Marine Ecological System Research Articles

Archaeal community from the Northern Hangzhou Bay to the East China Sea: biogeography, ecological processes, and functional potential

IntroductionArchaeal communities play a crucial role in marine ecosystems, yet our understanding of their ecological and functional traits remains incomplete. This study focuses on northern Hangzhou Bay to fill gaps in knowledge regarding the biogeography and functionality of archaeal groups.MethodsWe utilized a high-throughput sequencing dataset based on the 16S rRNA gene to characterize the archaeal community, aiming to identify biogeographic patterns and assess the influence of environmental factors on community structure.ResultsThe predominant phyla identified were Woesearchaeota, Thaumarchaeota, Euryarchaeota, and Crenarchaeota. Archaeal community structure in sediments showed a geographical pattern along the environmental gradient, influenced by factors such as salinity, ammonium, total phosphorus, pH, and total nitrogen content. Network analysis revealed nonrandom co-occurrence patterns, with associations changing along the salinity gradient. Additionally, this study directly proved the existence of dispersal limitation in this strongly connected marine ecological system through null model analyses. Variation in the archaeal community was attributed to both environmental constraints and stochastic processes due to dispersal limitation. Furthermore, our results revealed that the key biogeochemical functions of the archaeal community also exhibited a clear salinity gradient, the functional differences appear to be influenced by salinity, and the critical roles of archaeal diversity were highlighted.DiscussionAll these findings enhance our understanding of microbial ecology and element transformation in estuarine environments. The highlighted roles of archaeal diversity and the influence of environmental factors on community structure and function underscore the complexity of marine microbial ecosystems.

Typical Marine Ecological Disasters in China Attributed to Marine Organisms and Their Significant Insights.

Owing to global climate change or the ever-more frequent human activities in the offshore areas, it is highly probable that an imbalance in the offshore ecosystem has been induced. However, the importance of maintaining and protecting marine ecosystems' balance cannot be overstated. In recent years, various marine disasters have occurred frequently, such as harmful algal blooms (green tides and red tides), storm surge disasters, wave disasters, sea ice disasters, and tsunami disasters. Additionally, overpopulation of certain marine organisms (particularly marine faunas) has led to marine disasters, threatening both marine ecosystems and human safety. The marine ecological disaster monitoring system in China primarily focuses on monitoring and controlling the outbreak of green tides (mainly caused by outbreaks of some Ulva species) and red tides (mainly caused by outbreaks of some diatom and dinoflagellate species). Currently, there are outbreaks of Cnidaria (Hydrozoa and Scyphozoa organisms; outbreak species are frequently referred to as jellyfish), Annelida (Urechis unicinctus Drasche, 1880), Mollusca (Philine kinglipini S. Tchang, 1934), Arthropoda (Acetes chinensis Hansen, 1919), and Echinodermata (Asteroidea organisms, Ophiuroidea organisms, and Acaudina molpadioides Semper, 1867) in China. They not only cause significant damage to marine fisheries, tourism, coastal industries, and ship navigation but also have profound impacts on marine ecosystems, especially near nuclear power plants, sea bathing beaches, and infrastructures, posing threats to human lives. Therefore, this review provides a detailed introduction to the marine organisms (especially marine fauna species) causing marine biological disasters in China, the current outbreak situations, and the biological backgrounds of these outbreaks. This review also provides an analysis of the causes of these outbreaks. Furthermore, it presents future prospects for marine biological disasters, proposing corresponding measures and advocating for enhanced resource utilization and fundamental research. It is recommended that future efforts focus on improving the monitoring of marine biological disasters and integrating them into the marine ecological disaster monitoring system. The aim of this review is to offer reference information and constructive suggestions for enhancing future monitoring, early warning systems, and prevention efforts related to marine ecological disasters in support of the healthy development and stable operation of marine ecosystems.

The coupling relationship between marine industry agglomeration and ecological environment system from the perspective of ecological environment

To analyze the coupling relationship in marine industry agglomeration and ecological environment system, this study used the formula of location entropy coefficient for measuring the development agglomeration status of marine industry. Meanwhile, it also separately measures the degree of agglomeration of the primary, secondary, and tertiary industries in the ocean to reveal their degree of agglomeration in the region. In addition, a coupled correlation analysis model was designed. It uses grey relational analysis to reveal the relationships between data series in situations of insufficient data. Finally, a coupled coordination evaluation model was proposed. It evaluates the coupling status between the marine industry cluster and the ecological environment by calculating the capacity coupling coefficient, coupling degree, and coupling co scheduling. The results show that from 2013 to 2022, the agglomeration trend of the marine industry in Jiaodong Peninsula Province has undergone different changes. The location entropy coefficient of the primary industry increased from 1.3047 to 1.0987, while the location entropy coefficient of the secondary industry gradually increased from 0.2486 to 1.1141. The coupling coordination degree R between the marine industry agglomeration system and the ecological environment system has increased from 0.3986 to 0.6253. From 2018 to 2022, the coupling between the marine industry and ecological environment development has increased, gradually moving towards stability and coordination. This indicates that over the past decade, the development of the marine industry in Jiaodong Peninsula Province has placed greater emphasis on ecological protection, and has formed a positive interaction, promoting the coordinated development.

On the spatiotemporal structures of ratio-dependent prey–predator model of ecological system

Ecological system is the interaction of biological community with other organisms and their physical environments. One of the important models is spatiotemporal prey–predator model of Michaelis–Menten-type functional response and reaction diffusion with constant harvest rate. This paper investigates the spatiotemporal structures of ratio-dependent prey and predator densities under different constraint conditions and suitable parameters. The [Formula: see text] model expansion technique is followed to extract these densities. The prey and predator densities behave differently depending on the diffusion coefficients and other parametric ratios. The 3D and 2D behavior of these densities are also plotted and observed. These results may help for better understanding to study the biological community in a real marine environment or ecological system.

Environmental Concerns in Marine Ecology and Strategies for Sustainable Development

Since the commencement of the Industrial Revolution, there has been a gradual and consistent escalation in the level of carbon dioxide emissions, thus causing a drastic alteration in the global climate. As the most substantial ecological environment system on Earth, the marine ecological environment system has also undergone substantial impacts as a result of these climatic changes. Despite its vast size, minor environmental dilemmas were not emphasized initially, leading to momentous qualitative changes caused by the quantitative ones; consequently, human face critical concerns related to marine ecological environment today. The intent of this study is to delineate corresponding sustainable development approaches for the persisting environmental issues under the theoretical framework of sustainable development. Initially, the causes of climate change are discussed, and the undeniably significant role humans have played is examined. Subsequently, alterations in climate change affect various segments of the marine ecosystem differently concerning seawater hydrological conditions, consequently producing a series of chain reactions that ultimately affect the overall marine ecological environment. Various sustainable development strategies have been proposed under the theoretical framework of sustainable development to address the multiple minor problems that contribute to the overall marine ecological environment issues. This study endeavors to present an extensive summary of the marine ecological environment issue in its entirety; however, it should be followed by further in-depth analysis and consolidation of the ecological environment issues of disparate links in the ecosystem, thereby increasing the effectiveness of the targeting approach. This paper expects that through this study, the specific impact of climate change on the marine ecological environment and the direction that human society must work towards to achieve improvement would be made more evident.

Blue carbon governance for carbon neutrality in China: Policy evaluation and perspectives

As a nature-based solution for climate change mitigation, blue carbon has been highlighted for realizing carbon neutrality in China. China's central and local governments have issued many policies to promote blue carbon protection and development. However, scaling up blue carbon restoration and protection is required for its substantial contribution to carbon neutrality. This study evaluates the characteristics of China's blue carbon policies using qualitative document analysis based on policy instrument theory. The distribution of different policy instruments among blue carbon policies and resources is analyzed. Suggestions for improving blue carbon policy supply are put forward combined with comparative experience from international organizations and other jurisdictions. The following policies should be strengthened to secure efficient blue carbon protection, restoration, and creation: blue carbon protection legislation, marine ecological compensation system, stable investment in blue carbon projects, integrated blue carbon verification system, and inclusion of blue carbon in regulated carbon markets.

Structural Equation Modeling of the Marine Ecological System in Nanwan Bay Using SPSS Amos

To ensure the sustainability of the marine environment, it is crucial to understand the intricate relationship between environmental factors and marine biota. Human activities have been recognized as significant contributors to profound changes in marine ecology. However, these observable alterations often represent a cumulative effect that intertwines with less apparent natural influences. This research delved into the relationships between environmental factors and marine life in the waters adjacent to Nanwan Bay, Kenting, Taiwan. Specifically, it examined the linear relationships and the degree of changes between environmental factors and marine life. To achieve these objectives, factor analysis was employed to uncover potential latent variables that could impact marine organisms, with these variables named based on previous studies and related literature. The findings led to the development of a structural equation model (SEM) to represent the marine ecology of Nanwan Bay. The results accentuated the significant influence of primary productivity and nutrient levels on the assemblage of marine life. The application of SEM methodology sheds more light on the degree of impact natural and anthropogenic interference have on marine ecosystems.

Problems identification and improvement path of China’s marine ecological compensation legal system

In China’s marine industry, which has been growing quickly over the past few years, marine ecological compensation has been a critical framework for safeguarding the marine environment. Through the text analysis of the China’s marine ecological compensation legal system, this study found that there are multiple defects in it, including institutional supply shortage leads to lack of coordination and dispersion in China’s marine ecological compensation legislative system, the absence of legislative concept of ‘land-sea overall planning’ in China’s marine ecological compensation legal system, limited scope of China’s marine ecological compensation, lack of clear standards for marine ecological compensation, the relationship between marine planning and the marine ecological compensation system is not straightforward, and insufficiency of regulation on the marine ecological compensation. The paper suggests that priority should be given to developing a multi-level legal system for compensating marine ecological damage, the legal method of achieving ‘land-sea overall planning’ and a compensation mechanism that combines a variety of compensation methods with a scientific and reasonable standard should be established within China’s ecological compensation legal system, marine ecological compensation should be incorporated into marine planning and the separation of powers and implementation of the marine ecological compensation regulation should be enhanced.

Analysis of the spatio-temporal changes and driving factors of the marine economic–ecological–social coupling coordination: A case study of 11 coastal regions in China

For the sustainable development of the ocean, examining the coupled and coordinated relationships of the marine economic-ecological-social system (MEESS) is crucial. In this study, data from 11 coastal regions of China from 2006 to 2020 are utilized to quantify and analyze the MEESS coupling coordination relationships and driving factors using the entropy method, mean squared deviation weighting method, coefficient of variation method, improved coupling coordination degree (CCD), GM (1,1) (grey model), and generalized method of moments (GMM) models. The findings show that (1) the comprehensive level of the MEESS in the study area indicates a steady upward trend. The marine economic system maintains a steady rise, the marine ecological system starts at a high level and grows at a low rate, and the marine social system starts at a low level and grows at a high rate. (2) The coupling degree is higher in areas with a higher comprehensive level of marine ecological systems. (3) As of 2020, six study regions were in the moderate coordination stage. Except for Shanghai, the coupling coordination degree (CCD) in other regions shows a fluctuating upward trend. (4) From 2021 to 2026, the coastal area overall will enter the intermediate coordination stage. Shandong will take the lead in the good coordination stage. (5) In terms of drivers, port activity, financial industry development, and government support significantly affect the CCD. The findings of this study demonstrate the applicability and effectiveness of the improved CCD model in evaluating the interactions of multiple ocean subsystems. This demonstration can help policymakers tailor marine development planning and provide a new perspective on sustainable marine development.

Vision meets algae: A novel way for microalgae recognization and health monitor

Marine microalgae are widespread in the ocean and play a crucial role in the ecosystem. Automatic identification and location of marine microalgae in microscopy images would help establish marine ecological environment monitoring and water quality evaluation system. We proposed a new dataset for the detection of marine microalgae and a range of detection methods, the dataset including images of different genus of algae and the same genus in different states. We set the number of unbalanced classes in the data set and added images of mixed water samples in the test set to simulate the actual situation in the field. Then we trained, validated and tested the, TOOD, YOLOv5, YOLOv8 and variants of RCNN algorithms on this dataset. The results showed both one-stage and two-stage object detection models can achieve high mean average precision, which proves the ability of computer vision in multi-object detection of microalgae, and provides basic data and models for real-time detection of microalgal cells.

Bacterial taxonomic and functional profiles from Bohai Sea to northern Yellow Sea.

Microbial distribution patterns are the result of a combination of biotic and abiotic factors, which are the core issues in microbial ecology research. To better understand the biogeographic pattern of bacteria in water environments from the Bohai Sea to the northern Yellow Sea, the effects of environmental factors, and spatial distance on the structure of bacterial communities in marine water were investigated using high-throughput sequencing technology based on 16S rRNA genes. The results showed that Proteobacteria, Bacteroidetes, Actinobacteri, Desulfobacterota, and Bdellovibrionota were the dominant phyla in the study area. A clear spatial pattern in the bacterial community was observed, and environmental factors, including salinity, nutrient concentration, carbon content, total phosphorus, dissolved oxygen, and seawater turbidity emerged as the central environmental factors regulating the variation in bacterial communities. In addition, the study provides direct evidence of the existence of dispersal limitation in this strongly connected marine ecological system. Therefore, these results revealed that the variation in bacterial community characteristics was attributed to environmental selection, accompanied by the regulation of stochastic diffusion. The network analysis demonstrated a nonrandom co-occurrence pattern in the microbial communities with distinct spatial distribution characteristics. It is implied that the biogeography patterns of bacterial community may also be associated with the characteristics of co-occurrence characterize among bacterial species. Furthermore, the PICRUSt analysis indicated a clear spatial distribution of functional characteristics in bacterial communities. This functional variation was significantly modulated by the environmental characteristics of seawater but uncoupled from the taxonomic characteristics of bacterial communities (e.g., diversity characteristics, community structure, and co-occurrence relationships). Together, this findings represent a significant advance in linking seawater to the mechanisms underlying bacterial biogeographic patterns and community assembly, co-occurrence patterns, and ecological functions, providing new insights for identifying the microbial ecology as well as the biogeochemical cycle in the marine environment.

Analysis of Marine Microplastic Pollution of Disposable Masks under COVID-19 Epidemic—A DPSIR Framework

Marine microplastic pollution (MMP) is becoming one of the most pressing environmental problems facing humanity today. The novel coronavirus epidemic has raised the issue of environmental contamination caused by large-scale improper disposal of medical waste such as disposable masks (DMs). To assess the impact of MMP caused by DMs and to seek solutions for the prevention and control of MMP, this study uses the Driving force-Pressure-State-Impact-Response (DPSIR) framework to establish a causal chain of MMP caused by DMs. The conclusion shows that the novel coronavirus epidemic has led to a surge in the use of DMs, which has brought pressure on resource constraints and environmental pollution at the same time. Improperly DMs enter the environment and eventually transform into MMP, which not only endangers the marine ecological system but also poses potential human health risks as well as economic and social hazards. In addition, further research on environmentally friendly masks (cloth masks and biodegradable masks) is essential to mitigate the environmental damage caused by the large-scale global use of DMs. This study provides a scientific and theoretical basis for the assessment of MMP from discarded DMs, and the findings of this study will provide a reference for the formulation of relevant policies.

A Study on the Implementation effect of the Marine Ecological Civilization Policy in the Three Major Bay Areas of China: take relevant provinces and cities in the Bay Area as examples

The implementation effect evaluation of marine ecological civilization policy is a necessary means to manage and supervise the construction of marine ecological civilization. The evaluation work needs to design a targeted effect evaluation index system for the implementation effect of marine ecological civilization policy. Based on collecting the comprehensive data of the sea areas of relevant provinces and cities in the three Bay regions of China from 2012 to 2016, Compared with the changes in marine ecological quality before and after the implementation of the policy in 2015, analyzing the comprehensive index of the Bay Area and the effect of the policy implementation, this research puts forward relevant suggestions for the improvement of China's marine ecological civilization construction system and the continuous implementation of the ecological civilization construction policy.

Key Factors for Deep Cement Mixing Construction for Undredged Offshore Land Reclamation

Deep cement mixing (DCM) is an environmentally friendly technique for offshore ground improvement without dredging or much disturbance to the marine ecological system. Several field construction factors can influence the unconfined compressive strength (UCS) of cement-stabilized soil. In this study, key construction factors are evaluated referring to site investigation records, construction records, and quality test results of a large offshore DCM construction project. The key factors were attributed to geological conditions, construction procedures, and curing conditions. Specific field construction factors include fluctuations of tidal level, original soil type, volume fraction of injected water, volume fraction of injected cement slurry, injection rate of cement slurry, penetrating and mixing time per meter, curing age, and moisture content. The importance of these construction factors on the DCM strength has been quantified using a statistical method based on construction records. The injected water volume and original soil type are noted to be the two most dominant factors on the UCS of the treated soils. Longer mixing time improved the strength of the treated soils.

Probabilistic Analysis of a Marine Ecological System with Intense Variability

This work seeks to simulate and examine the complex character of marine predation. By taking into account the interaction between phytoplankton and zooplankton, we present a sophisticated mathematical system with a general functional response describing the ecological competition. This system is disturbed by a novel category of perturbations in the hybrid form which simulates certain unstable climatic and environmental variations. We merge between the higher-order white noise and quadratic jumps to offer an excellent overview of the complexity induced in the ecosystem. Analytically, we offer a surrogate framework to get the sharp sill between stationarity and zooplankton eradication. Our analysis enriches and improves many works by proposing an unfamiliar form of perturbation and unifying the criteria of said asymptotic characteristics. Numerically, we probe the rigor of our sill in a non-standard case: cubic white noise and quadratic leaps. We demonstrate that the increased order of perturbation has a significant effect on the zooplankton living time. This result shows that the sources of intricate fluctuations carry out an active role in the transient dynamics of marine ecological systems.

Constraining the terminal Ediacaran seawater chemistry by Mg isotopes in dolostones from the Yangtze Platform, South China

The advent of animal biomineralization at the terminal Ediacaran remarkably changed the marine ecological system. Changed seawater Mg/Ca ratio is considered as an important external trigger for this transition, but the intrinsic relationship between seawater Mg/Ca variation and animal biomineralization is not well constrained due to the lack of reliable archives. To constrain the coeval seawater chemistry and explore its role in the origin of metazoan biomineralization, we systematically conducted petrographical and geochemical investigations on dolostones from the terminal Ediacaran (∼551 Ma) Dengying Formation of the Yangtze Block in South China. The well-preserved sedimentary fabrics, growth zones as well as cathodoluminescent bands in microbialites and fibrous dolomite cements in the Algal Dolomite Member of the Dengying Formation indicate these dolomites were formed during syn-sedimentary diagenesis. The distribution patterns of rare earth elements in these dolomite components documented relatively anoxic shallow water conditions. Furthermore, negative correlations between O and Mg isotope compositions in well-preserved dolomite components indicate the variable mixture of freshwater with seawater in the shallow platform environment. The pervasive influence of freshwater on seawater indicates an enhanced riverine input, and it should be dominated by silicate weathering flux due to the heavier Mg isotopic compositions in freshwater endmember. Enhanced silicate weathering flux at the basal Dengying Formation may be related to the abundant erosions and exposures caused by the significant changes in Earth’s surface tectonic and climatic conditions at the late Ediacaran. Consequently, the increased silicate weathering flux would deliver more Mg cations and net alkalinity to the oceans than the mixed weathering flux, which probably facilitated the subsequent skeletonization of early animals.

A Method for Optimizing the Allocation of Sea Resources Based on Ecological Environment Protection

<p>With the increasing demand for marine resources, the marine ecological environment system is gradually destroyed. The traditional allocation of marine resources has been unable to meet the global resource search, resulting in poor distribution uniformity of marine resources and high packet loss rate of resource allocation. Therefore, an optimal allocation method of sea resources based on ecological environment protection is proposed. Based on the concept of ecological protection, this method builds an evaluation index system for the allocation of Marine resources by measuring the loss of Marine spatial resource assets, and calculates the evolution trend and coordination of Marine ecology according to the weight of evaluation index. A robust optimization method for the optimal allocation of sea resources is established by obtaining the spatial differences in the allocation of sea resources. The experimental results show that the proposed method is more uniform in the distribution of sea resources and has a lower packet loss rate.</p>

3D numerical modeling of flow characteristics in an open channel having in-line circular vegetation patches with varying density under submerged and emergent flow conditions

Abstract In the marine ecological system, the prime role of water management and durability of an ecosystem is being played by the vegetation patches. The vegetation patches in open channels can significantly affect the flow velocity, discharge capacity and hinder energy fluxes, which ultimately helps in controlling catastrophic floods. In this study, the numerical simulation for turbulent flow properties, i.e. velocity distribution, Reynolds stresses and Turbulent Intensities (TI) near the circular vegetation patches with progressively increasing density, were performed using the computational fluid dynamics (CFD) code ANSYS FLUENT. For examination of the turbulent flow features in the presence of circular patches with variable densities, Reynolds averaged Navier-Stokes equations, and Reynolds stress model (RSM) were employed. The numerical investigation was performed in the presence of in-line emergent and submerged patches having variable vegetation density in the downstream direction. Two of the cases were investigated with three circular patches having a clear gap to patch diameter ratio of La/D = 1 (where La is the clear spacing between the vegetation patches and D is the diameter of the circular patch), and the other two cases were analyzed with two patches having a clear gap ratio of La/D = 3. The case with a clear gap ratio (La/D = 3) showed 10.6% and 153% inflation in the magnitude of longitudinal velocity at the downstream of the sparse patch (aD = 0.8) and upstream of the dense patch (aD = 3.54), respectively (where aD is the flow blockage, in which “a” represents the patch frontal area and “D” represents the patch diameter). The velocity was reduced to 94% for emergent and 99% for submerged vegetation due to successive increase in vegetation density made by introducing a middle patch which reduced the clear gap ratio (La/D = 1). For La/D = 1, the longitudinal velocities at depth z = 15cm were increased by 319% than at depth z = 6cm at the downstream of the dense patch (aD = 3.54). Whereas it was observed to 365% higher in the case of La/D = 3. The magnitude of turbulent characteristics was observed 36% higher for submerged vegetation cases having a clear gap ratio of La/D = 1. The successive increase in the patch density reduced the Reynolds stresses, turbulent kinetic energy and turbulent intensities significantly within the gap region. The major reduction in the flow velocities and turbulent properties in the gaps provides a stable environment for aquatic ecosystems nourishment and fosters sediment deposition, and supports further vegetation growth.

Exploring the Marine Ecological Environment Management in China: Evolution, Challenges and Prospects

China’s management of marine ecological environments has experienced a development process that has gone from weak to strong. However, whether there are problems such as lack of systems, invalid systems, and system conflicts in the current management of marine ecological environments, and how to conduct collaborative governance among various complex subjects, remain to be answered. This paper first summarizes how China’s marine ecological environment management policy has evolved, which can be divided into five stages: the foundation stage (1949–1980), the initial establishment stage (1981–1995), the steady advancement stage (1996–2005), the deepening adjustment stage (2006–2010), and the strategic development stage (2011–present), and analyzes its characteristics at different stages. Then, this paper further explores the inherent dilemmas in the Chinese marine ecological environment management system. Finally, combined with the practical experience of marine ecological environment management in developed countries, this paper fully considers the division of responsibilities and mutual checks and balances of different subjects, flexibly configures various policy tools, and explores the mechanism of collaborative governance of marine ecological environment from the levels of government, market, the public and social organizations, so as to gradually improve the modern marine ecological environment management system and provide a reference for the government’s governance activities.

海洋生态修复:概念、类型与实施路径选择

PDF HTML阅读 XML下载 导出引用 引用提醒 海洋生态修复:概念、类型与实施路径选择 DOI: 10.5846/stxb202101290313 作者: 作者单位: 作者简介: 通讯作者: 中图分类号: 基金项目: 国家社会科学基金重大项目（16ZDA049） Marine ecological rehabilitation: concept, type and implementation path selection Author: Affiliation: Fund Project: The Major Program of the Chinese Academy of Sciences 摘要 | 图/表 | 访问统计 | 参考文献 | 相似文献 | 引证文献 | 资源附件 | 文章评论 摘要:生态修复是我国生态文明建设的重要内容。在对生态修复相关概念梳理的基础上，从公共物品治理视角对海洋生态修复主体、修复标准、修复路径及修复措施保障等关键环节进行论述，研究表明：污染和破坏者作为赔偿型海洋生态修复的主体，可通过自行修复和委托修复等方式，将受损海洋生态修复到破坏前的基线水平；国家作为补偿型海洋生态修复的主体，依据边际成本收益分析法确定最优修复规模，通过政府市场采购和创建市场等经济激励型路径实施生态修复以增加公众福利。未来我国海洋生态修复应重点关注修复的资金保障、监督制度以及生态修复的技术研发和修复完成后的成本收益评估等。 Abstract:Ecological rehabilitation plays an important role in ecological civilization construction of China. On the basis of related concepts of ecological rehabilitation, the public goods attributes owned by ocean and the externalities in the utilization of marine resources, the paper divides marine ecological rehabilitation into indemnificatory marine ecological rehabilitation and compensatory marine ecological rehabilitation from the perspective of the internalization of the externalities of public goods governance. Then, the study explores four main aspects according to the above classification of marine ecological rehabilitation:the subject of marine ecological rehabilitation, rehabilitation standards, rehabilitation approaches, and rehabilitation measures. According to our analysis, four main findings are listed as follows. In terms of the subject, there is a specific subject with mandatory and clearly defined responsibility in indemnificatory ecological rehabilitation, which makes it easy to trace the responsible subject in case of some issues occurring. By contrast, it is hardly possible to identify the clear responsibility subject for rehabilitation in compensatory ecological rehabilitation. Under this circumstance, the government should undertake the ecological rehabilitation project aiming to compensate for the public interests and increase social welfare. In aspects of rehabilitation standards, as the subject of indemnificatory marine ecological rehabilitation, marine resources users, who pollute and destroy marine environment, should calculate the rehabilitation scale and rehabilitation costs based on the Habit Equivalency Analysis or the Resources Equivalency Analysis. Compared with the above, the government, as the subject of compensation-based marine ecological rehabilitation, could incorporate ecological rehabilitation into the marginal analysis framework of traditional economics and determine the optimal rehabilitation scale in accordance with marginal cost-benefit analysis. As far as rehabilitation approaches, following the principle of "who damages, who rehabilitates", marine resources users shall adopt the command-controlled rehabilitation method or appoint a third party to repair the damaged marine ecosystem (economic incentive repair mode), so as to restore the damaged marine ecology to the baseline level before the destruction. The government should adopt economic incentives such as government procurement and creating market potential for marine ecosystem restoration in order to increase social welfare. In the last part of the study, due to the fact that marine ecological rehabilitation in China is a relatively new field for environmental protection, there are still some urgent problems to be solved and improved in the construction of the marine ecological rehabilitation system. Great importance should be attached to the financial guarantee and supervision systems of ecological rehabilitation, R&D of ecological rehabilitation, and cost-benefit evaluation after ecological rehabilitation. 参考文献 相似文献 引证文献