Mangosteen Extract Research Articles

Formulation of Antiacne Cream Dosage Form Containing Mangosteen (Garcinia mangostana L.) Pericarp Ethanolic Extract

Abstract. The aim of this study was to formulate ethanolic extract of mangosteen (Garcinia mangostana L.) pericarp (EEMP) in the antiacne cream dosage form. The formulae were made with 3 varied concentrations of 0.5%, 1.5% and 4.5%. The tests carried out in this study were organoleptic cream preparations (odor, color, texture), homogeneity, pH, determination of the type of cream, spreadability, and the antibacterial activity against Staphylococcus epidermidis. The results of physical property evaluations showed that the EEMP indicated the pH value of 6, the spredability of the cream increased along with the increasing length of storage time. Duncan Test on the measurement of diameter dispersibility based on storage time showed that there were significant differences between the spreadability of the cream B and C. The cream produced was easy to wash indicating oil in water (o/w) type. The results of antibacterial activity test applying agar diffusion method using Mueller Hinton medium Agar (MHA) indicated that the inhibition zones of formulae II and III were 5.2 and 6 mm, respectively. Whereas, the formula I as well as the negative control showed no inhibition zones. It can be concluded that the EEMP can be formulated as an antiacne cream. The best cream formula was the formula II with the results of physical properties test were quite stable and able to produce inhibition zone against Staphylococcus epidermidis.
 
 Keywords: Garcinia mangostana, cream, antiacne, antibacterial, Staphylococcus epidermidis.

The effect of heating temperature on cytotoxicity and α-mangostin yield: Mangosteen pericarp juice and mangosteen extract

The pericarp of mangosteen (Garcinia mangostana L.) contains bioactive xanthones, with α-mangostin being the major component, has been known to possess antitumor, antiviral, and other pharmacological activities. In this study, the effect of elevated temperature during the preparation step of fresh mangosteen pericarp juice and mangosteen extract, on their α-mangostin yield and cytotoxicities was investigated. The cytotoxicity activity of fresh juice and mangosteen extract was investigated using the brine shrimp test. Heating the fresh pericarp mangosteen in water at 65°C for 30 minutes prior to blending produced a juice with higher α-mangostin yield and cytotoxicity compared to the traditional way of blending the juice at room temperature. Increasing α-mangostin yield of 9%-w/w due to heating was also observed when mangosteen extract was heated at 65°C, consistent with the increased cytotoxicity in terms of LC50 value. It is concluded that the effect of temperature on α-mangostin yield was in line with the temperature effect on cytotoxicity activity in all samples of pericarp juice and mangosteen extract in ethyl acetate fraction.

Formulation and characterization of nanoemulgel mangosteen extract in virgin coconut oil for topical formulation

A hydrogel of nanoemulsion system containing mangosteen extract of mangosteen rind was developed and characterized for the purpose of topical formulation. Mangostins, the bioactive in the extract, has been known to have biological activities such as antifungal, antibacterial, antioxidant, antiviral and antitumoral. Due to the hydrophobic nature of mangostins, they can not to be directly formulated into a gel. Oil-in-water nanoemulsions were formulated of virgin coconut oil (VCO) as the oil phase and mixed surfactant consisting of Tween 80 and Span 80, using the high-speed homogenization method. Nanoemulgel formed by mixing the nanoemulsion with aqueous solution of xanthan gum, and added phenoxyethanol as a preservative, was a homogeneous milky white gel. The stability test through accelerated centrifugation and freeze-thaw cycle showed that the nanoemulgel would be stable for at least one year. The nanoemulgel penetrated the skin layer up to 12 μg/cm2 or more than 95% of its total mangostin content, better than the skin penetration result of the nanoemulsion formulation. The present study revealed that VCO-mangostins nanoemulgel formulation is a prospective topical formulation.

Improving characteristics of goat milk yogurt drink fortified by mangosteen rind (Garcinia mangostana Lin.) extract

Peranakan Etawah (PE) milk is highly nutritive goaty flavour make it not preferable by consumer. Processing of yogurt drink made PE goat milk enhances palatability. Goat yogurt drink can be supplemented high antioxidantive activity by mangosteen rind extract. Comletely Randomized Design (CRD) was throughout the research with different concentrations of mangosteen rind extract (0, 1, 2, 3, and 4% (v/v). The organoleptic analysis showed the significant enhancement by fortification with mangosteen rind extract. The highest antioxidant activity was shown on the yogurt drink 4% v/v of mangosteen extract. In conclusion, the fortification of mangosteen rind extract was enhanced of characteristics of yogurt drink.

Effect of Certain Plant Crude Extracts on the Growth of Upland Rice (Oryza sativa L.)

Test of crude extracts of several plant species was conducted in a screen house to determine the best plant species and the most effective concentration of extract for increasing growth of upland rice (Oryza sativa L.) cultivated in Ultisol. The test was done using Nested Design. First factor was sources of extracts: 1) leaves of cassava, 2) leaves of G. linearis, 3) C. asiatica, 4) stem bark of A. scholaris, and 5) fruit pericarp of mangosteen. Second factor was extract concentrations: 0 (control), 25, 50, and 100 mg/L. Applications of crude extract of mangosteen fruit pericarp at concentration 50 mg/L increased fresh weight of roots with the highest average weight 48.33 g, while the control was 13.33 g. However, plant height given extract of mangosteen (50 mg/L) was lower (74.90 cm) compared to the one in control (87.70 cm). On lower (25 mg/L) and higher (100 mg/L) concentrations of mangosteen pericarp extracts, fresh weight of roots tended to be lower than in control. Application of crude extract of C. asiatica at concentration 100 mg/L showed higher plant height with average 79.30 cm than in control 69.60 cm. Application of crude extract of mangosteen fruit pericarp showed the increasing of plant height from two to three weeks after planting, and crude extract of C. asiatica increased the plant height in third weeks after planting.

ACTIVITY OF PERICARP EXTRACT OF MANGOSTEEN AGAINST ORAL STREPTOCOCCI

The increasing prevalence of dental caries is still as a major world health problem. Caries is the direct result of acid production by cariogenic oral pathogens, especially Streptococcus mutans. New and better antimicrobial agents active against cariogenic bacteria with minimal side effects on the oral tissues are much needed, especially natural agents derived directly from plants. Phytochemical studies have shown that the extracts from various parts of mangosteen or Garciniamangostana Linn tree contain varieties of secondary metabolites such as prenylated and oxygenated xanthones, many of which have been found in vitro to have antimicrobial properties against oral pathogens. Several studies which examined the eficacy of herbal for human health have shown that xanthones from mangosteen have remarkable biological activities such as antioxidant, antimicrobial, anticancer etc, and had no cytotoxic effects on human gingival fibroblasts. Their results showed that among these xanthone derivatives obtain from pericarp extract of mangosteen, α-mangostin has the most potent antimicrobial activity against cariogenic Streptococcus mutans. It can be concluded that the strong antimicrobial activity of the pericarp extract of mangosteen is a good drug of choice that might be helpful in preventing the dental caries.

The Preliminary Study on Safety of Using Mangosteen Peel Extract as Natural Herbs

Background: The properties of mangosteen skin as anti-inflammatory have been described by many researchers both in vitro and in vivo. Over the past few years, mangosteen peel extract is used as a natural herbal remedy either orally or topically. However, the potential toxicity of extracts and formulations containing mangosteen peels is still a matter of little concern. Objective: To prove that mangosteen skin extract is safe to use as natural herbal medicine. Methods: Experiments with laboratory tests of microbiological tests and acute toxicity tests with samples of 30 Balb / C mice aged 8-10 weeks weight 25-35 g, divided into 6 groups in which 5 groups of intervention (giving mangosteen skin extract) with different dose (5, 50, 300, 2000 and 5000 mg / kgBB) and 1 control group. Parameters observed included weight, motor activity, salivation, respiration, defecation, urination, piloerection every day for 14 days while the observed organ was liver. Behavioral data and organ test results were used to evaluate the toxic effects of mangosteen skin extract. Data was analyzed with ANOVA and Post Hoc Test. Results: Most subjects' mean body weight from day 0 to day 14 tended to stabilize with a slight increase or decrease of less than 1%. The results of observation for 14 days after the intervention to each group there was no death and no effect on the motor system, saliva, respiration, defecation, urination and piloerection and did not happen itch allergies. Based on Post Hoc Test (LSD), there was no significant difference in mean liver weight group with highest dose (5000 mg / kgBB) and control group. Conclusion: Extract of mangosteen skin with dosage ≤ 5000 mg/kg BW is not toxic and safe to use as natural herbal medicine.

Effect of Mixing Dyes and Solvent in Electrolyte Toward Characterization of Dye Sensitized Solar Cell Using Natural Dyes as The Sensitizer

Dye Sensitized Solar Cell (DSSC) using natural dyes (chlorophyll, curcumin from turmeric extract, and anthocyanin from mangosteen extract) have been successfully fabricated for determining the effect of variation natural dyes, mixing dyes and acetonitrile in electrolyte toward characterization of DSSC. DSSC consists of five parts namely ITO (Indium Tin Oxide) as a substrate; TiO2 as semiconductor materials; natural dyes as an electron donor; electrolyte as electron transfer; and carbon as a catalyst that can convert light energy into electric energy. Two types of gel electrolyte based on PEG that mixed with liquid electrolyte have utilized for analyzing the lifetime of DSSC. Type I used distilled water as a solvent whilst type II used acetonitrile as a solvent with addition of concentration of KI and iodine. The main purpose of study was to investigate influence of solvent in electrolyte, variation of natural dyes and mixing dyes toward an efficiency that resulted by DSSC. The result showed that electrolyte type II is generally better than type I with efficiency 0,0556 and 0,0456 %, respectively. An efficiency values which resulted from a variation of mixed three natural dyes showed the greatest efficiency compared to mixed two natural dyes and one dye, with an efficiency value can be achieved at 0,0194 % for chlorophyll; 0,111 % for turmeric; 0,0105 % for mangosteen; 0,0244% (mangosteen and chlorophyll); 0,0117 % (turmeric and mangosteen); 0,0158 % (turmeric and chlorophyll); and 0.0566 % (mixed three natural dyes).

The inhibition of Streptococcus mutans glucosyltransferase enzyme activity by mangosteen pericarp extract

Background: Streptococcus mutans (S. mutans) is a bacterium that plays an important role in the pathogenesis of dental caries. Streptococcus mutans produces the glucosyltransferase enzyme which is capable of catalyzing glucan synthesis in the progression of dental caries. Certain treatments involving traditional plant use have been developed to eradicate Streptococcus mutans as a means of preventing the formation of dental caries. One of these is mangosteen pericarp extract containing a number of polyphenols that have the capacity to act as antibacterial agents, namely; tannin, mangostin, and flavonoid. Purpose: The research aimed to investigate the inhibitory power of mangosteen pericarp extract against Streptococcus mutans producing the glucosyltransferase enzyme. Methods: The research used mangosteen pericarp extract at concentrations of 0.39% and 0.78% as the treatments, while 0.12% chlorhexidine gluconate was used as a positive control, and distilled water as a negative control. Each group consisted of six samples. Mangosteen peels extracted with 96% ethanol (maceration method) and mangosteen extract constituted 5% of the total weight of the mangosteen pericarp. Supernatant containing Gtf enzyme produced from a culture medium and centrifuged at 1500 rpm for 10 minutes at 4o C. Glucosyltransferase enzyme activity was measured by analyzing the extensive fructose area by means of High Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC). The extensive fructose area was determined according to time retention in each group. Results: Mangosteen peel extract at concentrations of 0.39% and 0.78% demonstrated greater ability than the negative control group (sterile aquades) and similar ability to the positive group (chlorhexidine 0.12%) to inhibit the activity of the Gtf enzyme or S. mutans bacteria. Conclusion: Mangosteen pericarp extract has the ability to inhibit the activity of Streptococcus mutans in producing glucosyltransferase enzyme.

Mangosteen Extract Prevents Dextran Sulfate Sodium-Induced Colitis in Mice by Suppressing NF-κB Activation and Inflammation.

In this study, the anti-inflammatory effects of mangosteen extract (MGE) on dextran sulfate sodium (DSS)-induced colitis in mice and nuclear factor (NF)-κB pathway modulation were investigated. Acute colitis was induced by administering 3% DSS in drinking water for 7 days, and three groups of Institute of Cancer Research mice were treated with 30 and 120 mg/kg MGE or 5-aminosalicylic acid for 7 days; an additional two groups of mice served as healthy and disease controls. The results indicated that MGE significantly prevented weight loss, reduced disease activity index scores, and preserved colon length compared with the findings in the untreated colitis group. MGE downregulated the NF-κB pathway by inhibiting the phosphorylation of IκB and IKK in a dose-dependent manner. These findings suggest that MGE alleviates ulcerative colitis by modulating the NF-κB pathway.

Mangosten Skin Extracts Decrease The Activity of The Gamma-Glutamyltransferase (α-GT) Serum On The Cigarette Exposure

Exposure to cigarette smoke can cause oxidative stress, which characterized by increased activity of g-GT serum. The skins of the mangosteen (Garcinia mangostana L.) contain anthocyanins pigments, which can act as antioxidants to reduce free radicals. This study mainly aims to investigate the effect of mangosteen skin extracts to decreased activity of g-GT serum in rats exposed to cigarette smoke. This study was true experimental designs with randomized post-test only control group design. This study used thirty male rats were dividing into six treatment groups. Rats exposed to cigarette smoke, which came from two cigarettes, for 4 weeks lead to an increase free radicals in the body. The increased activity of g-GT serum to damp the free radicals. Mangosteen skin extracts can reduce free radicals so that the activity of g-GT serum decreased.The conclusion of this research is the mangosteen skin extracts can decrease the activity of the g-GT serum.

Comparison of Violacein, Mangosteen and Sidr Extracts as Agents for Inhibiting Breast and Lung Cancer Cell Growth

According to the American Cancer Society, Cancer is the second leading cause of death in the United States. Currently there are a number of effective microbiological and natural treatments of breast and lung cancer that can prevent surgery and removal of damage tissues yet lead to repair of the damaged tissue by the body itself. The purpose of this study was to expose four cell lines, Breast cancer (BT549, BT20, and MCF7) and Lung cancer (A549) to three natural extracts, Violacein, Sidr and Mangosteen. Violacein is a natural purple pigment that has potential medical applications such as antimicrobial, antiviral, and anticancer drugs that is produced by Chromobacterium Violaceum, and it was added to cancer cell cultures at various concentrations. In addition, it has been reported that Mangosteen and Sidr have anti‐tumor, anti‐leukemia, antifungal, antibacterial and antioxidants properties. Xanthones were extracted from the pericarp, whole fruit, heartwood, and leaf of the Mangosteen, and it was added also to the cancer cell cultures at different concentrations. On other hand, the Sidr extract was prepared as a crude methanol extract taken from the leaves of the plant Ziziphus spina‐christi. It was also exposed to cancer cell cultures at a variety of concentrations. The Alamar blue assay was used to view cell death of the breast and lung cancer cell lines. It was found that the Violacein from C. violaceum strain 14N23 inhibited the growth of MCF7. It was demonstrated also that the Mangosteen and Sidr extracts had an effect on the cancer cells A549, MCF7, BT 20, and BT549. The Mangosteen and Sidr extracts were found to be effective in inhibiting the growth of all the cancer cell lines. It was concluded that these extracts have potential for controlling cancer cell growth. Further studies will involve determining the pathways impacted by these extracts and determining the active components of these extracts.

Antimalarial activity of Garcinia mangostana L rind and its synergistic effect with artemisinin in vitro

BackgroundMalaria especially falciparum malaria still causes high morbidity and mortality in tropical countries. Several factors have been linked to this situation and the most important one is the rapid spread of parasite resistance to the currently available antimalarials, including artemisinin. Artemisinin is the main component of the currently recommended antimalarial, artemisinin based combination therapy (ACT), and it is a free radical generating antimalarial. Garcinia mangostana L (mangosteen) rind contain a lot of xanthone compounds acting as an antioxidant and exhibited antimalarial activity. The aim of this study was to evaluate the antimalarial activity of mangosteen rind extract and its fractions and their interaction with artemisinin against the 3D7 clone of Plasmodium falciparum in vitro.MethodsDry ripe mangosteen rind was extracted with ethanol followed by fractionation with hexane, ethylacetate, buthanol, and water consecutively to get ethanol extract, hexane, athylacetate, buthanol, and water fractions. Each of these substances was diluted in DMSO and examined for antimalarial activity either singly or in combination with artemisinin in vitro against Plasmodium falciparum 3D7 clone. Synergism between these substances with artemisinin was evaluated according to certain formula to get the sum of fractional inhibitory concentration 50 (∑FIC50).ResultsAnalysis of the parasite growth in vitro indicated that IC50 of these mangosteen rind extract, hexane, ethylacetate, buthanol, and water fraction ranged from 0.41 to > 100 μg/mL. All of the ∑FIC50 were <1.ConclusionsThis study demonstrated a promising antimalarial activity of the extract and fractions of G.mangostana L rind and its synergistic effect with artemisinin. Further study using lead compound(s) isolated from extract and fractions should be performed to identify more accurately their mechanism of antimalarial activities.

The Inhibitory Effect of Mangosteen Extract on Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor Induced Retinal Endothelial Cell Migration

Objective: This study aimed to determine the effect of mangosteen extract on hypoxia induced reactive oxygen species production and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) induced retinal endothelial cell migration.Material and Method: This research studied bovine retinal endothelial cells. The non-toxic concentration of mangosteen extract of water soluble part was verified using trypan blue staining. The effects of mangosteen extract on hypoxia induced reactive oxygen species production and retinal endothelial cells migration were determined using 2’, 7’ dichlorodihydrofluorescein diacetate and scrape/wound assay, respectively. The mechanism of mangosteen extract on retinal endothelial cell migration was determined using western blotting. The analysis of variance was used to determine the differences among group means.Results: The concentrations of mangosteen extract at 25, 50 and 100 mg/ml were non-toxic and these concentrations were used in further experiments. Mangosteen extract at a dose of 100 mg/ml significantly attenuated hypoxia induced reactive oxygen species formation. At all doses, mangosteen extract also significantly inhibited retinal endothelial cell migration. However, the mechanism of mangosteen extract on VEGF signaling did not affect the phosphorylation of VEGF receptor 2 (VEGFR2).Conclusion: Mangosteen extract has anti-oxidant and anti-migration effects.

DEVELOPMENT OF GEL DOSAGE FORM OF ETHYL ACETATE EXTRACT OF MANGOSTEEN RIND

Abstract Alpha-mangostin is a xanthonoid compound contained in mangosteen rind (Garcinia mangostana L.) and has an&#x0D; antibacterial effect against Staphylococcus aureus, the bacterium that causes acne. In this study, mangosteen rind extract is&#x0D; formulated in a gel dosage form. This study aimed to determine the optimum formula, the physical and chemical properties as&#x0D; well as the optimum formula release profile of the gel dosage form of mangosteen rind extract.&#x0D; The mangosteen rind extract gel formula consists of viscolam, propylene glycol, glycerin, microcare®, ethyl acetate extract of&#x0D; mangosteen rind, and distilled water. The formula was optimized by varying the concentrations of viscolam (2% and 5%),&#x0D; propylene glycol (5% and 20%) and glycerin (2% and 15%) using a factorial experimental design program called Design Expert&#x0D; 7.0.0. The 8 formulas were developed into gel dosage form and the physical and chemical properties were then evaluated. The&#x0D; evaluation tests include viscosity, dispersive power, and pH tests. The evaluation results were processed using the Design Expert&#x0D; 7.0.0 program to determine the optimum formula.&#x0D; The results of the analysis showed the optimum formula of gel dosage form of mangosteen rind extract with viscolam percentage&#x0D; of 4.97%, propylene glycol of 9.91%, glycerin of 12.23%, microcare® of 0.3%, TEA (q.s), ethyl acetate extract of mangosteen&#x0D; rind of 1%, and distilled water of 45%. The evaluation results of the physical and chemical properties of the gel optimum&#x0D; formula revealed the viscosity of 2,345 cps, dispersive power of 6.59 cm, and pH of 6.74. Alpha-mangostin release test on the&#x0D; optimum formula revealed a flux value of 41.327 ?g/cm2/t1/2. From these results, it is concluded that the optimum formula has&#x0D; met the physical and chemical characteristics of a good gel.

Rotary Forcespun Polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP) Fibers as a Mangosteen Pericarp Extracts Carrier

The pericarp of Mangosteen (Garcinia mangostana L.) contains xanthone compounds such as α-mangostin, β-mangostin, γ-mangostin, which act as high-level antioxidants [1]. In this study, the mangosteen extract was integrated to PVP fibers to form acomposite by means of rotary forcespinning method aiming to increase the bioavailability and solubility of the extract. The goal of this study was to produce composite fibers with mangosteen extracts as the active ingredient. The mangosteen extract was mixed into PVP solution with thevariousratio (1:0.08, 1:0.10 and 1:0.12) to achieve the best result in term of morphology and antioxidant activity. The morphology and diameter of the fibers were analyzed using scanning electron microscope (SEM). The SEM image analysis confirmed the formation of bead-free, crystal-free, and aggregate-free fibers hence proving the perfect loading of the mangosteen extract into the PVP fibers. Beside SEM analysis, the fibers also underwent Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) analysis and antioxidant test using DPPH assay. From the FTIR analysis, it has been found that there was aninteraction between the PVP and the extract in the fiber while the DPPH assay test has proven that the extract still retained its antioxidant ability although already being integrated into the fiber.

Mangosteen Extract Reduces the Expression of Matrix Metalloproteinase -2 and -9 in Traumatic Brain Injury

Mangosteen Extract Reduces the Expression of Matrix Metalloproteinase -2 and -9 in Traumatic Brain Injury

Efektivitas SNEDDS Ekstrak Kulit Manggis Terhadap Bakteri P. mirabilis dan S. epidermidis yang Terdapat pada Ulkus Diabetik

Mangosteen rind possesses the ability to conduct antibacterial activity. Under the development relating to drug delivery system, SNEDDS were known to boost the penetration of active compound. The aim of this research is to compare the effectiveness of the antibacterial activity at both SNEDDS preparation and the ethanol extract of mangosteen rind as the antibacteria against the bacteria that cause diabetic ulcers with the most prevalence whether it was Gram positive or Gram negative bacteria like Proteus mirabilis and Staphylococcus epidermidis. The research started by maceration process with the crude extract as the result continued with the phytochemical screening which subsequently prepared as SNEDDS preparations. The SNEDDS preparation prepared earlier were then analyzed to see the content of the active compound using spectrophotometer UV-Vis and the measuring of antibacteria activity with bacteria growth inhibitory parameter at ethanol extract SNEDDS preparations of mangosteen rind then compared to ciprofloxacin and were analyzed the data afterwards using ANOVA. The results shows that SNEEDS preparation of mangosteen extract have an activity against both typed of bacteria that cause diabetic ulcers shows by significant differences between both group which is P.mirabilis bacteria group and S.epidermidis bacteria group in ANOVA test with significant number of 0,000 and shows significant differences between both group.

Inhibitory and bactericidal power of mangosteen rind extract towards Porphyromonas Gingivalis and Actinobacillus Actinomycetemcomitans (Laboratory test)

Introduction: The bacteria that cause the occurrence of pathogens of periodontal disease are gram negative anaerobes. These bacteria include Pophyromonas Gingivalis and Actinobacillus Actinomycetemcomitans. Mangosteen skin extract is known to have anti-inflammatory, anti microbial, and anti oxidant properties. The extract of the mangosteen peel is altered in gel preparation in order to streamline its clinical application in periodontal disease. The purpose of this study was to examine the antibacterial power of the ginger mangosteen tree extract gel against Pophyromonas gingivalis and Actinobacillus Actinomycetemcomitans (Aggregatibacter Actinomycetemcomitans). Methods: This research was conducted by experimental laboratory. Mangosteen fruit extract gel with concentration of 100%, 50%, 25%, 12,5%, 6,25%, 3,125% and 0,78% were tested against Pophyromonas Gingivalis and Aggregatibacter Actinomycetemcomitans with agar diffusion method. Results: The results of this study indicate that for Actinobacilus Aggregatibacter bacteria minimal inhibitory concentration at a concentration of 6.25% with a diameter of 13,5mm inhibition. Minimal bactericidal concentration at 12,5% concentration with 14,7mm inhibitory diameter. In the test of Pophyromonas Gingivalis bacteria, minimal inhibitory concentrations were obtained at a concentration of 1.56% and a minimum bactericidal concentration was obtained at a concentration of 3.125%. Conclusion: The conclusion that mangosteen peel skin gel extract can inhibit bacterial growth and is bactericidal against Pophyromonas Gingivalis and Actinobacillus Actinomycetemcomitans (Aggregatibacter Actinomycetecomitans).

Antioxidant-Enhancing Property of the Polar Fraction of Mangosteen Pericarp Extract and Evaluation of Its Safety in Humans.

Crude extract from the pericarp of the mangosteen (mangosteen extract [ME]) has exhibited several medicinal properties in both animal models and human cell lines. Interestingly, the cytotoxic activities were always observed in nonpolar fraction of the extract whereas the potent antioxidant was often found in polar fraction. Although it has been demonstrated that the polar fraction of ME exhibited the antioxidant activity, the safety of the polar fraction of ME has never been thoroughly investigated in humans. In this study, we investigated the safety of oral administration of the polar fraction of ME in 11 healthy Thai volunteers. During a 24-week period of the study, only minor and tolerable side effects were reported; no serious side effects were documented. Blood chemistry studies also showed no liver damage or kidney dysfunction in all subjects. We also demonstrated antioxidant property of the polar fraction of ME both in vitro and in vivo. Interestingly, oral administration of the polar fraction of ME enhanced the antioxidant capability of red blood cells and decreased oxidative damage to proteins within red blood cells and whole blood.