Mangrove Plant Research Articles

Dynamics of mangrove species dominant area changes in Timbulsloko and Bedono, Demak

Mangrove forests in Timbulsloko and Bedono villages have very important benefits in minimizing abrasion, due to tidal flooding and land absorption in this area. A large number of people have planted mangroves to restore the function of mangrove forests in coastal areas which conducted by NGOs, students, government agencies, and awareness from local residents. This study aimed to determine the dynamics of mangrove area and mangrove species dominant area changes in 2016, 2018, 2020 and 2022 based on Sentinel-2 Satellite Imagery processing, and to analyze the dynamic changes based on geospatial analysis. The method used in this study is divided into two: satellite imagery data processing and field survey. The result showed that the area of mangrove species in Timbulsloko and Bedono increased from 2016 to 2022. In 2016 the area of mangroves was 140.04 ha, 159.57 ha in 2018, 171.05 ha in 2020, and 234.8 ha in 2022. The use of Sentinel 2 Satellite Imagery to map the distribution of mangrove species dominant produce overall accuracy of 84.62%. The mangrove species with the highest area are Avicennia marina followed by Avicennia alba, Rhizophora apiculata, and Rhizophora mucronate. The increase in this area of mangroves in this area is due to natural additions and artificial additions due to mangrove planting conservation by several parties and the awareness of the local residents to protect mangroves.Keywords:Mangrove SpeciesDynamicsCoastal AreaSentinel 2Remote Sensing

Pemberdayaan Kelompok Masyarakat Desa Baddurih dalam Pelatihan Pengolahan Tepung Mangrove Subsitusi Tepung Terigu

Market demand for the availability of souvenirs typical of Madura with local wisdom is relatively high, so the business of processed fisheries and marine products, namely mangroves, can be the right choice to start a business in order to improve the economy of a creative community. To fulfill this, efforts to increase production are needed. The partner of this program is the “Alam Mangrove” group in Baddurih Village, Pademawu District. Partners have a strong desire for entrepreneurship, especially in fulfilling various types of wet and dry cake snacks where the flour is obtained from mangrove plants or marine and fishery products. However, the limited variety of cakes from marine and fishery products is a separate problem faced by partners in the context of processing flour products to meet the needs of existing culinary businesses. Limitations in the processing of fishery products require careful thought in efforts to empower something that is productive to become a creative economy. This program is carried out using training and mentoring methods including training in product manufacturing and cultivation training in product marketing management while mentoring is carried out in training, marketing and financial analysis. In the mentoring phase, monitoring and evaluation will also be carried out to ensure the sustainability of the program. The output of this program is the increased production of fishery products from the fishermen's group in Lembung Village. Other outputs from this program are publications in Proceedings and national scientific journals with ISSN, e-ISSN and publications in mass media

Assessment of metal bioavailability in sediments and bioaccumulation in edible bivalves, and phyto-remediation potential of mangrove plants in the tropical (Kali) estuary, India

The bioavailability of metals (Fe, Mn, Zn, Cu, Co and Ni) in sediment cores (K-1, K-2, K-3 and K-4) and bioaccumulation in edible bivalves were studied to determine the toxicity of metals in the Kali Estuary, India. Enrichment Factor (EF) construed anthropogenic sources of Zn, Co and Ni, while Geo-accumulation Index (Igeo) revealed pollution of Zn and Ni based on total metal analysis. The Pollution Load Index (PLI >1) supported anthropogenic origin of metals in estuary. Metal speciation study indicated bioavailability of metals in sediments. The bioavailable Mn and Co equalled/exceeded the Apparent Effect Threshold (AET) limit (cores K-1, K-3 and K-4) and indicated toxicity to estuarine biota. The metals in Metetrix casta (Fe, Mn, Zn, Cu, and Ni), Saccostrea cucullata (Fe, Mn, Zn, Cu, Co and Ni) and Villorita cyprinoides (Fe, Mn, Zn, Cu, Co and Ni) exceeded the permissible bioaccumulation limit. Thus, revealed metal toxicity to bivalves and labelled them un-safe for human consumption. Translocation Factor (TF > 1) indicated the use of Kandelia candel in phyto-remediation of Fe, Zn, Cu, Co and Ni at station K-3, and Sonnaretia caseoloris in phyto-remediation of Fe, Zn and Ni at station K-4.

Mangroves Addition as Innovation for Sustainable Tourism

Grand Maerokoco is a tourist site in Semarang, located close to Marina beach. The presence of mangroves in Maerokoco, is expected to protect it from the coastal disaster, as well as to make it as a new attraction. This study assessed the benefits of mangroves addition in Grand Maerokoco according to visitor perception, economic valuation toward mangrove plantation in there, and its ability to reduce noises. Visitor perception could be known by conducting interviews. Economic valuation measurement employed was TCM (Travel Cost Method). Then for determining the ability to reduce noises, a noise measurement using sound level meter was conducted. Based on visitor perception, existence of mangroves in Grand Maerokoco can increase the attraction, increase the number of visitors, make the air cooler and cleaner, reduce the noise, and prevent the entry of coastal floods. The existing noise known at some point of crowds is still below the threshold standards of the EPA (Environmental Protection Agency), caused by mangroves in Maerokoco are high and dense. The potential consumer surplus value per individual per visit is Rp717,792.00. The value indicates the visitors get the benefits of environmental services greater than the cost incurred. For increasing the values, utilizing mangroves for education and agribusiness functions, along with maintenance should be done. 

Mangrove Plantation in Indian Sundarbans: Development of Coastal Livelihood and Averting Climate Change

Mangrove Plantation in Indian Sundarbans: Development of Coastal Livelihood and Averting Climate Change

Evaluasi Pertumbuhan Anakan Mangrove Hasil Restorasi di Suaka Margasatwa Pulau Rambut, Kepulauan Seribu

Pulau Rambut Wildlife Reserve (SMPR) is a conservation area located in the Thousand Islands. The status of a conservation area makes Pulau Rambut an area that must be preserved so its ecosystem functions can run optimally. One of the efforts to restore the function of the mangrove ecosystem in SMPR is to carry out the restoration. This study aims to determine the success rate of mangrove planting in the Pulau Rambut Wildlife Reserve (SMPR) and measure the growth and health condition of the planted seedlings. The data taken in this study were the number of seedlings, the height of the shoots of the seedlings, the diameter of the seedlings' stems, and the seedlings' health conditions. Mangrove planting at SMPR showed a low survival rate of 27,19% at Station I the northwestern part of the island) and 13% at Station II (northern part of the island). Station, I had an average height of seedlings of 31,08 cm, lower than the average height at Station II, which was 43.48 cm. The average diameter of seedlings at Station I (0,76 cm) is relatively the same as the average of seedlings at Station II (0,75 cm). In contrast, the proportion of healthy mangrove seedlings at both stations is relatively low (<11%).
 Keywords: Evaluation of planting, mangrove, Pulau Rambut Wildlife Reserve, restoration

Anti-pathogenicity of Acanthus ilicifolius leaf extracts against A. hydrophila infection in Labeo rohita fingerlings

Antibiotic resistance has become one of the inevitable barrier in aquaculture disease management. Herbal drugs has evolved to be the novel ways of combating drug resistant pathogens. In the current investigation, leaf extracts of mangrove plant, Acanthus ilicifolius were assessed for in vitro studies, among the selected four extracts, methanol extract has expressed highest antibacterial activity against P .aeruginosa (4 ± 0.3 mm), A. hydrophila (5.9 ± 0.5 mm), S. aureus (3.5 ± 0.7 mm) and B. subtilis (2.9 ± 0.5 mm) and antioxidant activity, DPPH (81.3 ± 1.0 AAEµg/ml) and FRAP (139.1 ± 1.5 AAEµg/ml).TPC and TFC were higher in the methanolic extract and has exhibited positive correlation with both DPPH and FRAP assays. Considering the in vitro efficiency, methanol extract was purified successively by column and thin layer chromatography and characterisation by GC–MS unveiled the presence of 2-Propanethiol, Trimethylphosphine, Pentanoyl chloride, Dimethylhydroxymethylphosphine and Propanedinitrile, ethylidene. A. hydrophila infected L. rohita fingerlings has survival percentage 81% and 94% in extract treated groups over 0% in negative control and 71% in positive control.

Inventory of cadmium-transporter genes in the root of mangrove plant Avicennia marina under cadmium stress

Mangrove Avicennia marina has the importantly potential for cadmium (Cd) pollution remediation in coastal wetlands. Unfortunately, the molecular mechanisms and transporter members for Cd uptake by the roots of A. marina are not well documented. In this study, photosynthetic and phenotypic analysis indicated that A. marina is particularly tolerant to Cd. The content and flux analysis indicated that Cd is mainly retained in the roots, with greater Cd influx in fine roots than that in coarse roots, and higher Cd influx in the root meristem zone as well. Using transcriptomic analysis, a total of 5238 differentially expressed genes were identified between the Cd treatment and control group. Moreover, we found that 54 genes were responsible for inorganic ion transport. Among these genes, AmHMA2, AmIRT1, and AmPCR2 were localized in the plasma membrane and AmZIP1 was localized in both plasma membrane and cytoplasm. All above gene encoding transporters showed significant Cd transport activities using function assay in yeast cells. In addition, the overexpression of AmZIP1 or AmPCR2 in Arabidopsis improved the Cd tolerance of transgenic plants. This is particularly significant as it provides insight into the molecular mechanism for Cd uptake by the roots of mangrove plants and a theoretical basis for coastal wetland phytoremediation.

Does Spartina invasion affect the carbohydrate assimilation of polychaetes in mangroves? A case study in the Zhangjiang Estuary Mangrove National Nature Reserve

Carbohydrates, which form a large pool of carbon in plant litter, are a major driver of litter dynamics and benthic food webs in Spartina-invaded mangrove ecosystems. However, there are large gaps in knowledge regarding the effects of exotic leaf litter carbohydrates on benthic carbon assimilation. In this study, the dynamics of carbohydrates, including cellulose, lignin and monosaccharides (glucose, mannose, galactose, xylose and arabinose), during the leaf litter decomposition of the exotic Spartina alterniflora (SA) and the native mangrove plant Kandelia obovata (KO) were analyzed and compared. Meanwhile, the differences in the δ13C values of cellulose and lignin were used to analyze the utilization of leaf litter carbohydrates by polychaetes after Spartina invasion. Our results showed that the decomposition rate of exotic SA leaf litter was lower than that of KO leaf litter. The contents of cellulose, glucose and galactose in SA leaf litter were higher than those in KO leaf litter (P < 0.05). The decomposition rates of cellulose and monosaccharides (arabinose, xylose, mannose and galactose) in KO leaf litter were faster than those in SA leaf litter (P < 0.05). However, there was no significant difference in the decomposition rates of lignin in the leaf litter between exotic SA leaf litter and native KO leaf litter (P > 0.05). In the native KO plot, the carbohydrates of KO leaf litter contributed to >55% (cellulose, 26.91–28.02%; lignin, 28.05–28.64%) of the organic carbon sources of polychaetes. However, in the exotic SA plot, the carbohydrates of exotic SA leaf litter contributed to >65% (cellulose, 36.83–38.30%; lignin, 28.47–30.52%) of the organic carbon sources of polychaetes. The obtained results suggested that Spartina invasion increased the assimilation of cellulose by polychaetes. The high content and low decomposition rate of cellulose in the carbohydrates of exotic SA leaf litter might be important mechanisms for the carbon assimilation changes in the benthos of Spartina-invaded mangrove ecosystems. Given that Spartina has colonized in the Zhangjiang Estuary Mangrove Reserve, this study provides a theoretical basis for the recovery of benthos after ecological restoration. Furthermore, the mechanisms of carbohydrate assimilation by different benthos of different ecosystems should be comprehensively considered in the future.

SALINITY AND PARENT-OF-ORIGINS AFFECT LEAF NEOGENESIS OF Avicennia officinalis L. IN THE SUNDARBANS, BANGLADESH

Photosynthetic efficiency as well as growth of mangroves are closely associated with its new leaf production and leaf area. Avicennia officinalis L. is one of the exclusive and ecologically significant mangrove pioneer tree species in the Bangladesh portion of the Sundarbans. The effect of salinity and parent-of-origins on the new leaf production and leaf area of the mangrove A. officinalis in the less salinity zone (LSZ), moderate salinity zone (MSZ) and high salinity zone (HSZ) of the Sundarbans were studied under experimental conditions in a randomized block design. The results of the experiment highlighted that the number of new leaf production and leaf area of A. officinalis from the less, moderate and high salinity zones were reduced significantly (p&lt;0.05) with the increase in salinities. Yet, new leaf numbers as well as leaf area of this species did not differ significantly (p&lt;0.05) between and among the three salinity zones from 0 to 20 ppt salinities. However, from 25 ppt and above salinities, the new leaf numbers and leaf area of the moderate and high salinity zones were significantly higher (p&lt;0.05) compared to less salinity zone. Hence, saline environments and parental origins affected leaf neogenesis, and thereby influence the growth of this species. Therefore, the seedlings of A. officinalis of moderate and strong salinity zones origin can sustain in the increasing saline environments, and thereby contribute to the sustainable vegetation cover of the Sundarbans. Further, A. officinalis seedlings generating from the MSZ and HSZ can be used for mangrove plantation establishment in the high salinity areas of Bangladesh.

Implementation of the Mangrove Conservation Programme in Gunungsitoli City, North Sumatra

This article discusses how the company's mangrove conservation program is implemented. The research method is descriptive qualitative with a constructivist approach. Data collection techniques using interviews, observation, and documentation studies. The company involves third parties in running its program. the third party is the North Sumatra Human Initiative. There are at least five stages carried out by the North Sumatra Human Initiative in implementing this program, including: 1) Location Survey, 2) Seed Preparation, 3) Land Preparation, 4) Seed Submission and 5) Mangrove Planting. Then, for the output of this program there are at least three, first there are mangrove plants that have been planted in Humene Village and Simanaere Village which are two villages in Gunungsitoli City. The number of seeds that have been planted is 1000 stems. The second outcome was that there were activity participants who understood the urgency and how to preserve mangrove ecosystems by direct practice of clearing land and planting mangrove seedlings. The third outcome is that the activity participants know the utilization and examples of processed mangrove products and their hopes to protect the mangrove plants that have been planted at this event.

Wastewater Problems Analysis and Their Treatment Using Eco-friendly Techniques: An Overview

In the current changing environment where almost all activities involve the use of clean water, waste water is discharged in a huge amount, which not only pollutes the environment but also causes many diseases in human as well as in animal. The scarcity of the most limited natural resource, "clean water" for daily use is decreasing day by day. So, the present study was done to assess various harmful effects of wastewater and techniques to overcome these effects through different plant-based wastewater treatment methods. There are few researches conducted to overcome the problem of wastewater biologically, the researchers used different plans to treat wastewater which absorb toxic substances up to a greater extent and clean the water efficiently. In the current study, some environmentally friendly wastewater treatment techniques—such as seaweed-based flocculants, mangrove plants, phyto-accumulation, Phyto remediation etc.—are discussed in order to better understand how they work and to advocate for their widespread use.

Implementation of the Pertamina Niaga Terminal Dumai CSR through a Community-Based Mangrove Tourism Program (Study on Tourism Awareness Groups)

The problem in Indonesia that until now has become a topic of conversation is the issue of environmental damage. The existence of the issue of environmental damage due to low public awareness of the potential that exists in the area. One of the causes of the issue of environmental damage, namely mining in Indonesia is increasing from year to year. The presence of CSR PT Pertamina IT Dumai gives its social responsibility to the community to help develop mangrove ecotourism in Dumai Riau. Through programs, assistance, and infrastructure assistance. Pertamina Niaga CSR (Corporate Social Responsibility) IT Dumai provides assistance in the process of developing mangrove tourism to make it more optimal. The role of CSR (Corporate Social Responsibility) Pertamina IT Dumai chose this location because of the potential of mangrove plants which have many functions, one of which is the prevention of natural disasters. For this reason, the establishment of Mangrove Ecotourism aims to exploit the potential of mangrove forests to increase the economic value of the local community. Through the development of ecotourism. The Mangrove Ecotourism Development Program also helps create new jobs for people in the area through the POKDARWIS (Tourism Awareness Group) community. The group is supported by Pertamina IT Dumai CSR and is provided with infrastructural facilities, assistance. The goal is that mangrove ecotourism can develop and be known by foreign circles.

Establishment of a standardized ethanolic extract of Avicennia officinalis leaves in Vietnam

The mangrove plant Avicennia officinalis is widespread throughout the subtropical coast and is known for its many pharmacological properties, such as antibacterial, antiulcer, anti-inflammatory, anti-cancer, and antioxidant. This study determined the physicochemical parameters of the standardized extract, qualitative by phytochemical screening and thin layer chromatography (TLC), qualitative total phenolic content, and the content of the marker compound by high-pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC). Compounds such as p-coumaric acid and cinnamic acid have been found to be major phenolic acids in the leaves of this plant. These results provided useful information for the evaluation of the quality of Avicennia officinalis raw materials and its commercial products. The parameters of the ethanol extract of Avicennia officinalis leaves were obtained as follows: the loss of dry weight (10.9±2.09%), total ash content (22.31%), microbiological limits achieved to meet the requirements of medicinal standards, and total heavy metal content not detected. The content of total phenolics determined amounted to 81.83 mg GAE/g extract. The quantification method by HPLC was validated according to AOAC, and the content of two markers in the extract was p-coumaric acid (1.19 mg/g) and cinnamic acid (3.82 mg/g). The outputs of this research will be standardized extracts that’s the source of medicinal plants in Vietnam.

Survival of young planted mangroves in a calm bay environment during a tropical cyclone

The efforts of mangrove plantations are not always successful, and the reasons for their failure remain unclear. In this study, the growth of planted mangroves (Kandelia sp.) was monitored in a mangrove forest on Amami Island, Japan, to investigate their survival over the first three years. A strong typhoon passed near the island 16 months after planting. Although the mangroves were planted at the frontal edge of the intertidal zone, most of young mangroves survived without visible damage. The external forces acting on the plants, such as wave forces, storm surge forces, wind drag forces, and oscillatory acceleration, were estimated by applying an integrated analysis model for tropical cyclones, storm surges, wind waves, and plant kinematics. These analyses yielded three main results. First, although large waves over 10 m in height were generated offshore, the mangrove forest was located in the innermost part of the bay, resulting in considerable wave attenuation. Second, the wave period in the bay was much shorter than that in the open ocean, which may have promoted resonance between waves and mangrove plants. The oscillatory acceleration of the young mangroves was estimated to have approximately the same magnitude as that of the gravitational force. Third, the young mangroves could withstand a fairly strong typhoon, but this may have been fortuitous because the timing of the adverse wind wave conditions coincided with low tide. It is estimated that if the tides had been higher, the oscillatory acceleration would have been five times that of the gravitational acceleration. Although this study only presents examples of specific mangrove species in a particular location, the findings can be used to improve the attempts to restore mangrove forests and thereby protect coastal settlements from the adverse effects of tropical cyclones.

Cloning and Expression of Class I Chitinase Genes from Four Mangrove Species under Heavy Metal Stress.

Chitinases are believed to act as defense proteins when plants are exposed to heavy metal stress. Typical Class I chitinase genes were cloned from Bruguiera gymnorrhiza, Rhizophora stylosa, Kandelia obovata, and Avicennia marina using the methods of reverse-transcription-polymerase chain reaction and rapid amplification of cDNA ends. All four cDNA sequences of chitinase from the mangrove plants were 1092 bp in length and consisted of an open reading frame of 831 bp, encoding 276 amino acids. However, there were differences in the sequences among the four mangrove species. Four gene proteins have a signal peptide, are located in the vacuole, and belong to the GH19 chitinase family. The sequence of chitinase was highly similar to the protein sequences of Camellia fraternal chitinases. A real-time polymerase chain reaction was used to analyze the chitinase expressions of the above four mangrove species exposed to different concentrations of heavy metal at different times. The gene expression of chitinase was higher in Bruguiera gymnorrhiza leaves than in other mangrove plant species. With an increase in heavy metal stress, the expression level of Bruguiera gymnorrhiza increased continuously. These results suggest that chitinase plays an important role in improving the heavy metal tolerance of mangrove plants.

An Aquaporin Gene (KoPIP2;1) Isolated from Mangrove Plant Kandelia obovata Had Enhanced Cold Tolerance of Transgenic Arabidopsis thaliana.

Aquaporins (AQPs) are essential channel proteins that play central roles in maintaining water homeostasis. Here, a novel aquaporin gene, named KoPIP2;1, was cloned from the mangrove plant Kandelia obovata by RACE technology. The KoPIP2;1 gene was 1404 bp in length with an open reading frame (ORF) of 852 bp, encoded with 283 amino acids. Database comparisons revealed that KoPIP2;1 protein shared the highest identity (91.26%) with the aquaporin HbPIP2;2, which was isolated from Hevea brasiliensis. Gene expression analysis revealed that the KoPIP2;1 gene was induced higher in leaves than in stems and roots of K. obovata under cold stress. Transient expression of KoPIP2;1 in Nicotiana benthamiana epidermal cells revealed that the KoPIP2;1 protein was localized to the plasma membrane. Overexpressing KoPIP2;1 in Arabidopsis significantly enhanced the lateral root number of the transgenic lines. KoPIP2;1 transgenic Arabidopsis demonstrated better growth, elevated proline content, increased superoxide dismutase (SOD) and peroxidase (POD) activities, and reduced malondialdehyde (MDA) content compared with the wild-type Arabidopsis when exposed to cold stress. The findings suggest that overexpression of KoPIP2;1 probably conferred cold tolerance of transgenic Arabidopsis by enhancing osmoregulation and antioxidant capacity. This present data presents a valuable gene resource that contributes to the advancement of our understanding of aquaporins and their potential application in enhancing plant stress tolerance.

Of

Antimicrobial drug resistance is gradually increasing throughout the globe, and there is practically no newer antimicrobial agent coming soon. Plant secondary metabolites are well known for their various biological activities, and there are few studies targeting mangrove plants. Thus, in this study, we aim to assess the effectiveness of the ethanolic extract of the flowers of Avicennia marina, a commonly found mangrove species in coastal regions, against multi-drug resistant (MDR) microorganisms. The study focused on evaluating the extract's antibacterial activity against Staphylococcus aureus (ATCC 29213), Escherichia coli (ATCC 25922), Escherichia coli (MDR), Klebsiella sp. (MDR), Acinetobacter sp. (MDR), Pseudomonas sp. (MDR). The results of the study demonstrated that the flower extracts of Avicennia marina exhibited noteworthy antimicrobial properties against all the tested MDR microorganisms. The plant contains several bioactive compounds, such as flavonoids, tannins, and alkaloids, which are believed to contribute to the observed antimicrobial effects. These findings indicate that Avicennia marina flowers could serve as a valuable natural source for developing antimicrobial agents that could combat drug-resistant bacterial infections. However, future studies should focus on evaluating the efficacy and safety of this extract in live organisms (in vivo) to determine its potential as a new drug for treating resistant infections.

Large‐scale changes in macrobenthic biodiversity driven by mangrove afforestation

Abstract Large‐scale anthropogenic mangroves have been constructed in coastal regions worldwide but our understanding of their ecological effects is limited. In particular, the question of whether and how anthropogenic mangroves influence biodiversity patterns remains elusive. Here, we investigated the influence of large‐scale anthropogenic mangroves on biodiversity patterns of mangrove macrobenthos. Specifically, we measure and seek to explain differences in species richness, abundance, assemblage composition and distance‐decay effect before and after the construction of anthropogenic mangroves. We surveyed assemblages of gastropod, bivalve and crab species over a wide latitudinal extent (24–28°N) in subtropical China. For each, we calculated species richness, abundance, assemblage composition and distance‐decay relationship before and after the construction of anthropogenic mangroves. After the large‐scale anthropogenic mangroves, we found species richness of gastropods, bivalves and crabs increased by 23.81%, 100% and 20%, respectively. The distance‐decay effects of gastropods and bivalves decreased by 25% and 91.43%, while that of crabs remained virtually unchanged, which mediated by increased dispersal rate of macrobenthos. With mangrove plantation, compositional similarity of crab and bivalve assemblages increased by 28.57% and 38.46%, suggesting that large‐scale monospecific planting exacerbate biotic homogenization. Altogether, these results indicate that large‐scale anthropogenic habitats increase the diversity of mangrove macrobenthos and change taxonomic compositions by reducing distance‐decay effects and increasing dispersal rate of macrobenthos. Synthesis and applications. We emphasize that afforestation of coastal wetlands can drive major changes in benthonic communities. Monitoring and assessing the ecological effects of the anthropogenic habitats for the presence of functional faunas will be important in determining the future coastal restoration and maintaining economic aquaculture. Quantifying those effects in terms of regional biodiversity composition will contribute to the management of coastal restoration to be based upon macroevidence rather than a one‐sided local perspective.

PENDAMPINGAN PROGRAM PENGEMBANGAN EKOWISATA MANGROVE SIMANJA SEBAGAI DESTINASI WISATA DI DUSUN JAGAPATI KELURAHAN KUTAWARU CILACAP

Jagapati Hamlet, which is located in Kutawaru Village, Central Cilacap District, Cilacap Regency, is a coastal area that has been developed into an ecotourism area, where tourism activities are responsible for unspoiled areas managed according to natural principles with the aim of enjoying natural beauty involving elements of education. The purpose of community service activities is to increase knowledge of the importance of mangrove ecosystems and improve skills in processing food made from mangroves in improving the quality of life of the people of Kutawaru Village. Using a participatory approach, counseling individually and in groups with lecture methods, forum group discussion, method and results demonstrations. The activities carried out are environmental preservation in the form of planting mangroves carried out by several stakeholders, mangrove management and institutional training. In carrying out the growth and development of an ecotourism has several components, both in the form of institutions, human resources, tourist sites, concepts or systems and products offered in the area. Human resources are the dominant component because ecotourism sustainability can work well when there is human resource empowerment, especially the people in the ecotourism area. One of them is the community empowerment model used in the tourism sector Community Based Tourism or community-based tourism. This model provides tourism in an area by involving the community in various stages carried out. With the innovations implemented, it is hoped that Jagapati will become one of the main tourist destination villages in the city of Cilacap.