Manufacturing Stage Research Articles

Development of pneumatic shoe press machine with integrated real-time cloud database system for SMEs footwear productivity

Abstract. This innovative effort focused on advancements in the shoe-making process by introducing a state-of-the-art pneumatic shoe press integrated with a real-time cloud database system tailored to the needs of small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs). This research aims to design and engineer a state-of-the-art pneumatic shoe press capable of printing complex designs on leather footwear. This machine can collect, send, and store production data in a cloud-based database, so as to monitor and analyze their manufacturing operations in real-time. The research methodology utilizes a structured approach from the design, manufacturing, assembly, operational testing, performance evaluation, and data analysis stages. The application of a pneumatic shoe press integrated with a real-time cloud database system provides various benefits for SMEs in the footwear industry. The system’s advantage lies in the use of a real-time cloud database that allows SMEs to gain immediate access to production data. The machine is capable of printing complex designs with high precision in one minute per pair of shoes. The product quality is good, so it can meet the standards of the shoe industry. This research successfully developed a pneumatic shoe press integrated with a real-time cloud database system, which can improve the productivity and quality of SMEs in the shoe industry. This technological innovation simplifies the manufacturing process, ensures the best product quality, and provides real-time production data.

Analysis of the level of optopedical rehabilitation in studying the microbiome and evaluation of the degree of fixation of removable plated prosthesis.

The widespread use of traditional removable prosthetics is explained by the relative simplicity of the technological stages of manufacture and determines its availability. The development of prosthetic stomatitis of the oral cavity is facilitated by poor fixation and stabilization of removable orthopedic structures. Microbiome biofilms formed on the surface of dental orthopedic structures can help reduce their service life and cause an inflammatory process of the oral cavity of microbial etiology during dental prosthetics in the process of orthopedic rehabilitation. The purpose of the study: to assess the level of adaptation of patients during orthopedic rehabilitation based on the study of the microbiome and the assessment of the degree of fixation of removable lamellar dentures. Qualitative and quantitative characteristics of the microbiome of prostheses at the stages of orthopedic pealitation were assessed; facultative anaerobic species belonging to the genera Staphylococcus, Micrococcus, Enterococcus, Streptococcus, Klebsiella prevailed;noted the elimination of microorganisms of the genera Bifidobacterium and Lactobacterium, yeast-like fungi of the species Candida albicans were isolated. An analysis of the index of fixation of prostheses showed an increase depending on the duration of use; a good level of fixation of prostheses was established in groups of patients.

A practical guide for implementing Zero Defect Manufacturing in new or existing manufacturing systems

The approach to achieving zero defects by using Industry 4.0 technologies is what constitutes Zero Defect Manufacturing (ZDM). However, its implementation is not a simple task since it requires careful design and new methods. The current literature on zero defect manufacturing lacks methods, tools, and guidelines for a successful shift toward ZDM implementation in manufacturing facilities aligned with the recent advancements in enabling technologies as well as data-driven approaches and models. In this paper, we propose a step-by-step practical implementation guide for achieving zero defects in modern manufacturing facilities. While considering the links with various ZDM strategies, this guide can be applied to both new and existing production systems. The proposed method has been tested with an industrial example that concerns the manufacturing of an electronics board in the case of a European semiconductors manufacturer. We demonstrated, using this industrial example, that the multi-criteria approach that has been proposed may effectively evaluate the potential risk of defects for each stage of manufacturing and the extent to which ZDM adoption is required.

Uniaxial tensile properties for bamboo and jute fabric reinforced natural rubber

Synthetic fibers were used as reinforcements for a long period of time due to their excellent properties and compatibility with natural rubbers. Tensile properties and manufacturability of natural fabrics- Jute and Bamboo are studied. Layer by layer type of composite was manufactured by compression moulding and the crosslinking of matrix and reinforcement was done by using chemlok 250 as adhesive. Properties obtained from the tests are given in this paper. Production was carried out in two stages, 1st stage was by using adhesive and the results were compared and based on these results 2nd stage of manufacturing was carried out without using adhesive and specimens of ASTM D412 standard die type A was obtained by water jet cutting. Tensile test was carried out on the basis of ASTM D412 standard. Results show that the strength of bamboo fabric as reinforcement increases the strength of material and can be used in many applications. Short fibers are always used as reinforcement in polymers for increasing their mechanical properties; one can also use the fabrics as reinforcement in different fields to increase the mechanical properties of the composites.

Economic sustainability assessment of a gypsum ceiling tile with polyurethane foam waste

The amount of plastics deposited in the environment is constantly increasing. To improve their circularity, numerous research lines emerge, such as the creation of new construction materials that incorporate polymeric waste. This practice manages to extend the life cycle of the waste, avoids the consumption of limited natural resources and gives the product additional characteristics. The re-use of polyurethane foam waste as a substitute for gypsum in ceiling tiles carries technical improvements such as a decrease in the weight of the material and in its thermal conductivity, maintaining a positive fire reaction performance. The goal of this work is to analyse its economic viability. For this, the financial assessments of the PU-Gypsum product and its standard alternative are compared. The results show that the Life Cycle Cost Analysis (LCCA) of the new precast is 6% cheaper. Despite the fact that the waste processing entails an extra cost, this is widely offset by the increase in the factory’s production capacity due to its shorter drying time. The manufacturing stage represents 3/5 of the total cost for both materials. The PU-Gypsum precast is an ideal market alternative to the traditional gypsum one with improved properties and proficient in an economic level.

Simulation in the temperature parameters control in the yogurt manufacturing process

Industry 4.0 was born in the 2010 decade under the automotive sector, in what would be known as smart manufacturing, the fourth industrial revolution, and the industry digital transformation through the data acquisition in industrial processes. It was a change in the goods production methods and generated a new social-economic dynamics. For this reason, the objective of this research is the “Simulation in the temperature parameters control in the yogurt manufacturing process” by using the National Instruments’ LabView v20 software, which allows the control of temperature parameters in fermentation tanks for yogurt manufacture. The yogurt manufacture comprises operations such as pasteurization (80 to 85 °C), followed by cooling (45 °C) of milk, and bacterial fermentation of milk, which provides the texture and flavor that characterize yogurt. To achieve this, a controlled temperature is required between 42 and 45 °C, being 43 °C the optimal temperature (set point). After the fermentation, the yogurt is cooled to a temperature of 5-10 °C for storage. It was necessary to place the thermometer, graph indicator, LED diodes, speed adjustment dial, and stop button in the front panel; on the other hand, VI, random number, multiplier factor, scan rate timer, and the Constant Indicator were placed in the block diagram. The diodes for every temperature parameter in the manufacturing process were enabled (on-off). As a result, by means of the LabView software, the temperature parameters’ control could be simulated in the yogurt manufacturing stages, namely, pasteurization, cooling to 45 °C, fermentation, and yogurt cooling. With this simulation, graphs and numeric data on the yogurt manufacture could be obtained.

Nuevos Métodos De Fabricación Basadas En Estructuras Sándwich Para Su Aplicación En Carrocerías

The transport sector has exerted and continue to be the driving force for the development of new materials and lightweigth solutions. The present study focuses on the work developed in a recently completed European project (CARBODIN https://carbodin.eu/) where one of the main objectives is to develop innovative and affordable solutions for advanced car body shells. Composite materials appear to be one of the most promising candidates to attain these ambitious targets. However, to overcome the cost barrier as well as meet additional railway requirements, new strategies such as process integration and novel manufacturing routes are needed, which will offer a cost-effective industrial solution. The case study corresponds to a C-Groove insert used as an anchoring point to hang passenger seats off the car body side walls, to fix Interior Panels or luggage racks. To improve this design, a trendsetting design was developed to integrate composite C-Grooves to Composite sidewalls. This work will display the details of such design as well as the optimal manufacturing strategy to achieve it. An out of autoclave (OoA) manufacturing process was assisted through different monitoring technologies such as resin arrival sensors and thermography to ensure high quality components. Additionally, a multi-material approach based on 3D printed technologies has been tackled. A thorough analysis of the joint has been performed and different integration approaches have been explored by designing co-cured and co-bonded manufacturing stages. Finally, several demonstrators have been made and tested to define the most promising integration approach and scaling up yet again to a larger demonstrator.

Effect of angulation on the 3D trueness of conventional and digital implant impressions for multi-unit restorations.

The study aimed to determine the influence of implant angulation on the trueness of multi-unit implant impressions taken through different techniques and strategies. As reference models, three partially edentulous mandibular models (Model 1: No angulation; Model 2: No angulation for #33, 15-degree distal angulation for #35 and #37; Model 3: No angulation for #33, 25-degree distal angulation for #35 and #37) were created by modifying the angulations of implant analogues. Using a lab scanner, these reference models were scanned. The obtained data were preserved and utilized as virtual references. Three intraoral scanning (IOS) strategies: IOS-Omnicam, ISO-Quadrant, and IOS-Consecutive, as well as two traaditional techniques: splinted open tray (OT) and closed tray (CT), were used to create impressions from each reference model. The best-fit alignment approach was used to sequentially superimpose the reference and test scan data. Computations and statistical analysis of angular (AD), linear (LD), and 3D deviations (RMS) were performed. Model type, impression technique, as well as interaction factor, all demonstrated a significant influence on AD and LD values for all implant locations (P < .05). The Model 1 and SOT techniques displayed the lowest mean AD and LD values across all implant locations. When considering interaction factors, CT-Model 3 and SOT-Model 1 exhibited the highest and lowest mean AD and LD values, respectively. Model type, impression technique, and interaction factor all revealed significant effects on RMS values (P ≤ .001). CT-Model 3 and SOT-Model 1 presented the highest and lowest mean RMS values, respectively. Splinted-OT and IOS-Omnicam are recommended for multi-unit implant impressions to enhance trueness, potentially benefiting subsequent manufacturing stages.

한국과 유럽의 신선식품용 EPS박스에 대한 전과정 환경영향평가

Expanded polystyrene (EPS) is the most commonly used fresh food refrigeration insulation in Korea and Europe. Moreover, as the use of disposable packaging materials has increased significantly along with non-face-to-face delivery services since the COVID-19 crisis, social issues related to waste disposal are also being raised. Therefore, in this study, the life cycle of EPS boxes for fresh food is focused on the factors that have a large difference between incineration and landfill including recycling in Europe and Korea in the disposal process after use, and raw materials and energy in the manufacturing process, which account for a large portion of the environmental impact value. We tried to compare the environmental impact of evaluation. Overall, the raw material production stage, box manufacturing stage, and packaging stage have similar processes in Europe and Korea, but unlike Europe, Korea, which lacks landfills and incineration facilities, has focused on expanding the recycling rate. It was necessary to do an environmental impact assessment. Data affecting the environment were derived based on 2019 and 2020 data for Korea and 2017 and 2020 data for Europe. In order to predict the future environmental impact assessment, assumptions about the disposal rate in 2025 and 2030 were introduced and evaluated. As a result of this study, it was found that the raw material production stage of EPS boxes, which have similar processes in both Korea and Europe, has the greatest effect on the global warming effect of Korean EPS boxes. However, Korea, which has a relatively high recycling rate in the disposal process compared to incineration and landfill, showed better environmental performance than Europe in most impact indicators except freshwater eutrophication. In particular, Korea has increased the overall recycling rate compared to Europe by replacing various recyclable materials such as building materials and sundries with XPS (extruded polystyrene) recycled materials. In conclusion, it was found that increasing the recycling rate rather than incinerating and landfilling EPS boxes for fresh food in the domestic EPS industry has relatively less environmental load compared to Europe.

ІНДУКОВАНА ПЕРЕБУДОВА КРИСТАЛІЧНОЇ СТРУКТУРИ ТА АКУСТИЧНИЙ ВІДГУК В НАПІВПРОВІДНИКАХ НА ОСНОВІ ТЕЛУРИДУ КАДМІЮ ДЛЯ ЗАСТОСУВАННЯ В ОПТОЕЛЕКТРОНІЦІ ТА АКТУАЛЬНИХ НАПРЯМАХ НАПІВПРОВІДНИКОВОЇ ТЕХНІКИ (ОГЛЯД)

The reliability and competitiveness of modern semiconductor electronic technology are determined by the level of existing technologies. These requirements set the task of increasing the efficiency of methods for obtaining and post-growth processing of semiconductor materials and structures, research and control of their properties at all stages of manufacturing and operation of products. The question of the quality and maximum reliability of a wide range of various structures and devices for multipurpose purposes, in particular, opto, photoelectronics, sensors, etc., and sometimes the need to use it at the most achievable physical and technical parameters, or in extreme conditions, is becoming increasingly important. The solution to these problems is based on a comprehensive study of the processes of defect formation, failure and destruction of semiconductor structures and devices based on them. In modern conditions, for this purpose, in particular, the method of acoustic emission (AE) is used, based on the registration, theoretical processing of acoustic pulses that arise as a result of the formation, local changes and destruction of the structure of the material under external load. The most widespread practical application in various branches of semiconductor electronics have found materials based on CdTe, given, in particular, basic data on methods and sources of acoustic response induced by external influences. This method makes it possible to obtain information about the state of a solid in the process of deformation, in particular, to detect in a non-destructive way the presence or appearance of dislocations and microcracks. The AE process allows you to determine the mechanical stresses and deformations at which there is a transition from elastic to plastic deformation (yield strength) of the crystal and subsequent destruction. AE, which occurs during the deformation of a solid in local areas, in particular, under mechanical loads, ultrasound, laser irradiation, radiation exposure and in other cases, may have a thermomechanical nature and occur as a result of heterogeneous heating, for example, during the flow of electric current through a heterogeneous medium. Mechanical, thermomechanical or thermobaric stresses appear in crystals under appropriate phase transformations, in particular, during melting during laser irradiation. Thus, AE is an effective non-destructive method for identifying the initial stages of degradation and subsequent destruction of semiconductor materials, structures and devices under various external influences. The main purpose of this review is to distribute AE from macro objects (in technical diagnostics and control of industrial and domestic structures) to micro-objects for materials and structures of low-dimensional electronics, to expand the scientifically conscious application of AE in experimental and practical work in various semiconductor materials and structures on the example of CdTe-based semiconductors (wide- and narrow-band).

Sustainable thinking toward to industry's future combined with new knowledge on greenhouse effect mitigation generated by the grinding process

Grinding is a machining process applied in the manufacture of components that require an excellent surface finish and high geometric and dimensional precision, being applied in the final stages of component manufacturing. Due to its high heat generation, grinding needs adequate lubrication and cooling methods, aiming to meet the demands of the ground component as well as to mitigate the environmental impacts resulting from the application of cutting fluids. Allied with this, the growing demand for new materials, such as advanced ceramics, has become a new challenge for grinding. In addition to being chemically and thermally stable, advanced ceramics are highly resistant to wear, making grinding this type of material difficult. Traditionally, cutting fluids have alkanolamines, nitrosamines, volatile organic compounds, mineral oils, hydrocarbons and heavy metals in their composition. Thus requiring proper disposal to inhibit groundwater and soil contamination, reducing immediate and long-term damage to the planet and society. That said, it is extremely important that scientific and technological advances in machining processes, especially grinding, allow for cleaner machining through techniques that reduce the need to apply large volumes of cutting fluid. In this sense, the minimum quantity lubrication technique (MQL) consists of applying a small amount of oil through a jet of compressed air, achieving results similar to the flood method in many cases. However, the lower cooling capacity of MQL is an obstacle to overcome. Thus, this work analyzed advanced grinding ceramics using a diamond grinding wheel combined with a new technology responsible for cleaning the grinding wheel (WCJ) under four different angles (0°, 30°, 60° and 90°). Surface roughness, roundness error, diametral wear of the grinding wheel, G ratio, grinding power, grinding cost analysis, and pollutant CO2 emissions involving each application were evaluated. As a result, the flood lubri-refrigeration method showed the best performance in roughness and surface roundness error values. However, the MQL + WCJ 30° presented similar results about the flooding method, proving competitive for industrial use. Furthermore, MQL applications led to lower CO2 pollution values than the flood method, making it a great green alternative for the environment.

New Dyestuff Production to Sensitively Determine the Sealing Capacity of the Implant Abutment Connection

Aim: In this study, it was aimed to synthesize a new dyestuff with fluorescent active properties, which can be easily produced and water-soluble, to be used in sealing tests.&#x0D; Materials and Methods:&#x0D; The sealing capacities of the implant abutment connection of the dental implant systems manufactured by ESTAŞ were determined spectroscopically by UV-Vis spectrophotometer using the synthesized dyestuff in the first stage. Thanks to the fluorescent active property of the dyestuff, the emission spectra were measured with the fluorescent spectrometer, which is highly sensitive to changes, and the sealing capacities could be determined more precisely, depending on time. In addition, the gap between the implant and the abutment connection was determined using a Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM), and the sealing capacities were evaluated from a different perspective. In addition, sealing tests of the same implant systems were also performed with methylene blue dyestuff and the results were compared. The efficiency of our synthesized dyestuff was determined.&#x0D; Results:&#x0D; The dyestuff to be used in the sealing tests of the implants was synthesized and characterized in a short time in our laboratory. The phthalocyanine compound from the porphyrin class was obtained as a result of the tetramerization reaction of the synthesized phthalonitrile derivative. The dyestuff, which can be synthesized in a short time like 10 minutes, was purified by taking advantage of the solubility difference and chromatographic methods. The obtained dyestuff was characterized by NMR, FTIR, UV-Vis, and MALDI-TOF MS. The results obtained are in harmony with the structure of the molecule. The dyestuff produced is water soluble and was especially used to determine the sealing capacity of the implant abutment connection of dental implant systems produced by ESTAŞ. The sealing properties of the implant were determined by spectroscopic methods such as UV-Vis and fluorescence. In addition, sealing capacities were evaluated with SEM. According to the results obtained, we can say that the synthesized dyestuff is a dye that can give spectroscopically more sensitive results than methylene blue.&#x0D; Conclusions:&#x0D; Dental implants, which are artificially placed in the mouth to support dental prostheses, have changed dental treatment methods to a large extent and become the most preferred successful technique. However, infection risks may occur during the treatment due to the formation of a gap between the abutment cap and the implant resulting from both the production and adaptation of the abutment cap, which is a part of the implant. For this reason, it is important that the implants produced are routinely sensitively checked for sealing and put into use. In addition, sealing control will contribute to the control and shaping of the process from the manufacturing stage of the implant.&#x0D; In line with all the data obtained, it has been determined that the implant types produced by ESTAŞ have a sealing capacity below the acceptable limits. In addition, it was observed that our newly synthesized dyestuff spectroscopically gave sensitive results in the sealing tests of implant systems.

An Integrated Methodology for Scenarios Analysis of Low Carbon Technologies Uptake towards a Circular Economy: The Case of Orkney

This study aims to create a comprehensive, holistic approach to evaluate the environmental, energy, and economic impacts of air source heat pump deployment scenarios through: (i) a life cycle assessment of air source heat pumps in Orkney houses, (ii) energy systems optimisation modelling to optimise the performance of an air source heat pump coupled with thermal energy storage tank to reduce use phase related impacts in Orkney, (iii) modelling of Orkney’s domestic building stock to understand the housing condition, and (iv) economic modelling to analyse the life cycle cost of an air source heat pump and potential savings when replacing conventional heating systems. The results show that an 82% reduction in energy supply could be achieved when ambitious energy efficiency improvement measures are adopted in the circular economy scenario. The use phase related emissions could be reduced by 98% when the air source heat pump becomes the only heating technology in Orkney. However, the life cycle-wide approach suggests that strong commitments are required in the manufacturing stage of these technologies through implementing circular principles, such as including the use of secondary materials, eco-design, and reusability of all components. Moreover, total heating costs paid by consumers in Orkney could be reduced by 84% in the circular economy scenario when air source heat pump uptake is coupled with energy efficiency improvement measures, but it requires a £130 million investment to insulate the whole housing stock of Orkney. Future scenarios indicate that decision-making has significant importance on overall results. Therefore, circular economy standards for air source heat pump manufacturing and deployment are crucial to reduce the negative impacts of fuel poverty and reach the net zero target.

Assessing the European Electric-Mobility Transition: Emissions from Electric Vehicle Manufacturing and Use in Relation to the EU Greenhouse Gas Emission Targets.

The European Union (EU) has set a 37.5% GHG reduction target in 2030 for the mobility sector, relative to 1990 levels. This requires increasing the share of zero-emission passenger vehicles, mainly in the form of electric vehicles (EVs). This study calculates future GHG emissions related to passenger vehicle manufacturing and use based on stated policy goals of EU Member States for EV promotion. Under these policies, by 2040 the stock of EVs would be about 73 times larger than those of 2020, contributing to a cumulative in-use emission reduction of 2.0 gigatons CO2-eq. Nevertheless, this stated EV adoption will not be sufficiently fast to reach the EU's GHG reduction targets, and some of the GHG environmental burdens may be shifted to the EV battery manufacturing countries. To achieve the 2030 reduction targets, the EU as a whole needs to accelerate the phase-out of internal combustion engine vehicles and transit to e-mobility at the pace of the most ambitious Member States, such that EVs can comprise at least 55% of the EU passenger vehicle fleet in 2030. An accelerated decarbonization of the electricity system will become the most critical prerequisite for minimizing GHG emissions from both EV manufacturing and in-use stages.

Efforts to Strengthen The Role Of Fisherman's Wife Through The Corporate Social Responsibility (Csr) Program To Improve The Family Economy In North Aceh Coastal Coastals

Fishing communities are included in disadvantaged groups in terms of economic, social and cultural conditions. Fishermen's income is very dependent on natural conditions and weather which is uncertain and cannot be ascertained, so the role of fishermen's wives to improve the family economy is very much needed. Article 74 of Law Number 40 of 2007 concerning Limited Liability Companies (UUPT) as the basis for implementing CSR principles in Indonesia which was followed up by the Government of Aceh by issuing Governor Regulation Number 65 of 2016 concerning Guidelines for the Implementation of Social and Environmental Responsibility that every private business entity is obliged to carry out CSR activities. The purpose of this study was to analyze the strengthening of the role of fishermen's wives to strengthen the family economy through the Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) program on the coast of North Aceh. This study uses a sociological juridical approach, the data source consists of primary data and secondary data. Primary data was obtained by conducting field research in several sub-districts in North Aceh District. Data collection techniques were carried out through interviews with the parties involved in this study. The results of the research show that the CSR program has not been carried out by the company as regulated in the laws and regulations. Programs that can be carried out by companies in strengthening the role of fishermen's wives are by conducting guidance or training to develop skills for fishermen's wives as a form of effort to support the fulfillment of the family economy. Training or guidance can be done for the business of making fish crackers. Guidance is carried out from the manufacturing stage to marketing. The training is carried out by bringing in a mentor from a successful entrepreneur who is experienced and has many awards, the company monitors and evaluates the development of the program. Suggestion: companies in North Aceh District to immediately run a CSR program to strengthen the role of coastal fishermen's wives in an effort to improve the family economy as stipulated in the legislation.

ОПРЕДЕЛЕНИЕ ЦЕНТРА ТЯЖЕСТИ БЕСПИЛОТНОГО ЛЕТАТЕЛЬНОГО АППАРАТА КОНВЕРТОПЛАНОВОГО ТИПА

The article analyzes research work in the direction of the correct location of the load center,centering and gravity of the aircraft at the design and manufacturing stage in order to improve theefficiency and safety of flights, as well as the characteristics of existing methods and means, and,using the example of a tiltrotor unmanned aerial vehicle, a methodology for using the known the"scale-graph" method, which is widely used in determining the center of gravity of an aircraft.When determining the mass of the tiltrotor-type unmanned aerial vehicle designed and developedby us and calculating the coordinates of the center of gravity, an analysis of the standard deviationand probable error was carried out. The characteristics and possibilities of practical applicationof mobile electronic scales as the main means of measuring the load of an unmanned aerialvehicle in stationary conditions, as well as direct weighing, which makes it possible to determinethe center of gravity, are considered. A method developed for determining the center of gravity ofan aircraft with increased accuracy is described, and a model for constructing the proposedsystem is presented. The results of theoretical and experimental studies carried out to determine the mass and center of gravity of an unmanned aerial vehicle are analyzed. To do this, inaccordance with the methodology, the plane of the laboratory table was brought to ahorizontal position with a level gauge and the measurement errors of digital measuringscales were checked according to the results of measuring the reference load. Themeasurements were repeated by changing the position of the scales clockwise. According tothe measurement results, since the center of gravity of the aircraft was taken differently onboth axes, and the intermediate point fell outside the central axis (to the right or left, front toback), repeated measurements were taken by shifting the load in the appropriate direction toensure centering during measurements. According to the final results, center of gravitydiagrams were constructed based on the calculated values of the coordinates of the points ofintersection of the diagonals and random slope values were determined. Based on thediagrams constructed using the program, the final graph was obtained with the root-meansquareerror of the deviation of the aircraft from the axis of symmetry, equal to σ=0.047 sm.

A Review of Renewable Energy and Storage Technologies for Automotive Applications

Review A Review of Renewable Energy and Storage Technologies for Automotive Applications Xiangnan Yu 1, Yuhai Jin 1, Heli Liu 1, Arnav Rai 1, Michelle Kostin 1, Dimitrios Chantzis 1, Denis J. Politis 2, and Liliang Wang 1,* 1 Department of Mechanical Engineering, Imperial College London, London SW7 2AZ, UK 2 Department of Mechanical and Manufacturing Engineering, University of Cyprus, Nicosia, 1678, Cyprus * Correspondence: liliang.wang@imperial.ac.uk Received: 29 September 2022 Accepted: 9 November 2022 Published: 25 December 2022 Abstract: Transportation, as the backbone of the modern economy, continues to be a significant contributing factor to environmental pollution and poor air quality. Whilst numerous efforts have been made to address energy consumption and emissions through the manufacturing and end use stages, the use of fossil fuels continues to grow at an exponential rate. A key target area to assist with fuel consumption reduction targets is the implementation of renewable energy combined with energy storage technologies. The aim of this review is to investigate various means of production for renewable energy and energy storage technologies with the specific focus on the automotive industry.

DESIGN OF PLC BASED TEMPERATURE CONTROL SYSTEM FOR FOOD STABILITY TEST CHAMBER

A stability test chamber simulates specific environmental conditions and tests a product or material in the manufacturing stage. The tested product or material is then analyzed about its shelf-life estimation related to the state and durability of the product for a certain period. The main parameter that must control accurately is temperature. Programmable Logic Controller (PLC) as an industrial computer control system has been widely used. In this paper, the temperature control system was designed based on PLC and supervisory control and data acquisition (SCADA). The PLC and SCADA would indirectly control the heater. The PLC was feeded from the temperature sensor for real-time temperature inside the test chamber. Received temperature value, compared to the temperature set point. The validation and verification of controlled temperature inside the chamber were also investigated. The system was designed on a miniaturized chamber using commercial PLC and SCADA, Stepper motor, slide regulator, heater, and the temperature sensor PT100. The temperature test point for validation and verification was performed at 35 °C, 45 °C, and 55 °C. The result showed that The PT100 successfully had an excellent response to the temperature test point. The correction value for temperature is as high as 0.6 °C with a deviation of 1 %.

A probabilistic framework for product health monitoring in multistage manufacturing using Unsupervised Artificial Neural Networks and Gaussian Processes

The emergence of highly instrumented manufacturing systems has enabled the paradigm of smart manufacturing that provides high levels of prognostics functionality. Of particular interest is to precisely determine geometric conformance or non-conformance of workpieces during manufacturing. This paper presents a new dimensional product health monitoring system that learns from in-process sensor data and updates the prediction of the product quality as the product is manufactured. The system uses data from multiple manufacturing stages, unlike from a single stage at a time, to predict the dimensional quality of the finished product that is updated with subsequent measurements such as On-Machine Measurements (OMMs), in on-line incremental learning fashion. It is based on self-supervised neural networks for dimensionality reduction, Gaussian Process Regression (GPR) models for probabilistic prediction about the end product condition and the associated uncertainty, and Bayesian information fusion for updating the conditional probability distribution of the end product quality in the light of new information. The monitoring approach was tested on the prediction of diameter deviations with validation results showing its ability to achieve an average accuracy better than 5 μm in terms of the Root Mean Squared Error (RMSE). Having obtained a Probability Density Function (PDF) for the measurand of interest, the conformance and non-conformance probabilities given the tolerance specifications are computed to support the principle of inspection by exception. This ability to construct a conformance probability-based product quality monitoring system using probabilistic machine learning methods constitute a step change to manufacturing prognostics.

The Development of Learning Media for 6th Grade Elementary School Solar System Courses-based on Android with Virtual Reality Technology

&lt;p&gt;This study aims to: (1) create learning media for android-based solar system subjects with virtual reality technology and (2) determine the feasibility of learning media for android-based 6th-grade solar system subjects with virtual reality technology. Solar system learning media for Android-based 6th-grade elementary school with virtual reality technology was developed using the Luther method through 6 stages: concept, design, material collection, manufacture, testing and distribution. The concept stage determines the objectives, materials, and content of the learning media that will be developed. The design stage is determining the material and storyboard. The material collection stage includes determining learning materials, Unity 3D assets, images, audio and others that support the learning media. The manufacturing stage is making learning media according to the predetermined design and storyboard. At the testing stage, we validated the product with media experts, material experts, and users. At the distribution stage, it produces media in the form of *.apk, which is uploaded to Google Drive. The validation of learning media is seen from the assessment of media experts, material expert assessments, and user assessments. Ratings obtained from all these aspects are 91.9% from media experts, 88.3% from the material, and 71% from users. The results of the three assessments have an average of 83.7%. From these results, it can be concluded that this learning media can be used as a learning medium.&lt;/p&gt;