Marine Transportation System Research Articles

Current status and future operational models for transit shipping along the Northern Sea Route

The Northern Sea Route (NSR) has received increased international attention during the recent years as an alternative transit corridor for shipping between Europe and East Asia. In 2015, the project “Feasibility and Reliability of Shipping on the Northern Sea Route and Modeling of an Arctic Marine Transportation & Logistics System” was established to perform a comprehensive analysis of the current status and future prospects of NSR transit shipping. The project brought together several partners and numerous participants representing industry, governmental bodies, and research groups from Europe, Asia, and Russia, thus providing a unique and comprehensive overview of the subject. This paper is based on the insights gathered during the project. Firstly, it provides a comprehensive overview of the NSR's current regulations and support services. Secondly, it combines the information on the current status of the route with feedback received from the stakeholders during project discussions for the purpose of establishing several possible future operational models for transit shipping along the NSR. It is concluded that the most probable of the analyzed operational models is a combination of ice-strengthened vessels and independent ice-going cargo vessels. This model requires a decrease in severity of ice conditions to allow for year-round commercial navigation, an increase in bunker prices, further development of maritime infrastructure and icebreaking support, and the development of new maritime insurance models. Additionally, establishing transshipment hubs at each end of the NSR with ice-going cargo vessels sailing between them is also considered to be a viable future option.

Using Empirical Data to Quantify Port Resilience: Hurricane Matthew and the Southeastern Seaboard

AbstractThe economic significance of the U.S. Marine Transportation System (MTS) generates a need to understand the resilience of the MTS. Resilience is defined herein as a system’s ability maintai...

Ship Detection and Recognition in Marine Environment Using Camera Image

It is very important to realize the safer marine transportation system. This paper describes a novel method to detect and tracking ships using a machine vision to reduce marine accidents. The proposed method has two stages; detection and tracking. In the detection stage, edges on a sea image are calculated and bounding rectangles that have the many pixels with the strong edge are selected by morphological processing. Then, the bounding rectangles are judged “ship” or not by the Support Vector Machine (SVM). In the tracking stage, the ship was tracked by the particle filter based on a color histogram inside the bounding rectangle. Experimental results show that ships are detected and tracked on movie images in marine environment.

Safety distance modeling for ship escort operations in Arctic ice-covered waters

Melting of sea ice in Arctic areas has opened up new horizons for the development of Arctic Marine Transportation Systems (AMTS). An icebreaker assists a single ship if the ice classification of the ship does not meet the ice conditions. With the increase of the number of ships and escort operations, the risks of collisions between escorting ships (icebreakers) and escorted ships have also increased. In view of this, a calculation model of the safety distance and collision risks between escorting and escorted ships is proposed in this paper in order to facilitate safe navigation in Arctic ice-covered waters. The aim of the paper is to analyze features of navigation concerning icebreakers and escorted ships in escort operations under continuous icebreaking conditions, where a quantitative model is proposed to calculate safety distances under varying ice conditions based on the ship-following theory. The proposed model is able to quantify safety distance intervals at an acceptable collision frequency under varying ice conditions, as well as the movement characteristics of icebreakers and escorted ships. A case study is carried out to calculate the safety distance between “YONG SHENG” and “50 LET POBEDY”. The results show that the model can accurately calculate the safety distance between “YONG SHENG” and “50 LET POBEDY”, which can provide theoretical guidance for ice navigation.

Комплексная имитационная модель морской транспортно-технологической системы платформы «Приразломная»

Комплексная имитационная модель морской транспортно-технологической системы платформы «Приразломная»

KEBIJAKAN KESELAMATAN DAN KEAMANAN MARITIM DALAM MENUNJANG SISTEM TRANSPORTASI LAUT

The research aimed to analyze maritime safety and security policy in supporting of marine transportation system. This study uses descriptive method, because the data collected in the form of words, images, and not the numbers. The data comes from interviews, field observations, focus group discussions, videotapes, photos, notes or memos, and other official documents. Data analysis with ethical and emic approach and triangulation process. Determination of Informant with purposive technique. Result of research: Sea transport in Indonesia not yet optimally developed, but has strong potency to be developed, considering its characteristic able to do mass transportation. Therefore, the safety and security system is a key factor to be considered and as a basis and benchmark for decision makers. The safety and security system of sea transportation in Indonesia has not run optimally, there are still many accidents both because of natural factors and human factors. Government policies in the maritime field, whether the fishery industry or the shipping industry have not been implemented consistently in accordance with applicable law. So far, the development of maritime potential has been hit by structural problems, and there is no national political awareness of the magnitude of the economic, fisheries and maritime potentials. Little is known about the potential content of Indonesia’s marine resources, thus opening the door for various research and development of biodiversity.

PELAYANAN KAPAL DAN BARANG DI PELABUHAN CILACAP

position is strategic to support marine transportation system, where westward the island of Sumatera, South Asia, and the Middle East, to the east is Nusatenggara, and until the Australian continent. Cilacap port has a support area (hinterland) potential, namely the southern part of Central Java, Yogyakarta and West Java southeast. Increased support the region's economy will lead to increased trade that will improve the flow of goods/ commodities and the number of ship visits in the port of Cilacap. The number of ship visits dominated by tankers, and commodities trading is dominated by fuel oil. This study aims to conduct a review of port services, especially services to ships and service of loading and unloading of goods that must be continuously improved quality and quantity.

KEBIJAKAN KESELAMATAN DAN KEAMANAN MARITIM DALAM MENUNJANG SISTEM TRANSPORTASI LAUT

The research aimed to analyze maritime safety and security policy in supporting of marine transportation system. This study uses descriptive method, because the data collected in the form of words, images, and not the numbers. The data comes from interviews, field observations, focus group discussions, videotapes, photos, notes or memos, and other official documents. Data analysis with ethical and emic approach and triangulation process. Determination of Informant with purposive technique. Result of research: Sea transport in Indonesia not yet optimally developed, but has strong potency to be developed, considering its characteristic able to do mass transportation. Therefore, the safety and security system is a key factor to be considered and as a basis and benchmark for decision makers. The safety and security system of sea transportation in Indonesia has not run optimally, there are still many accidents both because of natural factors and human factors. Government policies in the maritime field, whether the fishery industry or the shipping industry have not been implemented consistently in accordance with applicable law. So far, the development of maritime potential has been hit by structural problems, and there is no national political awareness of the magnitude of the economic, fisheries and maritime potentials. Little is known about the potential content of Indonesia’s marine resources, thus opening the door for various research and development of biodiversity.

Моделирование систем арктического морского транспорта: основы междисциплинарного подхода и опыт практических работ

Development of new offshore projects in the Arctic begins with comprehensive analysis of Marine Transport System’s (MTS) performance. At the same time researchers with different professional orientation (shipbuilders, logisticians, economists and managers etc.) are often have narrow view while making their investigations of MTS, focusing mostly at corresponding familiar sides of the system. It leads to specific “disproportional” description of MTS’s when some components considered in detail but other are out of investigation that in some cases may result in inaccurate conclusions. This makes authors sure that the only proper approach to investigate complex arctic MTS should be multidisciplinary. Article contains the description of integrated R&D project fulfilled at State Krylov Research Centre and devoted to realization of multidisciplinary methodology and corresponding software for arctic MTS design and analysis. Integrated software solution is based on object-oriented paradigm and combines such scientific areas as geographic information systems (GIS), shipbuilding disciplines, discrete event and agent-based simulation models. Theoretical base of the solution and its architecture envelops the following subject fields: ship design and fleet sizing, resistance and propulsion of ships including ice-going capabilities, vessel routing in ice, scheduling, downstream and upstream logistics, navigation process simulation, environment conditions stochastic modeling, operation research, queue theory, economy and management. Software has a modular structure with open and expansible architecture, which makes possible to add new functionality and upgrade existing program blocks in accordance with demands of specific project. Simulation model serve as the center of multidisciplinary integration because this technology allows reproducing behavior of different objects of MTS under dynamic conditions. Realized in AnyLogic ® framework simulation model replicates vessel operation process according to individual schedule generated by special planning component. Vessel’s activities simulated in modeled time with consideration of special aspects of operational planning and resolving accidents. Main model also includes specialized sub-models that provide opportunity to describe many local dynamic essences such as processes of offshore drilling and production, freeze-up of channel in fast ice, different ship interaction aspects, “weather windows” in ports etc. Number of instances are also given in the article, they allows to conclude that adequate and consistent model of MTS working in heavy ice-conditions or having complex organization scheme could be obtained only by means of simulation modeling under multidiscipline approach.

A Panoramic Analysis of Hydrogen Utilization Systems: Using an Input-output Table for Next Generation Energy Systems

The objective of this study is to analyze a government proposal, from a panoramic perspective, concerning the economic and environmental effects associated with the construction and operation of hydrogen utilization systems by the year 2030. We focused on a marine transport system for hydrogen produced offshore, hydrogen gas turbine power generation, fuel cell vehicles (FCVs) and hydrogen stations, as well as residential fuel cell systems (RFCs). In this study, using an Input-Output Table for Next Generation Energy Systems (IONGES), we evaluated the induced output, labor and CO2 emissions from the construction and operation of these hydrogen technologies using a uniform approach. This may be helpful when considering future designs for the Japanese energy system. In terms of per 1 t-H2 of hydrogen use, CO2 reductions from the use of FCVs are considerably higher than the additional CO2 emissions from foreign production and transportation of hydrogen. Because new construction of a hydrogen pipeline network is not considered to be realistic, RFCs is assumed to consume hydrogen generated by refining town gas. In this case, the CO2 reductions from using RFCs will decline under the electricity composition estimated for 2030, on the condition of a substantial expansion of electricity generation from renewable energy sources. However, under the present composition of electricity production, we can expect a certain amount of CO2 reductions from using RFCs. If hydrogen is directly supplied to RFCs, CO2 reductions increase substantially. Thus, we can reduce a significant amount of CO2 emissions if various unused energy sources dispersed around local areas or unharnessed renewable energies, such as solar and wind power, can be converted into hydrogen to be supplied to FCVs and RFCs.

Capacity Analysis for Bifurcated Estuaries Based on Ship Domain Theory and its Applications

The bifurcated estuary is an important segment of marine transportation systems that are themselves becoming increasingly important. Because of branching channels, the cyclical change of water levels, and sophisticated operating rules in many large bifurcated estuaries, it is often difficult to estimate the traffic capacity and simulate ships’ motions, even though it is critically important for traffic management and efficiency. In recent years, the increasing number of ships that collect and contribute to the Automatic Identification System (AIS) have made it possible to monitor traffic flow along waterways, including bifurcated estuaries. This study developed a typical capacity estimation model based on ship domain theory. By using AIS data collected in the Yangtze River estuary, a typical bifurcated estuary system, the study analyzed various physical characteristics, weather conditions, and vessel characteristics to derive related impacts of each on overall capacity of the bifurcated estuary. Validated with practical observations, the method can be applied to similar estuary channel systems to improve waterway operations and management.

The Development of Marine Transportation System in Supporting Sustainable Tourism Case Study: Nusa Penida Island, Bali Indonesia

Bali Island is well-known tourist destination in the world. As well as Bali Island, several small islands amongst Bali Island such as Nusa Penida, Nusa Lembongan and Nusa Ceningan have good potential for tourist destination. Infrastructure for inter-islands transportation which is located in Southern Bali needs to be improved to support the economy in such region. Various issues are found in improving the infrastructure provision which is related to existing harbor infrastructure such as lack of support from the relevant institutional and port site selection. This study reviewed the factors considered in the development of infrastructure for marine transportation. Supports from relevant institutions, improved infrastructure, transportation network construction, and support then participation of local communities are the factors which can use as strategies and recommendation in strengthening the marine transportation.

Towards a probabilistic model for predicting ship besetting in ice in Arctic waters

Recently, the melting of sea ice due to global warming has made it possible for merchant ships to navigate through Arctic Waters. However, Arctic Marine Transportation System remains a very demanding, dynamic and complex system due to challenging hydro-meteorological conditions, poorly charted waters and remoteness of the area resulting in lack of appropriate response capacity in case of emergency. In order to ensure a proper safety level for operations such as ship transit within the area, a risk analysis should be carried out, where the relevant factors pertaining to a given operation are defined and organized in a model. Such a model can assist onshore managers or ships’ crews in planning and conducting an actual sea passage through Arctic waters. However, research in this domain is scarce, mainly due to lack of data. In this paper, we demonstrate the use of a dataset and expert judgment to determine the risk influencing factors and develop a probabilistic model for a ship besetting in ice along the Northeast Passage. For that purpose, we adopt Bayesian belief Networks (BBNs), due to their predominant feature of reasoning under uncertainty and their ability to accommodate data from various sources. The obtained BBN model has been validated showing good agreement with available state-of-the-art models, and providing good understanding of the analyzed phenomena.

Data Tools to Identify Safety and Environmental Risks to the Marine Transportation System

The U.S. Coast Guard and the Puget Sound Harbor Safety Committee of Washington State have developed a comprehensive, analytical approach to identify trends in vessel traffic, vessel deficiencies, accidents, and navigation incidents to avoid marine casualties and improve the safety of the marine transportation system. This paper describes a method that allows stakeholders and organizations to use data to improve decision making. First, vessel deficiencies based on more than 20 years of marine inspection data are examined to identify the vessels and systems that have the highest noncompliance rate. Inspection data are then compared with marine casualty data to examine trends and note vulnerabilities. Finally, marine casualties and navigation incidents are plotted with geographic information system software and compared with vessel traffic density. Figures are included to illustrate how data are compared and presented. Using a holistic and layered process to understand and analyze the data, stakeholders can reduce inefficiency in resource allocation, create a risk profile, and develop targeted measures to reduce the probability of an accident. In this paper, this approach is validated at the port level and offers significant potential to be applied nationally and internationally.

Use of Nationwide Automatic Identification System Data to Quantify Resiliency of Marine Transportation Systems

This paper describes the approach and the results of an ongoing research effort to assess the resilience of port operations following major disasters and other disruptive events. The work presented in this paper used archival data from the U.S. Coast Guard’s nationwide automatic identification system to quantify the state of resiliency of coastal navigation systems. Illustrating the experimental methodology are case study examples that assess the disruptions that resulted from a collision in March 2014 in the Houston Ship Channel, Texas, and from Superstorm Sandy in 2012 on the greater Port of New York and New Jersey. The methods and results can be adapted and implemented for quantitatively evaluating levels of port activity following disruptive events and for a better understanding of the factors that lead to more resilient maritime systems.

Qualitative analysis of the risk forming factors on pre-contract phase of ship freight

Here we discuss the problems associated with the assessment of the degree of compliance of the vessel to the technological and commercial properties of the upcoming ocean freights. The marine transport system has been considered; its key link is a vessel which interacts with the other elements of the system (the port, the cargo, the technologies of the vessel processing in ports, the marine navigation technologies, and others). The vessel is also an object of the charter contract, within which a range of the financial and economic indicators is determined (the value of the freight rate, the expenses for the port charges, fuel and lubricantion materials, the wages of the crew, the daily income for the sea passage or for the freight period etc.). One of the most important tasks of the ocean freight is the problem of formation (determination) of the freight rate. The main factors which affect its determination are the vessel speed, its carrying capacity and the propulsive output. The modern shipping tendency is characterized by the increase of the vessel speed; the higher the value of the carried cargo is, the greater the profit from the reduction of the terms of delivery will be. To solve such problems it is suggested to use the analytic hierarchy process (AHP) and the analytic network process (ANP). They are the mathematical tool of the systematic approach to the decision problem in the multi-criteria environment under the conditions of uncertainty and risk.

Accident risk assessment in marine transportation via Markov modelling and Markov Chain Monte Carlo simulation

There are many technological and environmental safety factors involved in marine accidents. This paper deals with an analytic approach to accident risk modelling when data for analyzing safety factors is limited or unavailable. The purpose of this paper is to propose a simulated accident model for assessing accident risk in marine transportation. The proposed approach is based on Markov modelling and Markov Chain Monte Carlo (MCMC) simulation and it is illustrated using an example from marine transportation. A three-state continuous time Markov model is used to record and estimate marine occurrence rates and probabilities. The MCMC simulation requires the occurrence data of the Markov model to estimate the accident risk. However, it can be used when only a limited amount of information is available. Compared with other models, the approach in this paper is applicable to any type of marine accident or marine transportation system. A numerical example is also given to illustrate the procedure.

Design and Performance Analysis of Superconducting Rim-Driven Synchronous Motors for Marine Propulsion

Rim-driven thrusters have received much attention concerning the potential benefits in vibration and hydrodynamic characteristics, which are of great importance in marine transportation systems. In this sense, the rim-driven permanent magnet, brushless dc, and induction motors have been recently suggested to be employed as marine propulsion motors. On the other hand, high-temperature superconducting (HTS) synchronous motors are becoming much fascinating, particularly in transport applications, regarding some considerable advantages such as low loss, high efficiency, and compactness. However, the HTS-type rim-driven synchronous motor has not been studied yet. Therefore, this paper is devoted to a design practice of rim-driven synchronous motors with HTS field winding. A detailed design procedure is developed for the HTS rim-driven motors, and the design algorithm is validated applying the finite element (FE) method. The FE model of a three-phase 2.5-MW HTS rim-driven synchronous motor is utilized, and the electromagnetic characteristics of the motor are then evaluated. The goal is to design an HTS machine fitted in a thin duct to minimize the hydrodynamic drag force. The design problem exhibits some difficulties while considering various constraints.

Dynamic availability assessment and optimal component design of multi-state weighted k-out-of-n systems

Availability/reliability is a main feature of design and operation of all engineering systems. Recently, availability evaluation of multi-state systems with different structures is at the center of attention due to the wide applications in engineering. In this paper, a dynamic model is developed for the availability assessment of multi-state weighted k-out-of-n systems. Then, in a design optimization problem, the availability and capacity for the components of such systems are optimized by genetic algorithm. In the dynamic model, the probabilities and capacities of components in different states are allowed to be changed over time. For availability assessment, universal generating function and Markov process are adopted. Application of the proposed model is illustrated using a real-world marine transportation system in order to evaluate and compare the presented optimization problems in assessing system availability.

Computational Aerodynamics and Flight Stability of Wing-In-Ground (WIG) Craft

A Wing-In-Ground (WIG) craft is a marine craft equipped with wings which enables it to remain airborne just above the water surface. A WIG-craft utilizes ground proximity effects to improve aerodynamic loading and efficiency. It fills the technological gap between conventional aircraft and ships. A WIG-craft operates at much higher speeds than ships and more efficiently than aircraft. Another distinct advantage of a WIG-craft is its ability to take off anywhere from the sea surface without the need for a runway. Due to its superb and unique features, WIG-crafts serve as a promising choice of fast, safe and efficient platform for the next generation of marine transportation systems. The objective of this work is to investigate the aerodynamic characteristics, as well as the longitudinal flight dynamics and stability of WIG-craft for the purpose of achieving improved WIG-craft designs.