Mango Seed Kernel Research Articles

EFFECT OF DIETARY MANGO SEED KERNEL (MANGIFERA INDICA) AS PARTIAL REPLACEMENT OF CORN ON PRODUCTIVE AND PHYSIOLOGICAL PERFORMANCE OF GROWING GIMMIZAH COCKERELS

An investigation was undertaken to study the effects of feeding mango seed kernel (MSK) as partially substituting of yellow corn on productive performance and physiological parameters of Gimmizah cockerels. A total number of 100 Gimmizah cockerels aged 28 days were distributed into four groups. Each group was represented by five replicates (5 cockerels per rep.) from 4 -16 wk of age. The first group (control) fed the basal diet. The second, third and fourth groups were fed the basal diet with the substitution of yellow corn with MSK with 10, 15 and 20%, respectively. Body weight and body weight gain were increased when used 10% level of MSK. Feed consumption was significantly decreased and feed conversion was significantly improved overall period for 10% MSK. Carcass characteristics had not affected. While, blood constituents (Hb, PCV%, RBCS, and WBCS counts) were significantly improved. Lymphocyte (L) count for birds fed 10 and 15% MSK was significantly increased and heterophils (H) count and H/L ratio was significantly decreased. The immunological status was significantly improved due to an increase in globulin, IgG and IgM for cockerels fed diets containing the MSK levels (10%,15%). Plasma cholesterol, CK and MDA was significantly decreased by increasing MSK levels. Serum alkaline phosphatase (ALP) activity was significantly reduced when a cockerel fed diet containing 10 and 15% MSK. Bacterial count in the intestine and in fresh breast and thigh meat were decreasing by increasing MSK levels. All MSK levels used were shown better economic efficiency than the control group. The relative economic efficiency of 10% MSK replacement of corn increased with 48% than the control group. It could be concluded that MSK can be used up to 10% without any adverse effect on performance and improve blood parameters and the economic efficiency of Gimmizah cockerels during the growing period.

Mango (Mangifera indica) seed kernels as untraditional source of energy in Rahmani sheep rations

BackgroundThe present work aimed to investigate the impact of partial replacement yellow corn by mango seed kernels (MSK) at different levels of (0, 25, and 50%) on feed and water consumption, water metabolism, nutrient digestibility, nitrogen balance, and rumen fluid parameters.MethodsTwelve mature male Rahmani sheep of about 58.39 ± 1.22 kg live body weight on average were used to investigate the influence of replacing yellow corn contents (45% in the control ration) by mango seed kernels (MSK) at different levels (0, 25, and 50%) that equal (0, 11.25, and 22.5% of total ration contents) on feed and water intakes, water metabolism, nutrient digestibility coefficients, nitrogen utilization, and some rumen fluid parameters. The animals were randomly assigned to three experimental groups (four animals in each treatment). Sheep fed rations are composed of 50% concentrate feed mixture (CFM) and 50% peanut vein hay (PVH) at portion 3% dry matter (DM) of live body weight (LBW).ResultsThe results showed that values of crude protein (CP), crude fiber (CF), and nitrogen-free extract (NFE) of MSK and yellow corn were similar. Meanwhile, MSK has superior ether extract content compared to yellow corn; meanwhile, ash content of yellow corn was lower than ash content of MSK. All tested CFM were isonitrogenous (16.17% CP), but it differs in their contents of gross and digestible energy. On the other hand, all experimental total mixed rations (TMR) were isonitrogenous (14.52% CP) and isocaloric (4177 kcal/kg DM in average). Dietary treatments significantly (P < 0.05) decreased total dry matter intake (DMI) and crude protein intake (CPI) that expressed as (g/h/day, g/kgW0.75, and kg/100 kg LBW) or gross energy intake (GEI) and digestible energy intake (DEI) that expressed as (Mcal/h/day, kcal/kgW0.75, and Mcal/100 kg LBW). Inclusion MSK in sheep ration insignificantly (P > 0.05) increased drinking water by 20% and 6.89% for experimental groups fed TMR2 and TMR3, respectively, compared to the control one (TMR1). Incorporation MSK in the rations significantly (P < 0.05) increased insensible losses of water. Dietary treatments significantly (P < 0.05) increased nutrient digestibility coefficients of DM, organic matter (OM), CP, CF, and NFE. Meanwhile, it significantly (P < 0.05) decreased EE digestibility. On the other hand, both values of total digestible nutrient (TDN) and digestible crude protein (DCP) were significantly (P < 0.005) improved. Nitrogen retention (NR) (NR % of nitrogen intake (NI) and NR % of digested nitrogen (DN)) values were significantly (P < 0.05) increased with increasing level of MSK in the sheep ration. Inclusion MSK significantly (P < 0.05) increased ruminal pH; however, it had no significant (P > 0.05) on both ammonia nitrogen (NH3-N) and total volatile fatty acid (TFVA) concentrations. Sampling time at 3 h post feeding significantly (P < 0.05) decreased ruminal pH in comparison with before and 6 h post feeding; meanwhile, sampling time had no significant effect (P > 0.05) on NH3-N concentration. Dietary treatment significantly (P < 0.05) increased the interaction between treatments and sampling time for ruminal pH. However, no interaction between treatments and sampling time was observed for both NH3-N and TVFA concentrations.ConclusionThe present results revealed that replacement up to 50% of yellow corn by MSK as alternative source of energy could be useful in feeding sheep without any adverse effect on digestion and fermentation processing. Also, it can be used to depress the rations cost.

Supercritical antisolvent fractionation as a tool for enhancing antiproliferative activity of mango seed kernel extracts against colon cancer cells

Mango seed kernel (MSK) has demonstrated to be a valuable source of bioactive phenolic compounds with antiproliferative activity against colon cancer cell lines. In this work, a phenolic MSK extract obtained by sequential pressurized liquid extraction (PLE) was submitted to supercritical antisolvent fractionation (SAF) to attain enriched fractions with improved inhibitory effect on HT-29 colon cancer cells. SAF was optimized using a Box-Behnken experimental design and considering as main factors: pressure, percentage of water in the feed extract and feed/sc−CO2 flow rate ratio. The highest inhibitory cell proliferation effect (70.51 ± 1.14%) was obtained in the extract using 50% of water v/v in the feed and 0.0625 feed/sc−CO2 ratio at 15 MPa. A targeted phytochemical profiling by LC-q-TOF-MS/MS followed by a multivariate statistical analysis of the observed bioactivity and the chemical composition evidenced the presence of characteristic compounds which might explain the enhanced antiproliferative activity of the optimal SAF extract.

Mango Seed Kernel Fat as a Cocoa Butter Substitute Suitable for the Tropics.

Cocoa butter is a key ingredient in many chocolate products but its partial substitution with mango (Mangifera indica L.) seed kernel fat (MSKF) has the potential to reduce chocolate production costs and improve shelf-life. Here, MSKF was extracted from three cultivars of mango grown in Pakistan: Lal Badshah, Anwar Retual, and Chaunsa. Physicochemical and antioxidant properties of the MSKF samples were studied at 0, 30, and 60 days of storage at 30 °C, a temperature reflecting typical storage conditions in the tropics. Overall, the Lal Badshah MSKF had the most favorable physicochemical properties, including the highest DPPH antioxidant activity among the three cultivars. Thus, Lal Badshah MSKF was used to formulate cocoa butter substitute chocolate (CBSC), substituting the cocoa butter at 20 to 80 g/100 g. CBSC had a lower value for hardness (3.80 N) compared with the control chocolate (4.42 N). Color values L* , a* , and b* were not significantly affected by the different rates of substitution or by length of storage. Oxidative stability and antioxidant potential of CBSC increased with both higher substitution levels of MSKF and length of storage. The results suggest that MSKF can be utilized as a cocoa butter substitute at levels up to 60 g/100 g. This potential for substitution is particularly valuable for tropical regions where refrigerated storage may not be available or financially viable. PRACTICAL APPLICATION: Mango seed kernel fat (MSKF) has potential to be used as a cocoa butter substitute in confectionery products, particularly chocolate. The mango industry could utilize fat extraction from mango seeds, which are normally a waste product, for value adding.

Effect of Substitution with Mango Peels and Seed Kernels as By-Products on the Quality of Pan Bread and Cake

Effect of Substitution with Mango Peels and Seed Kernels as By-Products on the Quality of Pan Bread and Cake

Mango Seed Kernel Agronomical Bio-Waste for Ecofriendly Cotton Dyeing: Optimization of Dyeing Period and Temperature

Typical synthetic colorant and their application processes include various negative eco-toxicological effect and human health risk. Intend to depose the impediments of synthetic dyeing herein mango seed kernel agronomical bio-waste was employed for sustainable dyeing of cotton fabric. 100% cotton knitted single jersey commercially scoured-bleached fabric having areal density of 160 grams per square meter was used for this study. Natural dye was extracted by alkali extraction method from raw seed kernel of Mangifera indica. Optimum dyeing temperature and duration were quantified. Colorimetric appearance of the dyed samples for different dyeing condition were evaluate by using CIE L*a*b* color space in terms of color co-ordinates, color strength (K/S), brightness index (BI) and degree of color levelness values. Dye fiber bonding stability of the dyed fabric was evaluated in terms of colorfastness to wash, water, perspiration, rubbing and light. Overall the colorfastness values were recorded as 4-5 except light fastness. Excellent colorimetric appearance and serviceability indicates future green coloration of cotton fabric through mango seed kernel as well as decent agronomical bio-waste management.

A comparative study of mango seed kernel starches and other commercial starches: the contribution of chemical fine structure to granule crystallinity, gelatinization, retrogradation, and pasting properties

Mango seed kernels (MSK) are the waste from mango processing plants; but they still contain valuable nutrients. In this study, the physicochemical properties of starches isolated from seed kernels of three Thai mango cultivars (Namdokmai, Kaew, and Chokanan), mainly used in the industry, were characterized and compared with those of other commercial starches namely tapioca, corn, low-, and high-amylose rice. MSK starches possessed a smooth-oval shape granule with average diameter of 12.90–13.20 µm. They were higher in lipid (0.53–0.55%) and amylose (31.50–33.12%) than other starches. Amylopectin and amylose of MSK starches had a relatively low molecular weight. Amylopectin of MSK starches had higher proportion of B1 and B2 chains but lower proportion of A chain than those of other starches. These chemical properties contributed to changes in value of following properties of MSK starches: higher crystallinity (40.20–41.30%), higher gelatinization temperature (78.13–82.39 °C) and enthalpy (17.32–19.45 J/g), higher pasting temperature (81.6–84.4 °C) and peak viscosity (356.2–423.8 rapid viscoanalyzer units). Amylopectin of MSK starches also retrograded to a higher extent than that of other starches. Based on their physicochemical properties, MSK starches; especially Kaew cultivar, could be a potential source of resistant starch; particularly of RS2.

Rhizopus Oryzae May Reduce Toxic Effects of Raw Mango Seed Kernel Amendment in the Diet of Broilers

Rhizopus Oryzae May Reduce Toxic Effects of Raw Mango Seed Kernel Amendment in the Diet of Broilers

Model Development to Enhance the Solvent Extraction of Polyphenols from Mango Seed Kernel

The aim of this study was to improve the extraction yield of polyphenols from mango seed kernel by solvent extraction. Seven organic solvents were tested to identify the best extraction efficiency, and a ternary solvent mixture of Methanol-Acetone-Water (54: 23:23), developed using the mixture design methodology, allowed to extract the maximum amount of polyphenols with maximum antioxidant activity. The solvent mixture developed was then applied to polyphenols extraction from kernels of 11 mango varieties from the savannah region of Cameroon, and High Pressure Thin Layer Chromatography (HPTLC) used to identify the phenolic compounds present in the extracts. The total polyphenols contents (TPC), flavonoids and Total Reducing Power (TRP) of mango kernels were respectively in the range of 93.38 - 121.01 mg Gallic Acid Equivalent/ g DW, 12.64 - 16.26 mg Catechin Equivalent/g DW and 95.42 - 113.97 mg Ascorbic Acid Equivalent/g DW. Chlorogenic acid, Mangiferin, Gallic acid and Methyl gallate are highly suspected as component molecules of polyphenols from mango seed kernel.

Characterization of fat and biodiesel from mango seeds using 1H NMR spectroscopy

The investigation of processes to use oil-rich organic wastes to generate biodiesel is an important research area nowadays. In this respect, quantifying oil/fat and biodiesel with less labor demanding analytical tools such as proton nuclear magnetic resonance (1H NMR) can provide faster and more accurate acquisition of the chemical quality parameters of the organic samples. In the present study, the fat obtained from mango seed kernel (MSK) and its biodiesel were investigated using 1H NMR spectra to identify its physicochemical parameters. The results indicate that MSK fat shows high oxidative stability, and the biodiesel produced from MSK fat was compatible with European (EN 14214) and Brazilian (RANP 07/08) standards. The 1H NMR technique was efficient for providing the chemical parameters of MSK fat and its biodiesel without the need of any pretreatment. In addition, complementary analysis was performed to determine the MSK biodiesel quality.

Evaluation of Mango Seed Kernel Methanolic Extract on Metalloproteases in Carpet Viper (Echisocellatus) Venom: An in Vitro Experiment

Evaluation of Mango Seed Kernel Methanolic Extract on Metalloproteases in Carpet Viper (Echisocellatus) Venom: An in Vitro Experiment

Degradation kinetic study of pyrolysis and co-pyrolysis of biomass with polyethylene terephthalate (PET) using Coats–Redfern method

In the present study, the kinetic parameters associated with pyrolysis and co-pyrolysis of mango seed kernel (MSK) and mango seed shell (MSS) with polyethylene terephthalate (PET) were determined using Coats–Redfern (CR) method. The degradation kinetics of individual biomass such as MSK, MSS and PET was studied at a heating rate of 15, 20 and 25 °C min−1 using thermogravimetric analysis (TG). The kinetic study of co-pyrolysis of MSK and PET; MSS and PET; MSK and MSS at various proportions were studied at the heating rate of 15 °C min−1. Assuming different reaction orders and using CR method, the kinetic parameters were determined and compared. Correlation coefficient (R 2) was used as the basis for comparison of the kinetic parameters and to determine the order of the reaction. This paper also characterizes the raw materials using proximate and FTIR analysis. It was observed that the order of the reaction varied with the primary, secondary and tertiary stage of degradation. The order of the reaction depends on the composition of the raw material and may vary from 0.1 to 3.

Evaluation of Mango Seed kernel Extract as natural occurring phenolic rich antioxidant compound

Sunflower oil (SFO) seeds of Helianthus annuus L., is a rich source of linoleic acid, which is more susceptible to oxidation of edible oils. Usually antioxidant materials are added to improve the oxidative stability of oils .Mango seeds kernels (MSK) are a sources rich with natural antioxidant compounds. In 2012, the bio-waste was produced by processing industries of mango fruits around 3,932 mT in Egypt. Ethnolic extract of mango seed kernel (MSKE) has been used for stabilization of SFO at three concentrations (mg/kg oil) i.e., 200(MSKE-200), 500(MSKE-500) and1000 ppm (MSKE -1000), while BHT was used at a level of 200ppm (BHT-200) for comparison. Progression oxidation of SFO was followed during accelerated storage at 70°C for 72hr (at intervals of 4hr)by measuring oxidative stability tests: peroxide value(PV), p-anisidene value (P-anv), total oxidation value (TOTOX), acid value (AV) and thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS) . Results of HPLC analysis of MSKE showed that contained 20 compounds of total phenolic content. MSKE at 100ppm had the highest radical-scavenging activity (96.86%) followed by BHT (94.9%) and ascorbic acid (91.5%). The higher levels of MSKE (1000, 500 ppm) provide the best protection against primary and secondary oxidation of SFO samples. The different parameters of oxidative stability were in agreement with each other, suggesting higher efficiency of 1000ppmMSKE˃ 500ppm MSKE ˃ 200ppm BHT˃ 200ppm MSKE ˃ control.

Thermo-chemical conversion of mango seed kernel and shell to value added products

Mango (Mangifera indica) is one of the popular fruits in India and many other tropical countries also. Mango seed weight is 30 − 45% of the total fruit weight which completely goes off as waste. In this study, Mango seed kernel (MSK) and Mango seed shell (MSS) were selected as a feed for pyrolysis for the production of bio-chemicals. Conventional pyrolysis of MSK and MSS was carried out in the range between 673 to 873K temperatures at a heating rate of 25Kmin−1. The optimum temperature for maximum yield of pyrolytic liquid was 823K and 848K for MSK and MSS with the corresponding yield of pyrolytic liquid of about 32.37% and 52.57% respectively. The composition analysis of MSK and MSS pyrolytic liquid revealed the presence of various valuable chemicals. It was noticed that MSS pyrolytic liquid contains about 27.63% d-allose, which is a rare sugar, whereas MSK contains 13.27% of levoglucosan along with furfural, furan, alcohol, aldehyde, benzene and various alkanes.

Optimizing the Tyrosinase Inhibitory and Antioxidant Activity of Mango Seed Kernels with a Response Surface Methodology

This study describes the optimization of polyphenol extraction from mango seed kernels by using response surface methodology (RSM). In the solid-to-liquid selection, the extraction yield, total phenolic content (TPC), antioxidant activity, and tyrosinase inhibitory activity are all significantly increased with a decrease in the solid-to-liquid ratio (P < 0.05). Between the Nam-Dok-Mai kernel (NDK) and the Tong-Dam kernel (TDK), the TDK was chosen for RSM with a fixed ratio of 1:30 solid-to-liquid. The variables in the independent processing were the concentrations of ethanol, the temperature, and the time applied to RSM. Ethanol concentration, temperature, and duration had significant individual and interactive effects on phenolic yield and antioxidant activities (P < 0.05). The optimized condition that maximized the extraction yields, TPC, and antioxidant activities from TDK was an ethanol concentration of 62 %, a temperature of 63 °C, and a duration of 150 min. The obtained and validated optimized model could be used to describe the effect of these variables on the extraction of phenolic compounds from mango seed kernels.

Production and Characterization of Polyhydroxyalkanoate (PHA) Using Mango Seed Kernel as an Alternative to Glucose

Production and Characterization of Polyhydroxyalkanoate (PHA) Using Mango Seed Kernel as an Alternative to Glucose

Solid Lipid Nanoparticles from Active Compounds of Mango Seed Kernel Extract

The bioactive compounds in Mango seed kernel have high antioxidant activities which can be used as an ingredient in cosmetic products. The aim of this study was to improve the stability of bioactive compound in seed kernel extract by preparation in the form of solid lipid nanoparticles (SLN). Solid lipid nanoparticles (SLN) were prepared by high-speed homogenization technique. The effect of formulation on introduction the extract in to the base solid lipid nanoparticle system was investigated. At the optimal condition, the particle size was 329.1 nm. The highest load efficiency was 89.12%. The physical stability under the different storage temperature for 15 days indicated that the mango kernel extract entrapped in nanoparticles showed good stability. No obvious changes of clarity and degradation were found.

Response of Broiler Chicken to Parboiled Mango Seed Kernel Meal (PMKM) Based Diet Fortified With Vitamins

This study was carried out to investigate effect of vitamins supplementation of PMKM based diet on performance, organ and carcass properties of broiler birds. Five diets (T1; the control, T3-T5 contained 20% PMKM and vitamin(s) C &/or E) were formulated and 150 birds were used for the experiment. Feed and water were supplied ad-libitum. Weekly weight was monitored, while organs and carcass cut parts were obtained and evaluated at eight weeks. Final weight, average daily weight gain and feed conversion ratio (FCR) of control was significantly better than PMKM based diets, likewise breast meat (17.18). Highest proportion (p

Factors Influencing Oral Bioavailability of Thai Mango Seed Kernel Extract and Its Key Phenolic Principles.

Mango seed kernel extract (MSKE) and its key components (gallic acid, GA; methyl gallate, MG; and pentagalloyl glucopyranose, PGG) have generated interest because of their pharmacological activities. To develop the potential use of the key components in MSKE as natural therapeutic agents, their pharmacokinetic data are necessary. Therefore, this study was performed to evaluate the factors affecting their oral bioavailability as pure compounds and as components in MSKE. The in vitro chemical stability, biological stability, and absorption were evaluated in Hanks’ Balanced Salt Solution, Caco-2 cell and rat fecal lysates, and the Caco-2 cell model, respectively. The in vivo oral pharmacokinetic behavior was elucidated in Sprague-Dawley rats. The key components were unstable under alkaline conditions and in Caco-2 cell lysates or rat fecal lysates. The absorptive permeability coefficient followed the order MG > GA > PGG. The in vivo results exhibited similar pharmacokinetic trends to the in vitro studies. Additionally, the co-components in MSKE may affect the pharmacokinetic behaviors of the key components in MSKE. In conclusion, chemical degradation under alkaline conditions, biological degradation by intestinal cell and colonic microflora enzymes, and low absorptive permeability could be important factors underlying the oral bioavailability of these polyphenols.

Processing and Nutritive Valu e of Mango Seed Kernel Flour

Processing of ripe mango fruit, generates its peel and seed as waste, which is approximately 40-50 % of the total fruit weight. Present study was undertaken to process mango seed kernel and to study its nutritional value. Mango seeds of Totapuri variety were procured from local food processing industry. Kernels were separated from seeds and processed into flour through various processing steps. Particle size distribution of the flour was studied. The Mango Kernel Flour (MKF) was subjected for chemical analysis. The nutrients analyzed for mango kernel flour were moisture, protein, fat, crude fibre, ash, calcium, magnesium, potassium, sodium, manganese, copper, zinc and iron by standard methods. Carbohydrate and energy contents were computed. Mango kernel oil was extracted by solvent extraction method. Results revealed that recovery per cent of mango kernel flour was 80.6 and maximum flour particles passed through 60 mesh. MKF is good source of protein (7.53 g/100g), fat (11.45 g/100 g) and energy (421 k.cal /100g). It also contains appreciable levels of calcium (170 mg/100g), magnesium (210 mg/100g) and potassium (368 mg/100g) which are important macro minerals required for vital functions of the body. Oil yield from mango kernel flour was found to be 11.5 per cent which was studied for selected physical and chemical properties.