Life Expectancy For Men Research Articles

Impact of age at HBsAg seroclearance on hepatic outcomes and life expectancy in men with chronic HBV infection based on multi-state modeling of the natural history.

The effects of age at HBsAg seroclearance on clinical outcomes and survival in chronic hepatitis B (CHB) have not been adequately assessed. We evaluated the impact of age at HBsAg seroclearance on long-term outcomes, along with how coexisting factors modified risks and life expectancy in CHB patients. We used multi-state modeling approach to examine transitions through the CHB continuum in a longitudinal cohort study of male civil servants recruited in 1989-1992. Hepatic outcomes and deaths were identified by clinical evaluation and linkage with national health databases. Four sets of risk factors (CHB-related, metabolic, lifestyle, and genetic factors) were assessed. Of 2551 HBsAg carriers, with follow-up until 2021 or death, 695 achieved HBsAg seroclearance, 490 developed cirrhosis (88 decompensated), 252 developed hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), and 652 died. The cumulative rates for HCC were 1.1% and 1.5% at 10years after HBsAg seroclearance, respectively, for patients achieving seroclearance at age 50 and 60; correspondingly, the rates for cirrhosis were 2.3% and 3.0%. Developing HBsAg seroclearance was associated with a reduced risk of cirrhosis (HR = 0.37, 95% CI 0.15-0.92) but not HCC. Patients experiencing HBsAg seroclearance lived longer years free of major liver diseases than HBsAg-persistent patients, and achieving seroclearance at age 50 (vs 60) led to a greater increase in the disease-free life expectancy. However, obesity and smoking were associated with adverse hepatic outcomes and loss of the disease-free life expectancy following HBsAg seroclearance. Our findings highlight the benefit of earlier HBsAg seroclearance for gains in disease-free life expectancy and the impact of obesity and smoking on loss of the life years free of major liver diseases following HBsAg seroclearance.

The Influence of Gender Inequality on Economic Growth in Riau Province 2012-2021

The purpose of this study was to determine whether the average length of schooling, life expectancy, and labor force participation rates affect economic growth with productivity levels as intervening variables in Riau Province in 2012-2021. The data used in this study was secondary data, which is a combination of time series and cross-section. The analytical method used in this study was multiple linear regression analysis using theory and data related to research. The results showed that the average length of schooling for boys had a negative and insignificant effect on economic growth in Riau Province. Meanwhile, the average length of schooling for women has a negative and insignificant effect on economic growth in Riau Province. From the results of the partial test, it can be concluded that the average length of schooling does not show gender inequality. Directly, the life expectancy for men has a negative and insignificant effect on economic growth in Riau Province. Meanwhile, life expectancy for women has a positive and insignificant effect on economic growth in Riau Province. From the results of the partial test, it can be concluded that there is gender inequality in life expectancy. Directly, the labor force participation rate for men has a negative and insignificant effect on economic growth in Riau Province. Meanwhile, the labor force participation rate for women has a negative and insignificant effect on economic growth in Riau Province. From the results of the partial test, it can be concluded that there is no gender inequality in the labor force participation rate. Indirectly, through the level of productivity, the average length of schooling for men has a positive and insignificant effect on economic growth in Riau Province. Meanwhile, the average length of schooling for women has a positive and insignificant effect on economic growth in Riau Province. From the results of the Sobel test, it was concluded that the average length of schooling does not have a relation to gender inequality. Indirectly, through the level of productivity, the life expectancy rate for men has a positive and insignificant effect on economic growth in Riau Province. Meanwhile, life expectancy for women has a negative and insignificant effect on economic growth in Riau Province. From the results of the Sobel test, it was concluded that there is a gender gap in life expectancy. Indirectly, through the level of productivity, the labor force participation rate for men has a negative and insignificant effect on economic growth in Riau Province. Meanwhile, the labor force participation rate for women has a positive and insignificant effect on economic growth in Riau Province. From the results of the Sobel test, it can be concluded that there is a gender imbalance in the labor force participation rate. The results of this study were influenced by gender inequality in terms of education, health, and employment which are categorized as experiencing low inequality so that they do not have much impact on economic growth in Riau Province. From the education side, as seen from the average length of schooling, it has no effect on economic growth in Riau Province, as well as from a health perspective, the high life expectancy rate does not have a serious impact on economic growth in Riau Province. Keywords: Gender Inequality; Productivity; Economic Growth

Impact of changes in malignant tumor death spectrum on life expectancy in Tianjin residents from 1999-2019

Objective: To analyze the effects of changes in the spectrum of deaths from malignant tumors on the life expectancies of residents of different ages, sexes, and regions (urban or rural) in Tianjin from 1999 to 2019. Methods: The Abridged Life Table method and the Arriaga's decomposition method were used to calculate the effects of changes in spectrum of deaths from malignant tumors on the life expectancies of Tianjin residents of different ages, sexes, and regions. Results: During 1999-2019, the life expectancies increased by 4.96 years and 5.69 years for males and females, respectively, in Tianjin. The decreases in the mortalities from malignant neoplasms contributed 0.12 year (3.30%) and 0.03 year (0.77%) for males and females, respectively, to the increase during 1999-2007, and 0.05 year (3.13%) and 0.12 year (6.08%) for males and females, respectively, during 2007-2019. The decreases in the mortality rates of malignant tumors contributed the most to the increase among residents in the 60-69 years group, and the decreases in mortality rates of lung, gastric, esophageal, and liver cancers had relatively larger contribution. Lung cancer had a negative effect on the life expectancies of men and rural residents, but a positive effect on those of women and urban residents. The significant increases in the mortality rates of lung, colorectal, and pancreatic cancers in the ≥85 years group had a large negative effect on the overall life expectancy. Breast and ovarian cancers contributed negatively to the life expectancy of female residents. Conclusion: The overall increase in the life expectancy in Tianjin from 1999 to 2019 was mainly attributed to the elderly and the decreases in the mortality rates of gastric, esophageal, and liver cancers, among other malignancies, while the increases in the mortality rates of lung, colorectal, gallbladder, pancreatic, and breast cancers were the most significant factors hindering the increase of the life expectancy in Tianjin.

Sex and gender differences in health and disease. Part II. Clinical and medical-social

An important condition for providing quality and safe care is to understand the differences between men and women in epidemiology, pathophysiology, risk factors, clinical performance of diseases, response to treatment and use of medical care. The first part of the review was devoted to the evolutionary mechanisms of differences in life expectancy and potential strategies for increasing life expectancy in men. The second part of the review examines sex and gender differences using the example of 3 groups of diseases, which, according to the World Health Organization, are the main causes of death in the European Region, in the programming of health and disease, as well as the reasons for the male-female health-survival paradox.

ТЕНДЕНЦИИ ТРУДОВОЙ ЗАНЯТОСТИ ПЕНСИОНЕРОВ В РАЗРЕЗЕ ЗАНЯТИЙ И ВИДОВ ЭКОНОМИЧЕСКОЙ ДЕЯТЕЛЬНОСТИ В 2017–2022 ГГ.

The purpose of the study is to analyze and evaluate trends in the employment process of pensioners in 2017 (before the reform) and 2022. The subject of the study is data on distribution by occupation (according to the All-Russian Classifier of Occupations-2014) and by type of economic activity of pensioners over working age by five-year age groups. The study used the method of dynamic and categorical comparison of employment characteristics of persons over working age. In the course of the study, the following tasks were solved: 1) general employment trends of working people over working age were determined; 2) employment trends of men and women of retirement age were identified; 3) features of employment dynamics by gender and age were established. An attempt was made to assess the contribution of previous pension generations (who were already old-age pensioners in 2017) to the change in indicators as a whole. Data indicate a steady decline in the number of workers of retirement age engaged in unskilled labor. The share of employed older workers in management positions is gradually declining. The most noticeable changes are occurring in the employment structure of men of retirement age, as their share among highly qualified specialists is declining. At the same time, the share of women in this category increased by 4 percentage points. There is a reduction in the share of older workers in organizations and enterprises with significant state participation and their flow into the sphere of trade and services. As a result of the study, a scientifically based conclusion was made that to level out the described negative processes, it is advisable (taking into account the difference in life expectancy of men and women) to reduce the retirement age limit for men.

Индикаторный подход в оценке процессов демографического старения в РФ

The demographic aging of the Russian Federation in the period from 2010 to 2020 is considered in the article. The evaluation of indicators such as aging coefficients and longevity coefficients for the Russian Federation, including regional coefficients, was carried out. The average age values of the Russian Federation population as a whole and its regions, taking into account the sexual structure, are analyzed, and the processes of aging feminization from 2010 to 2020 are evaluated. The estimation approach to the demographic aging in dynamics based on the aging indexes according to Dlugosz is proposed. The indexes of aging by Dlugosz for Russia and the Federal Districts of the Russian Federation in the time interval from 2002 to 2020 were obtained. Based on demographic load data, aging and longevity coefficients, values of average age, life expectancy of men who have reached 60 years, years, and aging indexes, indicator matrices of demographic aging for the Russia population and individual regions were compiled. It can be the basis for the development of strategic regional programs to solve demographic problems in the Federation subjects.

ACKNOWLEDGING ILLNESS WHEN LIFE IS “CUT SHORT”: INCREASED COMMUNION IN LEGACIES

Abstract Crafting a legacy is meaningful activity in later life (McAdams et al., 1993). Threat of dying affects how individuals frame their life legacy (Hunter, 2007). We argue feeling one’s life is being “cut short” may promote greater communion in legacies. Older individuals with cancer may, however, need to acknowledge their illness to create a communion-focused legacy. To assess being ‘cut short, we calculated expected years of life lost (EYLL): difference between participant age and average U.S. life expectancy for men and women (NCHS, 2022). EYLL and self-reported Acknowledgement of Illness were used to predict extent of communion shared in personal legacies. Participants were 204 older adults with cancer receiving outpatient palliative care (M=65.78 years, Range= 55-88 years, 65.69% women) who narrated their legacy during Dignity Therapy (Chochinov, 2005). Narratives were audio-recorded, transcribed and reliably (κ=.71–1) content-analyzed for communion themes (McAdams, 2001). Hierarchical regression analyses (adjusted for gender and cancer stage) examined EYLL, Illness Acknowledgement and their interaction. Interaction between EYLL and illness acknowledgment showed participants with more expected years to lose narrated more total communion but this was particularly true for those acknowledging they were terminally ill, F(7, 173)=2.42, p=.02. Overall, older adults with cancer appear to value communion as an important aspect of legacy. Note, however, that individuals whose life is ‘cut short’ were especially likely to weave communion into their legacy. This may indicate a need to cement their legacy during DT, given they have had less time to do so in daily life or formal documents.

Life expectancy inequalities between regions of China 2004-2020: contribution of age- and cause-specific mortality.

China's rapid economic and social development since the early 2000s has caused significant shifts in its epidemiological transition, potentially leading to health disparities across regions. This study employs Life Expectancy (LE) to assess health disparities and trends among China's eastern, central, and western regions. It also examines the pace of LE gains relative to empirical trends and investigates age and causes of death mortality improvement contributing to regional LE gaps. Using a log-quadratic model, the study estimates LE in China and its regions from 2004 to 2020, using census and death cause surveillance data. It also utilizes the Human Mortality Database (HMD) and the LE gains by LE level approach to analyze China and its regions' LE gains in comparison to empirical trend of developed countries. The study investigates changes in LE gaps due to age and causes of death mortality improvements during two periods, 2004-2012 and 2012-2020, through the LE factor decomposition method. From 2000 to 2020, China's LE exhibited faster pace of gains compared to developed countries. While men's LE growth gradually aligns with empirical trends, women experience slightly higher growth rates. Regional LE disparities significantly reduced from 2004 to 2012, with a marginal reduction from 2012 to 2020. In the latter period, the changing LE gap aligns with expected trends in developed countries, with all Chinese regions surpassing empirical estimates. Cardiovascular diseases and malignant neoplasms emerged as the primary contributors to expanding regional LE gaps, with neurological disorders and diabetes playing an increasingly negative role. LE disparities in China have consistently decreased, although at a slower pace in recent years, mirroring empirical trends. To further reduce regional LE disparities, targeted efforts should focus on improving mortality rates related to cardiovascular diseases, neoplasms, neurological disorders and diabetes, especially in the western region. Effective health interventions should prioritize equalizing basic public health services nationwide.

ВЛИЯНИЕ СМЕРТНОСТИ ОТ COVID-19 НА ИЗМЕНЕНИЕ ОЖИДАЕМОЙ ПРОДОЛЖИТЕЛЬНОСТИ ЖИЗНИ В СТАРШИХ ВОЗРАСТАХ В РЕГИОНАХ СЗФО РОССИИ

The article is a continuation of the study of life expectancy (LE) at older ages in the regions of the Northwestern Federal District of Russia [1] and is devoted to the analysis of the impact of mortality from the cause of death of COVID-19 on the life expectancy of men and women at older ages in the regions of the Northwestern Federal District of Russia. The paper presents the dynamics of life expectancy at birth and at older ages (60, 70 and 80 years) from 1990 to 2021. Particular attention is paid to the decrease in life expectancy in the period 2020–2021. The effect of excluding the cause of death from coronavirus infection on life expectancy in older ages has been studied. The regions with the maximum and minimum decrease in life expectancy during the pandemic were identified. The regions that would benefit the most and least from the exclusion of this cause of death were determined.

Unhealthy lifestyles and regional differences in life expectancy in Russia

ObjectivesThe study seeks to identify the impact of smoking, sports participation, and alcohol consumption on life expectancy of men and women in Russian regions. Study designWe use official data for 2014–2020 for 77 Russian regions. We estimate factors related to life expectancy separately for men and women to account for differences in their life expectancy and lifestyles. MethodsWe run fixed-effect models to estimate regional life expectancy depending on smoking, alcohol consumption, sport participation, healthcare characteristics, and demographical and economic factors. ResultsLife expectancy was negatively associated with alcohol consumption and smoking and positively with sport participation: a 1-L increase in alcohol consumption was attributed to a 1.6-month decrease in male life expectancy and to a 1.8-month decrease in female life expectancy. If the proportion of smoking women was halved, the increase in woman's life expectancy would be 4.6 months. If sports participation rates were doubled for men and women, the expected increase in their life expectancy would be 1 and 0.9 years, respectively. Other factors attributed to life expectancy were settlement type, income inequality, characteristics of regional healthcare systems, and the COVID-19 pandemic. ConclusionWe find significant variation in life expectancy across Russian regions that can be partly explained by unhealthy lifestyles. We suggest that policies aimed at improving national health in diverse countries such as Russia adjust healthy lifestyle measures to the needs of particular region.

Impact of Nutrition on Life Expectancy in Russian Regions

The paper studies the impact of nutrition on the life expectancy (LE) of men, as well as women in Russian regions. The empirical analysis is based on data from the Federal State Statistics Service. The panel data includes 1694 observations (77 regions of the Russian Federation in 2000–2021). The authors suggest a summary indicator of regional nutrition patterns based on the nutrition norms developed for 10 food groups by the Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation. The study was run using fixed effect models while controlling for indicators of the socio-economic development of regions.Econometric analysis shows that LE of men and LE of women increases with the decrease in the number of deviations from the regional nutrition norms. Alcohol consumption also reduces the LE of men and women, but the effect on men's life expectancy is more pronounced. As expected, the regional GRP per capita increases life expectancy, while inequality in income distribution leads to the LE decrease. The most important factor that positively affects LE of men, as well as LE of women is the proportion of urban citizens. In addition, LE is also affected by regional healthcare design: the number of doctors per 1000 people increases the LE of women; the number of hospital beds per 10 thousand people is associated with both the LE of men and LE of women. COVID-19 significantly contributed to the decrease in LE of men and especially of women. Its negative impact was already noticeable in 2020 but became particularly pronounced in 2021.The study draws attention to a significant regional variation in the LE of men and LE of women related, among other things, to deviations from the food consumption patterns. The findings may be of interest to regional authorities responsible for developing healthy nutrition policies in Russian regions and increasing the LE of men and women.

Are men dominant? Evidence of differences between physical activity and quality of life among older adults in China.

At present, the aging population is one of China's basic national concerns, and physical exercise offers endless potential to cope with it. However, the life expectancy of men in China is generally lower than that of women, and the health status of older men is more worrying. Could it be that differences in physical exercise cause the difference in life expectancy between older men and women? This study analyzes the exercise regimen of older men and women and its influence on their quality of life. Approximately 200 respondents aged over 60 were investigated using the SF-36 and exercise questionnaires. Our findings revealed the following: (1) The scores of seven dimensions of life quality of older men were significantly lower than those of older women (p < 0.001), but there was no significant difference only in physiological function (p > 0.05); (2) The exercise frequency and persistence of older men were significantly lower than those of older women (p < 0.001), but there was no significant difference in exercise time (p > 0.05); and (3) All eight indices of quality of life of older men were positively correlated with the four indices of exercise (0.250 < R < 0.597). Our study offered the following conclusions: (1) The health of older men who lack physical exercise is poor. From the perspective of healthy aging, older men are a vulnerable group that deserves more attention. (2) Within an appropriate range, the more older men participate in physical activity programs, the more conducive they are to improved health. (3) This study focuses on promoting physical exercise for older adults and suggests organizing them to participate in sports activities as an important measure to promote healthy aging in China.

Exploration of the Relationships between Men's Healthy Life Expectancy in Japan and Regional Variables by Integrating Statistical Learning Methods.

A quantitative understanding of the relationship between comprehensive health levels, such as healthy life expectancy and their related factors, through a highly explanatory model is important in both health research and health policy making. In this study, we developed a regression model that combines multiple linear regression and a random forest model, exploring the relationship between men's healthy life expectancy in Japan and regional variables from open sources at the city level as an illustrative case. Optimization of node-splitting in each decision tree was based on the total mean-squared error of multiple regression models in binary-split child nodes. Variations of standardized partial regression coefficients for each city were obtained as the ensemble of multiple trees and visualized on scatter plots. By considering them, interaction terms with piecewise linear functions were exploratorily introduced into a final multiple regression model. The plots showed that the relationship between the healthy life expectancy and the explanatory variables could differ depending on the cities' characteristics. The procedure implemented here was suggested as a useful exploratory method for flexibly implementing interactions in multiple regression models while maintaining interpretability.

Excess mortality associated with the COVID-19 pandemic during the 2020 and 2021 waves in Antananarivo, Madagascar

IntroductionCOVID-19-associated mortality remains difficult to estimate in sub-Saharan Africa because of the lack of comprehensive systems of death registration. Based on death registers referring to the capital city of Madagascar,...

What did COVID-19 really teach us about science, evidence and society?

What did COVID-19 really teach us about science, evidence and society?

Development and validation of a rurality index for healthcare research in Japan: a modified Delphi study

ObjectivesRural–urban healthcare disparities exist globally. Various countries have used a rurality index for evaluating the disparities. Although Japan has many remote islands and rural areas, no rurality index exists. This...

Contribution of specific age groups and classes of death causes &#x0D; to the life expectancy of the population of the Novosibirsk Region

Introduction. Life expectancy is an important public health criterion. An assessment of its trend, taking into account the contribution of individual causes of death, makes it possible to form a healthcare strategy at the regional level. &#x0D; The purpose of the investigation was to study the contribution of individual age groups and leading classes of death causes to the trend of the life expectancy for 2005–2020, the elimination reserves of the life expectancy of the population of the Novosibirsk Region in 2020. &#x0D; Material and methods. The calculations were based on mortality rates by gender, five-year age groups, and causes of death from the Russian Database on Fertility and Mortality of the Center for Demographic Research of the Russian Economic School. The methods of constructing brief tables of mortality, linear approximation, and the method of components were used to calculate the contribution of spesific age groups and causes of death to the trend of the life expectancy and its elimination reserves. &#x0D; Results. The increase in life expectancy in the Novosibirsk region during the study period took place in 2 stages. In 2005-2009 the growth of the indicator was largely ensured by reducing the mortality of people of working age, especially men, from external causes. Further increase in life expectancy in 2009–2019 associated with a decrease in mortality of people older than working age, in particular women from diseases of the circulatory system. In 2020, the coronavirus pandemic contributed to a decline in the life expectancy for men to the level of 2015, and for women until 2011.&#x0D; Limitations. Territorial, temporary. The trend in the life expectancy of men and women of the Novosibirsk Region for 2005–2020 was studied.&#x0D; Conclusion. When developing federal, regional socio-demographic programs, and planning the work of the healthcare system, it is necessary to take into account the identified features of the trend of mortality, life expectancy, and reserves for its increase. Particular attention should be paid to increasing the availability of medical care and programs for the health-saving behaviour spesific of the population.

Upaya Deteksi Dini Kanker Prostat Melalui Pemberdayaan Tenaga Kesehatan Posyandu Lansia Dinkes Kota Banjarmasin

Prostate cancer is one of the malignancies in men, the second most common cancer, and the sixth leading cause of death in men worldwide. The life expectancy of men in Banjarmasin City is increasing every year. As the elderly increase, the risk of prostate cancer also increases. Prostate Cancer Early Detection training is needed for health workers at Posyandu Lansia (Integrated Health Care Center for the Elderly) under the work area of Banjarmasin Health Office. The implementation of community service activities in the form of training on early detection of prostate cancer for health workers and cadres of Posyandu for the elderly in the Banjarmasin Health Office work area consists of 2 days of implementation, on 2 and 3 August 2022, at the Roditha Hotel Banjarmasin. Participants in this activity were 88 health workers and Posyandu cadres in the Banjarmasin City Health Office work area. Activities are carried out offline by implementing health protocols. This training activity includes a pretest, a presentation of training material by two speakers from FK ULM, a demonstration of the digital rectal examination technique (rectal toucher), discussion, response, and post-test. The success of this activity can be seen from the increase in knowledge (pretest average score of 35.88 and post-test of 76.18) and skills of health workers and Posyandu cadres in the Banjarmasin City Health Office work area regarding early detection and prevention of prostate cancer.

On the issue of forecasting social transfers for the macro-regions of Russia

The work is a continuation of the research carried out in 2017 and published in the journal “Economics and Mathematical Methods” (2018, N 4). The need is formulated in a force majeure situation for the country to prevent a sharp drop in the standard of living of the population of the country to increase the role of social transfers. A special role belongs to this in the conditions of the modern demographic situation in Russia. The expediency of the development and adoption at the level of the federal law of the Social Doctrine of the Russian Federation 2025–2030 is substantiated. The main provisions of such a Doctrine developed by N.M. Rimashevskaya and S.S. Sulakshin are considered. The basic principles of the Social Doctrine and its components are given. The scheme of interrelations of models in forecasting social transfers is given. The scheme of classification of regions of the Russian Federation for carrying out model demographic calculations based on the territorial-ethnic principle based on the values of indicators of natural population growth and the integral index of quality of life and its rank calculated by L.A. Migranova is given. It is recommended to carry out calculations using models as a 12-regional bundle. The influence of the level of GDP on the main demographic indicators is analyzed on statistical material. As examples of modeling demographic indicators as functions of GDP per capita, the following indicators were taken: total fertility rate; average age of women at birth; life expectancy of men at birth; life expectancy of women at birth. Indicators for evaluating the effectiveness of the social transfer system are proposed.

Estimating the Life Expectancy at Birth for Iranian Provinces during 2011-16

Background: Life expectancy at birth is a useful indicator of mortality across a population at a particular point in time. Due to the incomplete and different coverage of mortality data in the provinces of Iran, constructing a life table without data correction can have misleading results. In this study, after evaluating and correcting the mortality data, life expectancy at the national and provincial levels for the period 2011-16 has been estimated.&#x0D; Methods: This was a cross-sectional analysis. Regarding the period 2011 to 2016, mortality data were obtained by age and sex (2051602 deaths) from the National Organization for Civil Registration, and the population data were obtained by age and sex from the Statistics Center of Iran. After evaluating and correcting the mortality data regarding children and adults, through the life table technique, life expectancy at birth for the provinces Iran was calculated by sex.&#x0D; Results: The death registration regarding men and women, during 2011-2016, in the national level was 93% and 85% respectively. Moreover, the range of this coverage for the provinces has been between 70% and 98%. The life expectancy at birth for men was 73.1, and for women it was 76 years. Isfahan (77.9 for females and 74.8 for males) had the highest level of life expectancy at birth, and the lowest level was in Sistan and Baluchestan province (70.4 for females and 69.2 for males).&#x0D; Conclusion: Considering that there are important differences between the life expectancy of men and women in the provinces of Iran, identifying the causes of provincial differences in regarding life expectancy in the provinces of Iran can ultimately lead to improved life expectancy at the national level.