opportunities

The maritime industry, responsible for moving approximately 90% of the world’s goods, significantly contributes to environmental pollution, accounting for around 2.5% of global greenhouse gas emissions. This review explores the integration of artificial intelligence (AI) in promoting sustainability within the maritime sector, focusing on shipping and port operations. By addressing emissions, optimizing energy use, and enhancing operational efficiency, AI offers transformative potential for reducing the industry’s environmental impact. This review highlights the application of AI in fuel optimization, predictive maintenance, route planning, and smart energy management, alongside its role in autonomous shipping and logistics management. Case studies from Maersk Line and the Port of Rotterdam illustrate successful AI implementations, demonstrating significant improvements in fuel efficiency, emission reduction, and environmental monitoring. Despite challenges such as high implementation costs, data privacy concerns, and regulatory complexities, the prospects for AI in the maritime industry are promising. Continued advancements in AI technologies, supported by collaborative efforts and public–private partnerships, can drive substantial progress towards a more sustainable and efficient maritime industry.

ANALYSIS OF MARITIME BUSINESS MANAGEMENT IN THE PERSPECTIVES OF TECHNOLOGY, POLITICS AND ENVIRONMENT

Maritime Management is the process of planning, organizing, managing, and controlling business activities in the maritime sector. This activity includes the operating procedures of ships, all kinds of marine vessels, ports, and all other marine facilities. Communication in maritime business is critical for the continuity and security of maritime operations. Using communication systems, maritime companies can communicate between ships, ports, and other maritime facilities. This communication is essential to manage the navigation of ships, coordinate port operations, and ensure maritime safety. Communication and communication networks in the marine sector are advancing rapidly with technological developments. This situation also carries the growth in cyber security in the marine business. Cyber security in maritime trade is critical to protecting the critical infrastructure of the marine industry. It includes the information technology systems and networks of maritime vessels, ports, and other maritime facilities. This study examines the effects of political, technological, and environmental factors on cyber technology innovations and developments in communication & communication networks in maritime activities. MSC, COSCO, and A.P. are examples. In this study, in which MOLLER-MAERSK companies were selected, the Content Analysis Method was used as the research method, and the findings were analyzed qualitatively by applying the PESTEL method. As a result of the research findings, it has been revealed that despite technological developments, the sector may face cyber threats, and investment planning should be continued more effectively. Conducting this study in a narrow context across different sectors or countries in maritime enterprises will strengthen the literature.

PROFILING THE LEADERSHIP OF OCEAN-GOING SHIP CAPTAINS IN THE MANAGEMENT OF A MARITIME VESSEL

ABSTRACT: Aim: The aim of the research was to analyze data obtained from maritime ship captains through a survey process by identifying the leadership profiles of the respondents. Methods: The research methodology involved analyzing the survey responses of captains from various nationalities employed by a Polish shipowner, based on a questionnaire divided into three parts with responses categorized in proposed ranges or on a Likert scale. Results: The results of the presented research confirm that leadership profiles of ship captains, identified through their responses in surveys, can be attributed to specific and characteristic types of leaders with dominant personalities as outlined in the literature. Conclusion: Ship captains exhibit a dominant attitude, assuming a natural role as strong leaders with high leadership qualities. Originality: Original analysis of obtained data and information from various publicly available and confidential sources. Adoption of criteria for data evaluation and their justification. A unique conceptual perspective on leadership in the maritime sector is evident. Keywords: leadership, ship captain, management, leader, maritime sector, authority

Learner’s View on English Language Teaching by Hybrid System Technology in Supporting Maritime Sector

Learner’s View on English Language Teaching by Hybrid System Technology in Supporting Maritime Sector

Examining the influence of global terminal operators on the performance of container terminals via privatization strategies in the maritime sector

Abstract This research navigates the evolving of global trade through an exploration of the strategic evolution of container terminals, with a specific focus on the integral role played by Global Terminal Operators (GTOs) amid prevailing privatization trends. Recognizing container terminals as critical nodes within the maritime supply chain, the study employs a comprehensive approach anchored in SWOT analysis to uncover the nuanced consequences of privatization, accentuating the collaborative influence exerted by GTOs. The research is dedicated to unraveling the intricate dynamics that shape container terminal performance, with a particular emphasis on operational efficiency, financial sustainability, administrative processes, and infrastructure development. In the era of heightened global economic interconnectivity, the study underscores the paramount importance of understanding the implications of privatization strategies. By providing nuanced insights into the strategic role of GTOs, this research transcends the boundaries of individual terminals, offering valuable perspectives for policymakers, industry stakeholders, and academics grappling with the intricacies of maritime infrastructure development in this transformative era.