Marijuana In The United States Research Articles

Distress, Coping, and Drug Law Enforcement in a Series of Patients Using Medical Cannabis

Patients using medical cannabis in the United States inhabit a conflicting medicolegal space. This study presents data from a dispensary-based survey of patients using medical cannabis in the state of Washington regarding cannabis-specific health behaviors, levels of psychological distress, stress regarding marijuana criminality, past experiences with drug law enforcement, and coping behaviors. Thirty-seven subjects were enrolled in this study, and all but three completed survey materials. The median index of psychological distress, as measured by the Behavioral Symptom Inventory, was nearly 2.5 times higher than that found in a general population sample but one third less than that found in an outpatient sample. The subjects reported a moderate amount of stress related to the criminality of marijuana, with 76% reporting previous exposure to 119 separate drug law enforcement tactics in total. The subjects reported a wide range of coping methods, and their responses to a modified standardized survey showed the confounding influence of legality in assessing substance-related disorders.

Persons Registered for Medical Marijuana in the United States

Journal of Palliative MedicineVol. 15, No. 1 Letters to the EditorPersons Registered for Medical Marijuana in the United StatesDaniel W. BowlesDaniel W. BowlesSearch for more papers by this authorPublished Online:23 Jan 2012https://doi.org/10.1089/jpm.2011.0356AboutSectionsView articleView Full TextPDF/EPUB ToolsPermissionsDownload CitationsTrack CitationsAdd to favorites Back To Publication ShareShare onFacebookTwitterLinked InRedditEmail View articleFiguresReferencesRelatedDetailsCited byEffects of Cannabis on PTSD Recovery: Review of the Literature and Clinical Insights15 June 2022 | Current Addiction Reports, Vol. 9, No. 3Posttraumatic Stress Disorder Symptoms and Coping Motives are Independently Associated with Cannabis Craving Elicited by Trauma Cues19 July 2021 | Journal of Traumatic Stress, Vol. 35, No. 1Cannabinoid modulation of corticolimbic activation to threat in trauma-exposed adults: a preliminary study11 March 2020 | Psychopharmacology, Vol. 237, No. 6A commentary on the medicinal use of marijuana24 May 2019 | Tropical Medicine and Health, Vol. 47, No. 1Treatment for Trauma-Related Disorders: The “Three Buckets” Model30 March 2019Endocannabinoid System Alterations in Posttraumatic Stress Disorder: A Review of Developmental and Accumulative Effects of Trauma12 July 2019 | Chronic Stress, Vol. 3Do medical marijuana laws reduce addictions and deaths related to pain killers?Journal of Health Economics, Vol. 58Cannabis use disorder and male sex predict medical cannabis card status in a sample of high risk adolescentsDrug and Alcohol Dependence, Vol. 183Prevalence, reasons, perceived effects, and correlates of medical marijuana use: A reviewDrug and Alcohol Dependence, Vol. 177Cannabis use patterns and motives: A comparison of younger, middle-aged, and older medical cannabis dispensary patientsAddictive BehaviorsMarijuana use and inpatient outcomes among hospitalized patients: analysis of the nationwide inpatient sample database28 November 2016 | Cancer Medicine, Vol. 6, No. 1Trends in registered medical marijuana participation across 13 US states and District of ColumbiaDrug and Alcohol Dependence, Vol. 159A Phenomenology of Marijuana Use Among Graduate Students6 May 2016 | Indo-Pacific Journal of Phenomenology, Vol. 16, No. sup1Patterns of Use of Medical Cannabis Among Israeli Cancer Patients: A Single Institution ExperienceJournal of Pain and Symptom Management, Vol. 49, No. 2Medical Marijuana for Digestive Disorders: High Time to Prescribe?American Journal of Gastroenterology, Vol. 110, No. 2Temporal trends in marijuana attitudes, availability and use in Colorado compared to non-medical marijuana states: 2003–11Drug and Alcohol Dependence, Vol. 140The effects of medical marijuana laws on potencyInternational Journal of Drug Policy, Vol. 25, No. 2 Volume 15Issue 1Jan 2012 InformationCopyright 2012, Mary Ann Liebert, Inc.To cite this article:Daniel W. Bowles.Persons Registered for Medical Marijuana in the United States.Journal of Palliative Medicine.Jan 2012.9-11.http://doi.org/10.1089/jpm.2011.0356Published in Volume: 15 Issue 1: January 23, 2012PDF download

Cannabiz: the explosive rise of the medical marijuana industry

Cannabiz tells one the most important political and business stories of our generation: the transformation of a counterculture movement into a growth industry with staggering potential. Charting the rise of medical marijuana in California and 14 other states, award-winning journalist John Geluardi vividly recounts the movement’s early activism, its legal challenges and victories, and its emergence as a commercial and political force. Tracing the history of marijuana in the United States, Cannabiz also reports on the industry’s key players, political allies and opponents, internal strife, and audacious aspirations—including a 2010 ballot initiative to legalize the adult use of marijuana in California. Along the way, Geluardi describes local efforts to regulate dispensaries, ranging from workable ordinances in some cities to bureaucratic paralysis in Los Angeles, where dispensaries came to outnumber McDonalds franchises. He also reports on efforts in Humboldt County, the heartland of marijuana cultivation, to keep pot illegal—and prices high. Adroitly profiling this unique industry, Cannabiz tells a distinctively American story—one whose colorful characters and fascinating details evoke Prohibition and the Gold Rush.

Tracing retail cannabis in the United States: Geographic origin and cultivation patterns

Background Although cannabis is the most readily available and widely used illicit drug in the United States, there remains significant uncertainty about the importance of different production regions and trafficking patterns. Methods We analysed 628 “retail” cannabis seizures from over 50 municipalities across the United States for hydrogen and carbon isotope ratios to predict their growth locations and environments. Results Results are presented for 22 consolidated retail locations across the United States. Evaluation of specimens from within these retail areas suggested that cannabis seizures had region-dependent origins, often from both domestic and foreign sources, and although indoor growth was common in many areas, there was also regional dependence in the proportions cultivated under indoor versus outdoor conditions. Conclusion Street-available cannabis exhibits region-specific trafficking patterns, both Mexican- and Canadian-grown cannabis are apparently widely available, and indoor-grown cannabis appears to be cultivated and trafficked in both warm and cool weather localities throughout the United States.

North Americans' Attitudes Toward Illegal Drugs

Public opinion polls conducted from 1969 to 2003 found a variety of opinions on the use, possession, and legalization of marijuana. Public opinion about legalizing marijuana use is increasing, but it is also increasing toward harsher penalties for those who possess a small amount of marijuana. Public opinion regarding the legalization of illegal drugs appears to be influenced by the times. The majority of Americans increasingly believe that the country has made some progress in dealing with the problems of illegal drugs, but Americans are also reporting more difficulty within their families related to marijuana. This article examines trends based in public opinion polls on the use of marijuana in the United States and Canada and discusses the social and political history of marijuana and the biophysical effects, medical uses, definitions, and previous research related to marijuana.

Explicit models make for better policy

Legal reforms in the Americas are influencing the public debate on cannabis policy. Uruguay and the two US states of Colorado and Washington have taken steps to regulate and legitimize the production, distribution, and use of cannabis and its derivatives. Earlier experiences with medical cannabis in the United States and limited access and production models in Europe have been insightful. However, these reforms are going further still, venturing into a new area of cannabis policy. A lack of empirical evidence regarding the effects of such reforms poses a challenge for policymakers. These examples will inform the design and implementation of any future cannabis policies. Therefore, a clear understanding of the details of each jurisdiction is necessary in developing future legal changes. Literature comparing the models of Uruguay, Colorado, and Washington is thin. This paper is based on an exhaustive examination of the laws, regulations, and discussions with regulators and functionaries of each jurisdiction. The research and analysis herein will provide policymakers with a greater understanding of the laws and regulations relevant to legal cannabis in these three jurisdictions, as well as draw to their attention some potential impacts and challenges of cannabis reform that require additional consideration to ensure public safety and health.

Very Long-Term Users of Marijuana in the United States: A Pilot Study

The authors recruited a sample of 37 Americans, aged 30-74, who had smoked marijuana on at least 5,000 separate occasions. These subjects were found to span a wide range of etiinic groups, educational backgrounds, occupations, and annual income; they did not display any obvious features which distinguished them from the population as a whole. They typically began smoking in the 1960s or early 1970s, and then continued to smoke heavily into middle adulthood because they felt that marijuana relieved unpleasant feeling states such as anxiety or depression. To our knowledge, individuals of this type have not previously been examined; further studies of older, long-term American marijuana users are needed.ResumenLos autores estudiaron una muestra de 37 Americanos de 30-74 años de edad, que han fumado marihuana en al menos 5,000 distintas ocaciones. Los sujetos eran de diferente procedencia étnica, nivel edueacional, situación laboral, e ingresos económicos; no presentaron ningun tipo de diferencia con respecto a la población general. Este grupo típicamente empezó a fumar marihuana en los años 1960 o a principios de los 1970, y continuaron fumando regularmente al illegar a adultos ya que manifestaron que fumar marihuana les ayudaba a deshacerse de sensaciones desagradables del tipo de ansiedad o depresión. Los autores no conocen de otros estudios publicados que hayan estudiado personas de éstas características; futures estudios de personas mayores que han fumado marihuana durante muchos años son necesarios.RÉSUMÉL'étude porte sur un échantillon de 37 américains, agés de 30 à 74 ans, qui ont fumé de la marijuana au minimum à 5,000 reprises. On trouve chez ces sujets un large évantail de groupes ethniques, de niveaux éducatifs, d'activités, et de revenus annuels; on ne repère pas de characteristiques manifestes qui les distinguent de l'ensemble de la population. Typiquement, ils ont commencé a fumer dans les années 60 et 70, et ils ont poursuivi à forte cadence à la maturité parce qu'ils ressentaient un effet de soulagement agréable de la marijuana sur leurs humeurs anxieuses ou dépressives. A notre connaissance, de tels sujets n'ont pas été examinés jusqu'à présent; des études ultérieures de sujets américains plus agés, consommateurs à long tenure de marijuana, sont souhaitables.

Marijuana in the "Third World": Appalachia, U.S.A

Exploring the nature, extent and consequences of the cultivation of marijuana in the United States, this book focuses principally on the 49 counties in Kentucky that form part of Appalachia.

Marijuana, Morality, and the Law

The increasing use of marijuana in the United States despite the harsh penalties for violation of anti-marijuana laws suggests the need for a reassessment of our present policies. Are the effects of the use of the marijuana drug sufficiently injurious to either the individual or society to warrant such severe legal intervention by the government? What are the social consequences of pursuing a prohibitionist policy backed up by the threat of severe penal sanctions? Just what are the limits of curbing deviant behavior through punitive legal control in a free and heterogeneous soci ety with diverse moral codes and life styles? These questions— along with a review of the development of the major anti-mari juana legislation, the changing composition of marijuana users, and some of the known effects of the drug—are explored in order to stimulate the kind of research and inquiry that will lead to a more realistic and informed basis for formulating and evaluating public policy on drug use.

U. S. Marijuana Legislation and the Creation of a Social Problem

(1968). U. S. Marijuana Legislation and the Creation of a Social Problem. Journal of Psychedelic Drugs: Vol. 2, Current Marijuana Issues, pp. 93-104.