Maritime Sector Research Articles

Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on levels of deep-ocean acoustic noise

The extraordinary circumstances of the COVID-19 pandemic led to measures to mitigate the spread of the disease, with lockdowns and mobility restrictions at national and international levels. These measures led to sudden and sometimes dramatic reductions in human activity, including significant reductions in ship traffic in the maritime sector. We report on a reduction of deep-ocean acoustic noise in three ocean basins in 2020, based on data acquired by hydroacoustic stations in the International Monitoring System of the Comprehensive Nuclear-Test-Ban Treaty. The noise levels measured in 2020 are compared with predicted levels obtained from modelling data from previous years using Gaussian Process regression. Comparison of the predictions with measured data for 2020 shows reductions of between 1 and 3 dB in the frequency range from 10 to 100 Hz for all but one of the stations.

Analysis of Indonesia's Maritime Security Strategy and Policy as the World Maritime Axis

As the largest archipelago, Indonesia should be able to utilize its potential to create prosperity for its people. In fact, the maritime sector has not been fully utilized by Indonesia. Indonesia must prioritize the goal of becoming a maritime country to restore maritime glory. This is in line with Indonesian President Joko Widodo's goal to make Indonesia the world's maritime axis. The research method used is descriptive qualitative. The World Maritime Axis is indeed a decision taken by the government to restore the nature of Indonesia as an archipelago. Until now, the World Maritime Axis has not taken the form of a document equipped with a strategy in it. The strategy becomes an 'extension' of the policy, which currently there is no World Maritime Axis Strategy because the policy is still overlapping. Currently, the World Maritime Axis is categorized as a development policy discourse whose orientation is to realize Indonesia's vision as a maritime country, so it requires a lot of attention to fix and complete this idea so that it can be categorized as a policy and implemented through a strategy.

Job Performance of Shipyard Workforce in the Shipbuilding and Ship Repair Industry: Do Competencies Matter in Malaysian Shipyards?

Malaysia’s Shipbuilding and Ship Repair (SBSR) Industry provides the backbone for the development of the maritime sector. Malaysian shipyards are capable of building various types of small- to medium- sized vessels. Lately, SBSR is attributed as demonstrating poor performance due to the delayed vessel delivery as per contract, and despite using technology, there has been no change. It is thought that using competencies might improve the job performance of the shipyard workforce. Therefore, this study seeks to investigate the influence of competencies on job performance in the SBSR industry. A cross-sectional design was adopted and 100 respondents were selected as the population. The data was collected using semi-structured questionnaires and they were analyzed through descriptive, correlation and regression analyses. The study results revealed a strong positive and significant influence between competencies and job performance. The study recommended that Shipbuilding and Ship repair industry players develop competencies in order to increase their performance.

Introduction: Risk and Uncertainty in the Early Modern World

This article introduces the various articles in this forum. It first sets the scene by showing why the maritime sector forms an excellent case study to investigate risk and uncertainty in the premodern world. Second, it problematises from a historical perspective both Frank Knight's and Douglass North's approaches to risk and uncertainty, arguing that notwithstanding the lack of data, premodern commerce could properly assess both risk and uncertainty. Third, it introduces the various articles in the forum.

A CFD investigation of the propulsion performance of a low-speed VLCC tanker at different initial trim angles

The backbone of global trade is now the maritime sector. In response to worries about global warming, a thorough analysis of ship greenhouse gas emissions (GHG) has been conducted recently. The International Maritime Organization (IMO) claims that trim optimization is an economical way to lower greenhouse gas emissions while increasing the economic efficiency of ships. This study uses computational fluid dynamics to optimize trim in low-speed situations on the KVLCC2 tanker model based on how trim affects propulsion and viscous resistance factors (CFD). This was achieved by simulating the double-body, resistance, and self-propulsion tests in two Froude numbers less than 0.15. The results validated with the available experimental data showed excellent agreement. Based on the analysis, 0.2° trim by bow decreased the total resistance, decreased propeller thrust, and enhanced hydrodynamic propulsive efficiency.

A “lifeline out of the COVID‐19 crisis”? An ecofeminist critique of the European Green Deal

A “lifeline out of the <scp>COVID</scp>‐19 crisis”? An ecofeminist critique of the European Green Deal

Maritime Potential Optimization in the Riau Islands Province

The archipelagic province’s maritime development has thus far been disproportionately attributed to fisheries and primary marine activities, restricting the evaluation of the ideal maritime sector optimization within the economy. The maritime notion and its scope apply to activities in more diverse fields. It accords with experts' conceptual and theoretical definitions and the Indonesian legal perspective as well). This study aims to assess the extent to which maritime performance optimization has occurred throughout the Riau Islands Province based on seventeen activities. Using a well-known quantitative technique, i.e., Location Quotient, Shift-Share, Overlay, and Klassen's Typology, we found that maritime optimization performed differently in each district and municipality of the Riau Islands Province. Based on the results, Batam is the region with the best maritime sector performance, followed by Bintan, Tanjungpinang, Karimun, and Lingga. Meanwhile, Anambas and Natuna are relatively lagging. In addition, the study results show that the optimization of the maritime sector is not limited to the creation of added value in primary outputs such as fisheries, mining, and quarrying. It also considers secondary and tertiary maritime activities such as manufacturing, trade, and services such as sea transportation, accommodation, food, and beverages, where there are many marine tourism activities. In addition, the results suggest that maritime sector optimization is not restricted to creating added value in the primary output but also secondary and tertiary.

How the Vision of a Distribution System Operator Encompasses the Green Energy Transformation of Ports [Technology Leaders

Hellenic Electricity Distribution Network Operator (HEDNO), the Hellenic distribution system operator (DSO), supports the energy transformation of ports, aiming at the faster decarbonization of the maritime sector, through the “Proteus Plan,” an initiative of an interdisciplinary group of engineers (the “Proteus team”), which is well aligned with the mission and vision of HEDNO. The mission of HEDNO is the development and operation of the electricity distribution network and the electricity systems of the noninterconnected islands as well as the assurance of equal access to them by all consumers, producers, and suppliers with transparency and objectivity.

Digital Transformation on Aquaculture in Indonesia through eFishery

The Indonesian government has set an ambitious target for aquaculture growth in Indonesia by 2030. Governance is currently continuing to develop, especially in terms of managing the maritime sector. There are many researchers related to aquaculture management, then it is important that there is a major change toward digital in the management of aquaculture and fisheries in Indonesia. Rapid technological developments make it easier for humans to work and increase production, especially in aquaculture. This study uses qualitative research, using bibliometrics as a method. To see the urgency of the discussion studied also uses a qualitative with a descriptive approach to explaining into the existing discussion. Digital transformation has penetrated all aspects, including aquaculture in Indonesia. Indonesia has extraordinary potential, but great potential does not mean that it is successful, if it is not managed properly and does not utilize technology, it will definitely be left behind.

Reduksi Kemiskinan dengan Mengoptimalkan Digitalisasi Ekonomi Maritim di Provinsi Sulawesi Tenggara

This study aims to determine the steps taken to reduce poverty through optimizing the digital-based maritime economy. This research method uses a quantitative approach. The data used is secondary data. Data analysis was done by descriptive analysis. The results of this study indicate that there are several steps taken by the Southeast Sulawesi Government to encourage the optimization of digitalization in the maritime sector including building synergy and collaboration between local governments and relevant ministries; development of social media and film-based tourism; optimizing the role of local governments; providing quality human resources in the digital field and increasing digital infrastructure development.

ANTI-CRISIS MANAGEMENT OF THE MARITIME INDUSTRY OF UKRAINE

The maritime sector is strategic and extremely important for the national economy. Ukraine has favorable conditions for the development of the maritime industry and a strong potential for the use of seaports. The industry is characterized by a high level of investment attractiveness, significant capacity for handling and transportation of goods, good opportunities to ensure the transit of goods flows and the development of the infrastructure of the coastal areas. All these opportunities have been lost during the last period due to the action of numerous crisis factors, the predominant of which were the factors of the external environment. The study of the set of factors that form threats to the stable development of the maritime industry of Ukraine is carried out in this article. The search for tools capable of leveling the effects of crisis phenomena was conducted here. The key indicators of the current state of development of the maritime industry in Ukraine have been analyzed. The main trends of changes in these indicators have been identified. The main problematic aspects of the development of the domestic maritime industry and seaports in the context of modern realities are systematized. The content of crisis and anti-crisis management, existing methodical paradigms of study and use in practice of anti-crisis management are studied. Based on the systematization of scientific sources, the main categories of crises in the maritime industry were identified. The characteristic features of the main model of seaport management in world practice are analyzed. The study of the methodical toolkit of anti-crisis management made it possible to substantiate the set of appropriate anti-crisis management tools. By their specificity, they can be used in the practice of managing the maritime industry and seaports. Among the most promising tools the following were proposed: use of innovations; creation of an information and analytical system of business diagnostics and risk management in the management system of maritime companies; anti-crisis corporate communications; activation of international cooperation and strengthening of integration ties; creation and use of modern seaport management models; digitization. Keywords: maritime industry, seaports, management, crisis, tools, risks, threats.

“We go fast - It's their fuel”: Understanding energy efficiency operations on ships and marine vessels

While the maritime sector seeks to reduce its climate footprint with operational measures, onboard energy efficiency is confronted with internal and external constraints. The objective of the current study was to improve understanding of ship crew's cognition, emotion, and motivation regarding energy-efficient operations in the face of a complex system. Utilizing a mixed method approach, we conducted an interview study onboard a container vessel (N = 14) and an online survey of seafarers (N = 74). Using Thematic Analysis for the interview data, we identified four themes (Stressors, Strategies, Influence, and Motivation), with the latter two themes explored with rating data in the survey. This revealed that concerns for the environment or one's shipping company were motivating, that the perception of conflicting orders or lack of knowledge were perceived as hindering, and that influence was seen as split between external stakeholders and onboard crews. We discuss how our findings and concepts such as psychological basic needs can be used to develop decision support systems or inform policy, especially by increasing transparency and understandability, e.g. of constraints such as charter contracts.

Shipboard compressor system risk analysis by using rule-based fuzzy FMEA for preventing major marine accidents

Considering the shipboard machinery, the compressed air system directly powers the ship's diesel engines' starting and routine operations. Additionally, pressurized air is distributed throughout the ship, enabling the operation of various systems. However, a compressor failure could result in the entire compressed air system collapsing, which might also result in the ship losing its maneuverability. When a ship loses its ability to maneuver, various devastating risks can arise, including grounding, collision, contact, explosion, and fire. On the other hand, compressor system risk assessment is not a widely researched subject in the field of maritime. To fill this gap, this study provides a comprehensive risk assessment of the shipboard compressor system by utilizing the rule-based fuzzy Failure Mode and Effects Analysis (FMEA) method. 33 failure modes with their causes and consequences were determined with their expert-assigned O–S-D scores. In addition, 125 If-Then rules in the fuzzy logic system were created specifically for this study. Finally, the failure modes of the shipboard compressor system were prioritized. According to the results, the most critical failure modes are identified as FM18-Broken piston rings with a 6.43 fuzzy RPN score, FM08-Piston liner wear with 6.29, and FM11-Knocking compressor operation with a 5.59. The results of this study will contribute to the maritime sector by analyzing the risks of compressor systems and introduce them to safety specialists, ship crew, shipping companies, port authorities, inspection officers, etc.

Experimental study of combustion process of NH3 stratified spray using imaging methods for NH3 fueled large two-stroke marine engine

To achieve greenhouse gas emission reductions from the maritime sector, there is a growing demand for the development of NH3 fueled marine engines. Since NH3 is difficult to ignite and burn, it is valid to assist the NH3 combustion by a supporting fuel, which is easily ignited and burned. A new NH3 spray combustion concept for a large two-stroke marine engine has been proposed, which is a “three-layer stratified fuel injection comprising supporting fuel / liquid NH3 / supporting fuel (i.e., NH3 stratified injection)”. The advantages of the NH3 stratified injection concept are the symmetrical combustion support effect in the spray axis at important timing (ignition and late combustion). The supporting fuel used was n-hexadecane (nC16H34, cetane). The characteristics of the NH3 stratified spray under non-combustion conditions were investigated in an optically accessible constant volume combustion chamber using a reflective shadowgraph imaging system. The spray penetration length and the spray cone angle were similar to those of the 100% nC16H34 spray and typically estimated equations. Moreover, the combustion process of an NH3 stratified spray was investigated using high-speed direct imaging. The flame lift-off position moved downward and the rapid combustion by the third layer was different compared to those of the 100% nC16H34 spray. The burnt gas lump was confirmed to have initially played an important role in the flame lift-off position. The rapid combustion stems from the multipoint ignition, flame propagation, and downward movement of the flame by the jet stream. Additionally, the NH3 combustion in the NH3 stratified spray was investigated using imaging spectroscopy. The spectra of chemiluminescence revealed that the NH3 combustion progressed after forming the initial burnt gas lump, and the NH2* ammonia α-band was observed in the combustion area. Consequently, the combustion process of an NH3 stratified spray was clarified from these experimental results.

Reconstruction of Seafarer Certificate Ownership Regulations for Ship Crews Based on the Value of Justice

The Seafarers Workforce Report, which was last published in 2015, published forecasts for the growth of trade shipping, which said the sector would need an additional 89,510 seafarers by 2026. The purpose of this study was to analyze the various causes of regulation of ownership of seafarers' certificates for Ship's Crew ( ABK) is not based on the value of justice; To analyze the form of reconstruction of seafarer's certificate ownership regulations for Ship's Crew (ABK) based on the value of justice. In this research it is qualitative in nature with the approach method used is sociolegal research. The type of legal research used is doctrinal legal research. And the specification of the research conducted is analytical descriptive. The results of this study found that the regulation on ownership of certificates for Ship Crews (ABK) is not based on justice, because there are causal factors, namely inequality in terms of ownership of seafarer certificates, for example crew members who have BST KLM certificates cannot take part in BST Commerce training. Based on Government Regulation No. 7 of 2000 concerning maritime affairs stipulates that a seafarer who wants to become part of the Ship's Crew (ABK) must have skill qualifications which are stated in the form of certificates, one of which is the BST certificate (Basic Safety Training) which is a certificate that contains basic safety training and training. in preventing an unwanted disaster both on land and at sea. In issuing BST, it is divided into 2 (two) types, namely BST for KLM (Motor Sailboats) and BST for commercial ships. reconstruction of certificate ownership regulations for ship crew (ABK) with justice, among others; Creating job opportunities in the maritime sector evenly; carry out planning in determining and career development; The construction of regulations regarding the ownership of maritime certificates. Keywords: Regulation; Maritime Certificate;Ship's Crew;Value of Justice; DOI: 10.7176/JLPG/129-01 Publication date: February 28 th 2023

Eco-friendly biodegradable polyurethane based coating for antibacterial and antifouling performance

Biofouling, which comprises the absorption of proteins and the adhesion of bacteria to the surface of living entities, is a severe concern for the maritime sector since it ultimately leads to hydrodynamic drag, resulting in a higher increase in fuel consumption. As a result, polymer resins are crucial in the marine sector for anti-biofouling coatings. In this work, the poly(caprolactone-ethylene glycol-caprolactone)-polyurethane (PECL-PU) are prepared through ε -caprolactone (CL), poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG), 4,4′-methylene bis(cyclohexyl isocyanate ) and 1,4 butanediol. Our study demonstrate that the PECL-PU copolymer degraded in artificial seawater (5.21%), enzymatic solution (12.63%), and seawater (13.75%) due to the presence of PEG segments in the laboratory-based test under static condition. Because the addition of PEG segments are increased the polymer's amorphous area and decreased the crystallization of the polycaprolactone (PCL) in the copolymer, as demonstrated by differential scanning calorimetry, X-ray diffraction, and water contact angle studies. Therefore, the hydrolysis rates of PECL-PU were higher than the caprolactone-co-polyurethane (CL-PU). The antifouling test showed that PECL-PU3 copolymer had about 90.29% protein resistance, 85.2% Escherichia coli ( E. coli ) reduction and 94.61% marine diatom Navicula incerta reduction comparison to the control. We have developed an eco-friendly and inexpensive promising degradable polyurethane for reduction of bacterial biofilm, which can preserve the formation of biofouling on marine coating under practical sea conditions.

Evaluation of Electric Ships and Considered New Design Marine Cabin Combined with Solar Power

Demands for energy saving and emission reduction, and due to the restrictions imposed by the authorities, as well as most of new designs in the maritime field is oriented towards renewable energy sources. Solar energy and energy storage systems may a solution to the pollution problems, reducing CO2, SOX and NOX emissions and improving the ship's energy efficiency. Battery technologies emerge as a promising method to increase it. In this study, the recent electric ship markets have been examined with these respects. &#x0D; Furthermore, this study has aimed presentation of considered new design Electric Battery Sea Cab which is under aware of the requirements in practical applications. We believe that the sea cab as a public transportation or barge ship with the use of renewable energy sources will save emission of the harmful gases from the sea vehicles and the amount of energy consumed. In this project, the considered cab is 14,95 meters long and 4 meters wide. Considering the average resistance value for 16 knots speed, it has examined that the motor to be used should provide approximately 200 HP power. Studies obtained the possibility to produce a public transportation vehicle that is both environmentally friendly and less costly by using renewable energy systems for sea cab. Our evaluations provide that it is inevitable that the use of photovoltaic (PV) panels with 30 times less carbon footprint compared to fuel will become wide spread and be preferred to energies that can be consumed over time. Consequently, the results of this study also service that alternative in ship technology information on the use of energy systems is provided. In addition, the new considered cab which represents showing that battery electrical ship can be achieved shall be interesting to the future focuses of the representatives of the maritime sector.

Alternatif Deniz Yakıtı Olarak LNG Kullanımında Emniyet Tedbirleri

International Maritime Organisation has changed the emission rates in the MARPOL Annex VI rules as of 2020 and reduced the sulfur rate from 3.5 percent to 0.5 percent and led the maritime sector to alternative fuels. Compared to other alternative fuels, liquefied natural gas (LNG) is an attractive option with almost zero emission rate, ease of access, availability of ports that currently supply LNG and low price in the fuel market. In addition, according to the life cycle assessment, which is a methodology created by ISO 14040: 2006 to examine the impact of a product on the environment, in order for a fuel to be environmentally sustainable, it has to be associated not only with low emissions during fuel combustion, but also with the entire fuel life cycle, starting with raw material extraction, fuel production, distribution and finally combustion. The life cycle environmental performance of LNG as a marine fuel has been observed to have its impact on climate change in the range of 20% to 5%, significantly reducing SO2 and NOX emissions compared to heavy fuel oil. LNG bunkering is specified in the IGC code. In addition, there are standards brought by class organizations. This study shows us how to avert from the risk of LNG leakage accident. For this reason, risk analysis should be done correctly, ISM checklists should be created and applied on ships accordingly.

How solid-oxide fuel cells could save the maritime sector

How solid-oxide fuel cells could save the maritime sector

A practical empirical formula for the calculation of ship added friction-resistance due to (bio)fouling

An accurate prediction of the ship added friction-resistance due to (bio)fouling is important in the maritime sector in view of environmental sustainability. For industrial needs, the prediction method must not only be accurate but also be practical. An empirical formula is proposed in this study for the calculation of ship added friction-resistance due to (bio)fouling. An optimization method was applied, in which the objective function is defined as the least mean square error between the predicted results and data derived from Demirel et al.'s diagrams. The mathematical model to be fitted with the data involves power functions whose form resembles the functional relationship between the added friction-resistance coefficient and Reynolds number, and between the added friction-resistance coefficient and roughness ratio. The coefficients, powers and constant in the mathematical model were determined by using a nonlinear generalized reduced-gradient method. Comparisons of the formula predictions with CFD calculation results for a flat plate and the Kriso Container Ship show a small percentage difference of less than 5%. Further, the formula predictions differ less than 12% from the results obtained from methods utilizing topographical roughness parameters available in the literature.