Mangrove Plant Research Articles

Performance Characteristics of a Submerged Semicircular Breakwater Exposed to Regular Waves: An Experimental Study

Many mangrove replanting programs fail due to the drifting of the mangrove sapling by waves and coastal currents soon after the replanting. Hence, adequate wave protection for the mangrove planting site is required to enhance the survivability rates of the newly planted saplings. A small scaled modular submerged semicircular breakwater (SBW) is perceived to be a viable option to provide the required level of wave protection to mangroves. The study is set to investigate wave transmission, reflection, and energy loss by a SBW subjected to different immersion depths under a regular wave environment via physical modelling. The SBW model was tested in a wave flume and was subjected to relative immersion depth, i.e., a ratio of water depth to the height of the SBW, of 1.00 and 1.33, and wave steepness ranging from 0.02 to 0.06. The alternatively submerged SBW was found to be an effective breakwater design to provide the required level of wave tranquility to various coastal applications.

The suitability and carrying capacity analysis of the mangrove ecosystem to support ecotourism in the Paljaya mangrove restoration and learning center, Bekasi Regency, Indonesia

One of the ecosystem services provided by the mangrove ecosystem is cultural service, which provides the benefits of recreation, aesthetics, and spirituality. The utilization of mangrove ecosystems, which can preserve and maintain the ecosystem, is through scientific research, education, and ecotourism. Ecotourism is a tourist activity that can Support the sustainability of using natural resources because it prioritizes natural resources over tourist facilities. This research aims to determine mangrove ecosystems’ suitability and carrying capacity for developing mangrove ecotourism. It was conducted from August until September 2022 at the Paljaya Mangrove Restoration and Learning Centre (MRLC), Segarajaya Village, Bekasi Regency. Data analysis was performed using the Tourism Suitability Index (TSI) and an assessment of the Carrying Capacity of the Region (CCR) to ensure the maximum capacity of the MRLC area in accommodating visitors at a particular time. The TSI value obtained from this study is 2.09 and is included in the Suitable category for ecotourism development. The length of the bridge for the mangrove tracking area is 230 m, with the area’s carrying capacity being 37 people/day. Therefore, recommendations that can be made in policy making are to increase mangrove planting activities and maintain mangrove sustainability.

Mobility, bioavailability and distribution of Fe and Cu in mangroves (Avicennia schaueriana and Rhizophora mangle) from a semiarid coast in NE Brazil.

Mangroves buffer metals transfer to coastal areas though strong accumulation in sediments making necessary to investigate metals' bioavailability to plants at the rhizosphere. This work evaluates the effect of mangrove root activity, through iron plaque formation, on the mobility of iron and copper its influence on metals' uptake, and translocation through simultaneous histochemical analysis. The Fe2+ and Fe3+ contents in porewaters ranged from 0.02 to 0.11 µM and 1.0 to 18.3 µg.l-1, respectively, whereas Cu concentrations were below the method's detection limit (<0.1 µM). In sediments, metal concentrations ranged from 12,800 to 39,500 µg.g-1 for total Fe and from 10 to 24 µg.g-1 for Cu. In iron plaques, Cu concentrations ranged from 1.0 to 160 µg.g-1, and from 19.4 to 316 µg.g-1 in roots. Fe concentrations were between 605 to 36,000 µg.g-1 in the iron plaques and from 2,100 to 62,400 µg.g-1 in roots. Histochemical characterization showed Fe3+ predominance at the tip of roots and Fe2+ in more internal tissues. A. schaueriana showed significant amounts of Fe in pneumatophores and evident translocation of this metal to leaves and excretion through salt glands. Iron plaques formation was essential to the Fe and Cu regulation and translocation in tissues of mangrove plants.

Mangrove Ecotourism Management in Batam City: Aspects of Sustainable Financing Models

This study aims to determine the role of Mangrove planting in maritime affairs in Batam City. The study uses Qualitative Descriptive which explains the condition of Batam City in relation to maritime affairs, like a potential and geographical conditions of Batam City. The results of the study refer to how Mangrove development in improving maritime quality is seen from the aspects of Strengths, Weaknesses, Opportunities, and Threats, which are explained in the SWOT analysis, and then processed with the TOWS Matrix in order to determine the implications and ways for maritime development to be carried out properly. The results of the study revealed that both the four aspects in the TOWS matrix provide information on how Mangrove can improve the quality of maritime affairs in Batam, have an impact on the population, minimize pollution, improve the economy and social relations of the community, and how the government and the private sector can work together in developing maritime affairs in Batam. In this study, it discusses sustainable funding in efforts to improve maritime quality, where community programs and activities can be monitored and provided with a forum so that the development of Mangrove planting in Batam City can be implemented.

Penanaman Mangrove di Pesisir Pantai yang Terdampak Kegiatan Penambangan Nikel di Desa Sopura, Kecamatan Pomalaa, Kabupaten Kolaka

Mining activities that take place around Pomalaa District, Kolaka Regency, cause water pollution and sedimentation processes on the coast of Sopura village. Seeing these conditions, the mining engineering study program at Sembilanbelas November University aims to carry out mangrove planting activities on the coast in Sopura village which is affected by nickel mining activities. Based on the results of the activities carried out, it can be concluded that the mangrove planting activities carried out by the mining engineering study program are going well. This is proven by the success of the mining engineering study program in planting 200 mangrove trees on the coast in Sopura Village, Pomalaa District, Kolaka Regency.

The Role of Coastal Women’s Empowerment in Achieving The Success of SDGs: A Study on The Kebaya Group, Bekasi

Land conversion has occurred in the coastal area of Kampung Beting, Pantai Bahagia Village, Bekasi Regency. What used to be a mangrove plantation has transformed into spaces for fish and shrimp ponds. This phenomenon took place from 2001 to the early 2010s. The promise of lucrative income led the community to compete in changing land use without considering the potential consequences. After 2011, the community gradually began to feel the negative impacts of this land conversion. To this day, the entire area that was once used for ponds has turned into the sea, causing the community to lose their livelihoods. Furthermore, not only have they lost their livelihoods, but they have also been confronted with land degradation, which threatens their sustainability. This study examines how coastal women's empowerment activities can contribute to sustainable development. The research employs a phenomenological approach, and data is collected through observation, interviews, and documentation. The findings indicate that Coastal Women's Empowerment Contributes to Sustainable Goals in Climate Change Mitigation, Gender Equality, and Poverty Alleviation. In climate change mitigation activities, there are two key activities: 1) the development of women's behavior in efforts to improve and rehabilitate critical lands, and 2) women's involvement in the maintenance of mangrove trees. In gender equality activities, there is one main activity: 1) active participation of women in productive economic activities, allowing coastal women in Pantai Bahagia Village to have regular activities beyond their domestic responsibilities. The focus of poverty alleviation activities is 2) increasing income by utilizing non-timber mangrove products for food processing and crafts.

Pengelolaan Pesisir melalui Penanaman Mangrove untuk Mendukung Pembangunan Berbasis Blue carbon di Kota Sorong

The high potential for carbon content in mangrove tree species proves that the ecological benefits of the mangrove ecosystem have a positive impact on efforts to mitigate climate change and global warming. The aim of this service is to increase public understanding of the importance of mangrove planting in supporting blue carbon-based development in Sorong City. Involvement in this activity includes community, local, student, and academic participation. The method used is descriptive-qualitative in the form of socialization and mangrove planting actions. The result of this service is that it can provide an understanding that the existence of the mangrove ecosystem in the coastal area of Klawulu Village has an important role in providing protection to this area. This function also contributes as a mitigation measure against the risk of flooding and global warming. Apart from that, during community service activities, there was a change in understanding about mangroves, which then created a positive response from the community to participate in maintaining and protecting the mangrove ecosystem to prevent climate change.

Optimization of Temperature and pH for the Protease Production By Endophytic Fungi From Mangrove Sonneratia alba

The research about optimization of temperature and pH for the protease production from mangrove Sonneratia alba endophytic fungi in Mandeh Area, Pesisir Selatan District was conducted from March to June 2023 at Biotechnology Laboratory, Andalas University, Padang. This research aims to determine the optimum temperature and pH of endophytic fungal isolates of mangrove plants Sonneratia alba from the Mandeh area, Pesisir Selatan District in producing protease and to determine the enzyme production after optimization. The research method used in this study was experimental and descriptive.Protease activity was determined using the Takami method. The results of the study showed that the optimum temperature for isolates EUA-124 and EUA-126 in producing protease is 34°C the optimum pH for isolate EUA-124 in producing protease is 7 and the optimum pH for isolate EUA-126 in producing protease is 6. Protease production by isolates EUA-124 increased by 8.621% and protease production by isolate EUA-126 increased by 3.334%.

Bio-ecological study on Aceh coast to determine mangrove ecosystem restoration areas suitability

Mangrove forests in Aceh are significant because of their roles in ecological, socio-economic, and socio-cultural aspects. Mangrove restoration efforts must be based on adequate land assessment and regular evaluation of the viability of planted mangroves. Therefore, this study aimed to analyze the bio-ecological characteristics of mangrove planting locations and evaluate land suitability in the restoration areas in Aceh Besar (Layeun Village) and Aceh Jaya (Babah Ie, Ujong Sudeun and Keude Unga Villages). This study was conducted in the YAGASU restoration area in Aceh Besar and Aceh Jaya Regencies in September 2022. The primary data consisted of the physicochemical characteristics of the environment, biodiversity, land suitability index, and plant survival rates after 3- 6 months planted. Data were analyzed using correlation, principal component analysis (PCA), cluster analysis (CA), descriptive statistics, and land suitability index. The result showed that the physical-chemical parameters of the environment are suitable for supporting the growth of mangroves and the livelihoods of various communities. In the study areas, the communities include 8 mangroves, 15 fish, 19 benthic, 11 zooplankton, and 22 phytoplankton species. Layeun, Ujong Sudeun, and Keude Unga Villages were found to have better land suitability than Babah Ie Village. However, an evaluation of the results of planting monitoring showed that Layeun has the highest survival rate compared to the other three villages. The results showed that pests, including buffalo and crustaceans, as well as sea waves, and the duration of the tides inundating the water are the main factors causing mangrove mortality.Keywords:Mangrove restorationSuitabilityBio-ecological

Pharmacological Activities of Sonneratia Alba Mangrove Plant : A Review

Indonesia is a country with a high amount of diverse natural resources. Various plants have important roles in supporting human medicinal needs due to their availability in providing various medicinal resources. One of the natural resources is Sonneratia alba, a species of mangrove plant known with high adaptive ability and tolerance to extreme environmental conditions such as high saline stress, light intensity exposure, and free radicals. This review summarized the findings on pharmacological activities of S. alba. Several studies reported the adaptive ability of S. alba with its various pharmacological activities such as antimalarial, antioxidant, antimicrobial, and anticancer. These activities are strongly correlated with its bioactive constituents such as terpenoid, alkaloid, tannin, quinone, phenolic, and flavonoid. The mechanism of each pharmacological activity has been suggested in several studies. These findings could be beneficial in drug discovery for several infectious and degenerative diseases and in the development of drugs at industrial stage. Keyword: Anticancer, antimalaria, antimicrobial, antioxidant, Sonneratia alba Â

Bruguiera gymnorhiza forms mycorrhizal associations but Rhizophora stylosa does not: A pot experiment using mangrove soil and Rhizophoraceae seedlings

Arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi often colonize the roots of mangrove plants, forming symbiotic associations with them, but colonization rates differ greatly among mangrove species. To examine differences in the colonization patterns of AM fungi, we focused on two species of mangroves (Rhizophora stylosa and Bruguiera gymnorhiza; Rhizophoraceae) and conducted a pot experiment using seedlings grown in mangrove soil watered with fresh water or brackish water (200 mM NaCl). We observed AM fungal structures such as hyphae, arbuscles, and vesicles in the roots of all B. gymnorhiza seedlings in the freshwater treatment, but rarely in the brackish water treatment. By contrast, we found no AM fungal structures in roots of any R. stylosa seedlings in either the freshwater or brackish water treatment. These results imply that B. gymnorhiza are facultatively mycorrhizal plants that have maintained the ability to form associations with AM fungi, whereas R. stylosa, which dominate habitats more seaward than those of B. gymnorhiza, may have lost the ability to form mycorrhizal associations through adaptation to extreme seaside conditions.

Partisipasi Masyarakat dalam Penanaman Mangove untuk Meningkatkan Ekowisata di Kelurahan Klawalu Kota Sorong

Klawalu Mangrove Ecotourism, a mangrove forest area in Sorong City, Southwest Papua, has great potential as a significant tourist destination. Therefore, increasing community involvement in mangrove planting is very important to support ecotourism development. Ecotourism not only provides natural entertainment to tourists but also aims to enable tourists to actively participate in environmental conservation efforts. Apart from that, it is also hoped that tourists will gain a deep understanding of the complexity of the environment, forming an awareness of the importance of preserving the region, both now and in the future. This service aims to increase community participation in planting mangroves to improve ecotourism in Sorong City. With this service, it can increase public awareness of the importance of an educational, green, and clean environment and strengthen community initiatives to protect, maintain, and improve the function of the environment. So with mangrove ecotourism, the welfare of local communities can increase. Through the implementation of ecotourism, it is hoped that opportunities will be created for the growth of MSMEs.

Study on the Utilization of Mangrove Forest Plants

The mangrove forest has unique characteristics, plays a role in ecological and economic functions, and is a natural resource that has not been optimally utilized. This research was conducted in Tungkal 1 Village, Tanjung Jabung Barat Regency, Jambi, to identify the potential utilization of mangrove plants as entrepreneur-based products. The research method involved surveys selected using snowball sampling, interviews with various stakeholders, and data analysis on respondent characteristics, knowledge, understanding, mangrove-based products, community involvement, support, accessibility, and economically valuable strategies for utilizing mangrove plants. The results show that the majority of the community has knowledge about mangrove forests, but their understanding of the potential utilization is still low. Mangrove-based products such as ecotourism, handicrafts, and sustainable fish farming have high economic potential. The level of community involvement in mangrove conservation and support for preservation efforts is high. In conclusion, mangrove management in Tungkal 1 Village can serve as a successful example in supporting sustainable local economic growth while preserving the important

Upaya Bersama Rehabilitasi melalui Penanaman Mangrove dalam Mitigasi Bencana di Wilayah Pesisir Kota Sorong

The coastal areas of Sorong City face many risks, including tidal flooding and erosion. The solution to the problem of facing this challenge is to restore and protect the mangrove ecosystem. The aim of this service is to increase public understanding of the importance of planting mangroves as part of disaster mitigation efforts in the coastal areas of Sorong City. Involvement in this activity includes community participation, traditional leaders, local government, students, and academics. The method used is descriptive-qualitative. The result of this service is that the efforts carried out include providing information to the residents of Klawalu Village about the importance of mangroves in marine ecosystems, steps to prevent abrasion, and supporting the planting of mangroves along the coastline. Positive responses were obtained from residents who enthusiastically planted mangroves and hoped that through this activity, the risk of abrasion could be minimized and degradation in coastal areas, where the community lived, could be reduced.

Production, characterization and in vitro biological activities of crude pigment from endophytic Micrococcus luteus associated with Avicennia marina.

Due to their non-toxic and non-carcinogenic nature, biopigments have a phenomenal benefit over synthetic pigments, making them a desirable source for human utilization and a potential alternative to traditional synthetic pigments that are hazardous to the environment and public health. Endosymbiotic interactions between mangrove plants and bacteria could provide an alternate source for the synthesis of unique compounds with potent biomedical applications. Pigmented endophytic bacteria were screened from the explants of Avicennia marina, a mangrove plant, and identified as Micrococcus luteus by molecular characterization. The intracellular pigment was successfully extracted using the sonication-assisted solvent extraction method, and screening factors impacting the pigmentation bioprocess were determined using a one-factor-at-a-time approach. The endophyte produced yellow pigment in the liquid medium, with the maximum growth and pigment production recorded in nutrient broth at 37℃ and pH 7 after 96h of incubation, while the maximum accumulation of pigment was observed in the media supplemented with glucose and tryptone as carbon and nitrogen sources, respectively. The extracted crude pigment was further characterized by ultraviolet, followed by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. The obtained crude pigment has been evaluated for its antioxidant and anticancer activity by various assays, such as DPPH radical scavenging activity, FRAP assay, superoxide anion and nitric oxide radical scavenging, metal chelating activity, phosphomolybdenum assay, and MTT assay, respectively, at varying concentrations. The results of our study revealed that the yellow pigment produced by the endophyte showed significant dose-dependent antioxidant and anticancer activity.

Distribution patterns of endophytic fungi in different intertidal plant communities within a tropical mangrove forest in South China

Fungi play a crucial role in the growth of mangrove plants in various intertidal zones. However, our knowledge of the endophytic fungi in mangroves is limited. In this study, we analyzed the distribution patterns of endophytic fungi in true mangroves (TM), mangrove associates (MA), and other plants (OP) in a tropical mangrove forest. The results showed that Lulwoana, Fusarium, and Aspergillus were the predominant endophytic fungal taxa in TM, MA, and OP, respectively. Non-metric multidimensional scaling demonstrated significant differences in the endophytic fungal community structure among different intertidal plant communities, highlighting the plant-mediated selection of endophytic fungi. In addition, tides and plant species may affect endophytic fungal communities by altering soil properties. The colonization of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) and dark septate endophytes (DSE) was higher in MA, possibly because of variations in soil pH and available phosphorus content. Phylogenetic analyses indicated that family Diversisporaceae and Par1 (Paraglomeraceae) were exclusively found in the mangrove associates, whereas Glome4 (Glomeraceae) and Par2 (Paraglomeraceae) were observed only in the TM. These results support the high variation in AMF communities among the different intertidal plant communities. This study emphasizes the critical role of tides and plant species in shaping the composition of endophytic fungal communities, which has significant implications for the conservation and restoration of mangrove ecosystems.

Mangrove Plant Community Structure, Sungai Apung Village, Tanjung Balai Sub-District, Asahan District, North Sumatra Province

Mangroves are a type of vegetation found in tropical coastal areas. In general, mangrove vegetation thrives in sloping coastal areas or near river estuaries and beaches that are protected from waves. The physical function of mangrove forests is to keep the coastline stable, protect the coast from erosion, reduce storms and waves, and catch sediment, while the biological function of mangroves is as a spawning place or residence, shelter for shrimp, crabs, shellfish, and other animals. Research on Mangrove Plant Community Structure in the Kwala Indah Village Area was carried out in August–November 2023 with the aim of determining mangrove types, mangrove diversity and uniformity, dominance, the Important Value Index (INP), and mangrove canopy cover in Singai Apung Village. The method used to observe the community structure of mangrove plants is to use the quadrant transect method by analyzing species density, relative density, species frequency, relative frequency, species dominance, relative dominance, and important value index at the tree level. , saplings and seedlings, as well as canopy cover. Based on the research results, 10 species were found, namely Avicennia alba, Avicennia lanata, Bruguiera cylindrica, Bruguiera sexangula, Excoearia agallocha, Lumnitzera littorea, Rhizophora apiculata, Rhizophora mucronata, Sonneratia alba, and Xylocarpus granatum. Rhizopora mucronata, which has INP, diversity in the medium category, and uniformity in the high category, has the highest dominance in Rhizophora mucronata. Canopy cover is in the dense category.

MONITORING THE MANGROVES OF INDIAN SUNDARBANS USING GEOSPATIAL TECHNIQUES

Abstract. The world’s largest mangrove ecosystem Sundarbans lies in the southwestern part of the Ganges-Brahmaputra Delta. The health, function, and ecosystem services of the mangrove forest depend on the availability of freshwater flow within the deltaic system. The rivers, which used to feed the delta and nourish the mangrove ecosystem now stand disconnected from their upstream freshwater sources. The unavailability of freshwater restricts the growth of freshwater-loving mangroves and has the potential to affect the health of the existing mangroves limiting their ability to provide ecosystem services. Due to the high salinity, the natural reproduction of these valuable freshwater-loving floral species gradually got ceased. High salinity is considered a stress factor influencing the health, growth, productivity, and distribution of mangrove plants. In this circumstance, the main objective of the study is to monitor the spatiotemporal change of the mangrove ecosystem of Sundarbans in terms of species assemblage, floral diversity, biomass, canopy cover, forest health, etc. Remote sensing techniques and field measurements were used to perform an in-depth mangrove genus-level classification (Maximum Likelihood Classifier). To assess the plant species diversity, Shannon-Wiener Index was used in different plots of the Sundarbans to get an idea of the rich biodiversity of these coastal ecosystems. Different vegetation indices such as NDVI, OSAVI, SAVI, TDVI, etc. were estimated to assess the health of the mangrove forest. The biomass and carbon sequestration potential of the mangrove forest was assessed using field data and microwave remote sensing techniques. The result shows the declining trend of freshwater-loving mangroves from the central section of Sundarbans and an increasing trend of saline water-loving mangroves by replacing the others.

ANTIBACTERIAL ACTIVITY OF METHANOL EXTRACT FROM INGGILI FRUIT (Xylocarpus granatum) AGAINST Propionibacterium acnes AND Escherichia coli USING WELL DIFFUSION METHOD

Inggili is a type of mangrove plant that has been traditionally used by the community for medicine. It contains many active compounds that function as antibacterials. Based on empirical data, inggili fruit is used to remove acne on the skin and diarrheal diseases. This study aims to determine the antibacterial activity of methanol extract of inggili pulp in inhibiting Propionibacterium acnes and Escherichia coli bacteria using the sumuran diffusion method. The research conducted is experimental. The object under study was the antibacterial activity of inggili fruit extract against Propionibacterium acnes and Escherichia coli bacteria. Antibacterial activity was tested using the sumuran diffusion method with extract concentrations of 10%, 15%, and 20%. The negative control used was 1% DMSO and the positive control used was 0.1% chloramphenicol

Mangrove Plant Community Structure of Kwala Indah Village, Batu Bara Regency

Coastal areas are transitional areas between land and marine ecosystems that have high biological productivity. Mangroves are a type of plant that grows in coastal areas or river estuaries and has an ecological function by acting as the last defense against sea waves after coral reef and seagrass ecosystems, as sediment traps, as a place to find fish food, as a fish spawning ground, as a shelter, and as a place for fish farming. Mangrove Plant Community Structure Research in the Kwala Indah Village Area was conducted in August–October 2023 with the aim of knowing the types of mangroves, mangrove diversity and uniformity, dominance, Important Value Index (INP), and mangrove crown cover in Kwala Indah Village. The method used in the observation of mangrove plant community structure is to use the quadrant transect method by analyzing species density, relative density, species frequency, relative frequency, species dominance, relative dominance, and important value index at the tree, sapling, and seedling levels, as well as crown cover. Based on the results of the study, 7 species were found, namely Xylocarpus granatum, Xylocarpus mekongensis, Rhizophora apiculata, Rhizophora mucronata, Soneratia alba, Bruguiera parviflora, and Excoecaria agallocha. Xylocarpus and Rhizopora have the highest INP, diversity, uniformity, and dominance. Canopy cover is in the medium category; coastal areas are transitional areas between terrestrial and marine ecosystems that have high biodiversity values.