Mango Seed Kernel Research Articles

Effect of Partial Replacement of Yellow Corn by Mango Seed Kernel on Productive Performance, Egg Quality, and Blood Constituents of Laying Hens

Corn is the main energy source in most poultry feed. Due to rapid climate change, corn production cannot keep up with the demand for food and industrial applications. This necessitated the search for alternatives, such as agro-industrial by-products like mango seed kernel, which is a good source of carbohydrates and protein and can wholly or partly replace corn. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of partial replacement of yellow corn (YC) with soaked mango seed kernel (SMSK) on productive and reproductive performance, egg quality, blood biochemistry, hematological parameters, and antioxidants status of local laying hens. A total of 120 local Gimmizah breeds (108 females and 12 males) at 32 weeks of age were randomly assigned to four dietary treatments with three replicates (9 hens + 1 male per replicate). The treatments were YC replaced by SMSK at 0, 10, 15, and 20% levels in the hen diets for 12 weeks. Replacing YC with SMSK increased egg production, weight and number of eggs, and egg mass, and improved feed conversion ratio, but feed intake was not affected. Replacement of yellow corn with SMSK did not affect egg quality parameters. The hens in the SMSK 10% and SMSK 15% groups had the highest fertility, hatchability, post-hatch chick weight, and number followed by those in the SMSK 20% group. Groups given varying levels of SMSK had the lowest rate of embryonic mortality. Carcass weight and dressing percentage were positively affected by the 10% and 15% SMSK diet, except for the heart, pancreas, and spleen. Hematological indices were not influenced by dietary SMSK except for higher platelets in the SMSK 20% group. Total protein, aspartate aminotransferase, alanine aminotransferase, and alkaline phosphatase levels were similar among treatments. In SMSK groups, serum total cholesterol, triglycerides, and malondialdehyde levels decreased significantly, whereas IgG and catalase levels increased. These findings indicated that SMSK up to 20% could be considered a successful nutritional and health approach and can be partially substituted for YC with no adverse impact on the productive, reproductive and physiological performance of laying hens.

Assessment of Bioactive Compounds, Physicochemical Properties, and Microbial Attributes of Hot Air–Dried Mango Seed Kernel Powder: an Approach for Quality and Safety Evaluation of Hot Air–Dried Mango Seed Kernel Powder

The presence of carbon and nitrogenous compounds in mango processing by-products makes them excellent substrates for the biosynthesis of many microbial metabolites using fermentation processes. Pretreatment of the substrate with retention of crucial growth supporting compounds is vital for designing and optimizing fermentation media for enhanced production of desired metabolites. The present study investigated the effect of hot air drying (HAD) (50, 60, 70, and 80 °C) on the bioactive compounds, physio-chemical and mineral profile, fermentable sugar, and microbial safety of mango (cv. chausa) seed kernel powder. Results indicated that different drying temperatures non-significantly (P<0.05) affected the carbohydrates, starch (except at 60 and 80 °C), nitrogen, and protein content. The pH (except at 70 °C), total phenolics, and antioxidant activity decreased with an increase in drying temperatures. Inductively coupled plasma–optical emission spectrometry (ICP-OES) analysis revealed the increase in concentrations of majority minerals with incremental drying temperature. The microbial load of powdered seed kernel after 30 days of room temperature storage was within safe limits, as samples were devoid of food pathogens. Briefly, the study suggests HAD (at 70–80 °C) to convert mango kernels into stable powdered form for prolonged storage. The powdered kernels can be utilized in diversified food industry and as a feedstock (with safe storability, preserved bioactive, mainly carbon and nitrogen compounds) for biosynthesis of valuable metabolites via microbial fermentation route.

Biodegradable Film from Mango Seed Kernel Starch Using Pottery Clay as Filler

Biodegradable Film from Mango Seed Kernel Starch Using Pottery Clay as Filler

Pentagalloyl Glucose, a Major Compound in Mango Seed Kernel, Exhibits Distinct Gastroprotective Effects in Indomethacin-Induced Gastropathy in Rats via Modulating the NO/eNOS/iNOS Signaling Pathway.

Gastric ulcers are a common health disorder that affect up to 10% of the world’s population. The gastroprotective potential of pentagalloyl glucose (PGG) against indomethacin-induced ulcer in rats and the possible underlying mechanisms were investigated. Gastric ulceration was induced by indomethacin (single dose, 60 mg/kg). Pretreatment with PGG (100 or 200 mg/kg, orally) for 8 days prior to the administration of indomethacin furnished significant reductions in gastric mucosal lesions as well as a significant increase in mucus concentration. Also, PGG significantly declined the elevations in gastric mucosal MDA, TNF-α, IL-6, PECAM-1, VEGF, and iNOS expression. It also mitigated the decrease in GSH and GPx and eNOS expression observed with indomethacin. The protective effects furnished by PGG were comparable to that of famotidine. The obtained results suggested that the anti-ulcer effects of PGG are mediated by increasing mucus production, scavenging free radicals, decreasing inflammation, and attenuating the NO/NOS signaling in favor of eNOS. To sum up, PGG could provide a potential therapy for gastric ulcer after evaluating its efficacy and effectiveness.

THE PROCESS STANDARDIZING OF MANGO (MAGNIFERA INDICA) SEED KERNEL FOR ITS VALUE ADDITION: A REVIEW

Mango seed kernel (MSK) is the prime by-product obtained during the processing of mango. The kernel exhibits a significant amount of valuable nutrients and bioactive compounds. The legitimate utilization of this waste can generate innumerable valuable and better-quality products, including mango kernel oils, biodegradable films, mango seed kernel flour (MSKF), bakery products, mango kernel butter, and appreciably more. This paper illustrates the corporeal, alchemical, and functional characteristics of mango seed kernel flour (MSKF) accompanying its extraction process, which is entirely empirical, and research based. This inclusive standardized review vocalizes the prominence of mango seed kernel in the livestock feed manufacturing industry, consumer packaged goods (CPG) companies, nutraceuticals, and polymer industries. The main purpose of this paper is to provide an overview of the utilization of mango seed kernel for producing various value-added products

Comparison of Microwave-Assisted Extraction to Soxhlet Extraction of Mango Seed Kernel Oil using Ethanol and n-Hexane as Solvents

Mango seed kernel oil was extracted by Soxhlet Extraction (SE) and Microwave-Assisted Extraction (MAE) with ethanol and n-hexane as extraction solvents. To optimize the extraction condition for SE, the temperature was set to 90°C for ethanol and 80°C for n-hexane with varying solvent-to-feed ratios (S/F ratio) of 75/12, 75/10, and 60/6 mL/g. As for MAE, the same S/F ratios were considered. Extraction was done for 5, 10, and 15 minutes with microwave power levels of 120 and 240 W. It was found out that the highest yield per extraction process for SE was: 18.00±0.25 % and 9.38±2.03 % using ethanol and n-hexane, respectively; and 6.69±0.05 % and 4.68±0.06 %using ethanol and n-hexane, respectively for MAE. It was also noted that MAE, with the microwave power level of 120 W has less extraction time for about 15 minutes as compared to SE of 8 hours. Also, the best S/F ratio in this study is 60/6 for all processes. In oil quality determination, the oil extracted was examined through several tests such as FTIR, GC-MS, acid value, % FFA, iodine value, saponification value, and melting point. It was noted that oil extracted in ethanol has a better yield compared to that of n-hexane but the oil extracted using n-hexane would provide superior quality.

Mango Seed Kernel Extract as a Natural Antioxidant in Minced Fish During Frozen Storage

Mango seed kernel extract (MSKE) has been reported to contain high content of phenolic compounds, and exhibit strong in vitro antioxidant activity. This study aimed to evaluate the application of MSKE as natural antioxidant in frozen minced fish products. The effect of MSKE at different concentrations (0%, 1%, 2% and 3% w/w) on retarding lipid and protein oxidation in minced fish samples during frozen storage at -18 ºC was investigated and compared to the chemical antioxidant, BHT (butylated hydroxytoluene) at 0.01% w/w. Physicochemical parameters related to the oxidative stability of minced fish samples including pH, color, peroxide value (PV), thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS), conjugated diene (CD), protein carbonyl, sulfphydryl groups (SH), and total volatile base nitrogen (TVB-N) were determined. The results showed that the pH values had significantly increased in all samples being treated with MSKE and BHT after 12 weeks of frozen storage. Samples treated with 3% MSKE or BHT were significantly lower in lightness (L*) and redness (a*) but presented no significant effects on yellowness (b*). Moreover, MSKE at all concentrations studied, and BHT, significantly delayed the increase in values of PV, TBARS, CD, protein carbonyl, and TVB-N and the decrease in values of SH compared to the control sample. At the end of storage, no significant odd odor and flavor assessed by sensory test were detected in frozen minced fish. In conclusion, MSKE at 3% w/w proved to be as efficient as BHT in retarding lipid and protein oxidation in minced fish during frozen storage.

Sustainable Chromium Recovery From Wastewater Using Mango and Jackfruit Seed Kernel Bio-Adsorbents.

Wastewater is a rich source of valuable chemicals of industrial importance. However, their economic recovery is crucial for sustainability. The objective of the present work is to recover hexavalent chromium (Cr VI) as a value-added transition metal from wastewater cost-effectively; the biosorbent derived from seed kernels of mango (M) and jackfruit (JF) were applied for removing the metal from simulated wastewater. The functional groups of the biomass were analysed with the help of Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, micrographs were generated using a scanning electron microscope, and crystallinity was determined by an x-ray diffractometer (XRD). The concentration of Cr VI in wastewater was analysed by an inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectrometer (ICP-OES). Process parameters (pH, dose, contact time, temperature, and initial concentration) were optimized for efficient Cr VI adsorption using a response surface methodology-based Box–Behnken design (BBD) employing Design-software 6.0.8. The batch experiment at room temperature at pH 4.8 and Cr VI removal ∼94% (M) and ∼92% (JF) was achieved by using a 60-mg dose and an initial Cr (VI) concentration of 2 ppm in 120 min. The equilibrium Cr binding on the biosorbent was well explained using Freundlich isotherm (R2 = 0.97), which indicated the indirect interactions between Cr (VI) and the biosorbent. Biosorption of Cr (VI) followed the pseudo-order and intra-particle diffusion models. The maximum adsorption capacity of the M and JF bio-adsorbent is 517.24 and 207.6 g/mg, respectively. These efficient, cost-effective, and eco-friendly biosorbents could be potentially applied for removing toxic Cr (VI) from polluted water.

Partial Purification of Polyphenol Oxidase (PPO) from Mango Seed Kernel (MSK) Using Alcohol/Salt-Based Aqueous Two-Phase System (ATPS)

Background: Polyphenol oxidase (PPO) has applications in pharmaceutical, environmental, and food industries. However, conventional techniques for its purification are considered costly and laborious. Alternative methods of purification are needed. Methods: This study explored the use of an alcohol/salt-based Aqueous Two-Phase System (ATPS) to partially purify PPO from Mango Seed Kernel (MSK). Specifically, this study determined the effects of the 1-propanol/potassium phosphate buffer mass ratio on the partition parameters such as partition coefficients, activity recovery, and purification fold. Results: The enzyme partition coefficient (KE) was greater than 1, which signified that more PPO was partitioned in the top phase due to its hydrophobic nature. Specifically, the 3.22 1-propanol/ PPB mass ratio had the highest K E of 1.91 ± 0.16 and 1.46 ± 0.16 for runs 1 and 2, respectively. Moreover, the same mass ratio led to the highest activity recovery in the top phase reaching up to 73.99 ± 1.56% for run 1 and 64.27 ± 2.48% for run 2. In terms of purification fold, runs 1 and 2 had PF values of 0.55 ± 0.05 and 0.70 ± 0.01, respectively. Since the values obtained were low due to the large number of contaminants extracted together with the target enzyme in the top phase, the use of a back-extraction step recovered the PPO in the bottom phase and resulted in an activity recovery of 82.94 ± 1.05% and a purification fold of 7.01 ± 0.95. Conclusion: Results have shown that varying the mass ratio had significant effects on the partition parameters.

Effect on growth Performance of Clarias gariepinus Juveniles Fed Fermented Mango Seed Kernel Diet at Different Inclusion Level

The main objective of this research was in the utilization of agro-wastes from fruit processing and consumption. This waste has resulted to environmental nuisance and the need for incorporation into aquaculture feed as energy source is inevitable. The utilization of waste from fruit processing can be used to reduce the cost of feed production. This research utilized fermented Mango Seed Kernel Meal (MSKM) as a replacement for maize in the diets of Clarias gariepinus juveniles. A 40% isonitrogenous diet was formulated ât inclusion levels of T1 (0%), T2 (25%), T3 (50%), T4 (75%), and T5 (100%) MSKM and fed at 3% body weight. One hundred and fifty (150) Clarias geriepinus juveniles average, the weight of 10.00g±0.14 were randomly allocated to Treatments in plastic tanks (49x33.5x33.5cm) at 10 fish per treatment/tank in triplicate. Mean Weight Gain (MWG) was highest in T1 (756.37±13.61g) and significantly differs (P&amp;lt;0.05) from other treatments. Feed Conversion Ratio (FCR) was highest in T4 (1.46±0.18g) and lowest in T1 (0.99±0.01g). Specific Growth Rate (SGR) was significantly different in T4 when compared to other treatments. Feed intake and feed cost decreased with the inclusion level of MSKM while net profit was not significantly different (P&amp;gt;0.05) in T1 and T3. Profit index and net profit were significantly compared in T2, T3, and T5. The diet showed no implication on fish survival. In conclusion, the growth performance of Catfish could be improved by substituting MSKM at 50% level without implication on cultured fish.

Environmentally benign dyeing mechanism of knitted cotton fabric with condensed and hydrolyzable​ tannin derivatives enriched bio-waste extracts

This study reported a sustainable comparative cotton dyeing mechanism of condensed and hydrolyzable tannin enriched extracts by exploiting watermelon rind (WR) and mango seed kernel (MSK) bio-waste. Both crude dye extracts possess various coloring chromophores such as flavonoid, betacyanin, quercetin, β -carotene together with condensed and hydrolyzable tannin at a different level of concentrations, which were confirmed by several phytochemical screenings, thin layer chromatography, and UV spectroscopy. At optimized reaction condition, the resulted fixation rates of various WRCs (at 60 ° C for 60 min) and MSKCs (at 90 ° C for 60 min) were found as 25%–75% and 55%–71%, respectively. MSKCs have higher absorbance intensity and proactive anchoring sites than those of WRCs, resulting in three times higher color strength (K/S). For promoting the dye fixation, cotton fabric samples were chelated with different types of metallic salts (Fe 2＋ , Al 3＋ , Sn 2 + , and Cu 2 + ) and 65% and 45% enhanced color strength was found for WRCs (K/S increased from 0.95 to 1.57) and MSKCs (K/S increased from 2.75 to 3.98), respectively. The effects of metal chelation with cellulose chain were estimated in terms of several crystallinity indices, hydrogen bonding configurations, and asymmetric factor and elaborately correlated with the improved dye fixation. In addition, the electrolyte was also added to the dye bath for further improvement of dye exhaustion, thereby granted 12% and 6% higher color depth for WR (K/S increased from 1.57 to 1.76) and MSK dyed fabric (K/S increased from 3.98 to 4.23). Finally, distinguishing colorimetric appearances and excellent colorfastness properties were ensured for different tannin classes.

Performance of Oreochromis niloticus juveniles fed autoclaved mango seed kernel diets

Human and livestock population increase has led to escalating prices of energy feed stuffs used in aquaculture. There have been some researches on various inexpensive agro-industrial by-products as substitutes for maize in fish diets with varying degrees of success. This study investigated the growth performance of Oreochromis niloticus juveniles fed with autoclaved Mango seed formulated fish diet as a dietary energy source at different inclusion level. 150 Oreochromis niloticus juveniles with mean weight of 10.24±0.05g were randomly allocated to five dietary treatments (T1, T2, T3, T4, T5). The fish were acclimated for two weeks and were allotted to five treatments in plastic tanks (26x46x20cm). Each treatment contained 10 fish per tank. The fish were fed experimental diets at T1:0%, T2: 25%, T3: 50%, T4: 75% and T5: 100% Mango Seed Kernel Meal (MSKM) inclusion levels respectively. The highest Mean weight Gain (MWG) and lowest Feed Conversion Ratio (FCR) was recorded in Treatment 2: 25% (48.93±4.88); (0.91±0.07) while the lowest MWG and highest FCR was recorded in Treatment 5: 100% (27.30±3.99); (1.47±0.16). Specific Growth Rate (SGR) was lower in Treatment 5: 100% when compared to other treatments. Feed intake followed a decreasing order. The blood samples collected showed that there was significant differences (p0.05) In conclusion, growth performance and haematological activity could be best improved by substituting mango seed kernel meal at 75% with no implication on growth and fish health.

Application of Statistical Solvent Mixture Design in Optimizing the Solid-Liquid Extraction of Phenolic Compounds from Mango Seed Kernels

Mango seed kernel (MSK) is a waste material of the mango processing industry and is reported to significantly contain phenolic compounds with anti-oxidative properties. In this work, these compounds are isolated via solid-liquid extraction (SLE) in which solvent mixture design approach was used to evaluate the optimal quaternary solvent ratio in relation to the phenolics content of extracts from MSK. The quaternary solvent is composed of ethanol (E), methanol (M), acetone (A), and water (W). The extraction process was implemented at 40°C for 60 minutes with the ratio between solid and solvent at 1:25. Response surface methodology coupled with simplex lattice design was developed to evaluate the optimal solvent system and their interaction effects on the phenolic compounds content. The linear, two-way, and three-way interaction, except for methanol-acetonewater system, resulted in positive effects on the phenolic compounds content. The response model shows that a quaternary mixture with approximately 3:3:3:1 E:M:A:W ratio provided the highest phenolic content. A Scheffé cubic model sufficiently described the extraction process. The results of this study showed that the extraction of phenolic compounds in MSK via SLE using a mixture of solvents is possible. Higher extraction efficiencies can be achieved by optimizing the SLE process, and the optimum conditions can be applied to produce phenolic extracts with positive antioxidant activity.

Quorum quenching as a strategy for treating Methicillin Resistant S. aureus (MRSA) - Effect of ε-Polylysine, ethanolic extracts of guava leaves and mango seed kernel

Staphylococcus aureus accessory gene regulatory Quorum Sensing (QS) system facilitates biofilm formation and biofilms are major contributors for antimicrobial resistance. Quorum quenchers could be used as an adjunct to antibiotics to reduce the development of drug resistance. The objective of this study was to evaluate the sub-inhibitory concentration of ethanolic extracts of Mango Seed Kernel Extract (MSKE), Guava Leaf Extract (GLE) and ε-Polylysine (ε-PL) against quorum sensing mediated virulence factors of S. aureus. We evaluated the antibacterial and Quorum Quenching (QQ) activity of these compounds on 10 MRSA and 10 MSSA isolates. The antibacterial activity was tested by disc diffusion assay. The Minimum Inhibitory Concentrations (MIC) for MRSA isolates were: 20 µg/mL for ε-Polylysine, 20 µg/mL for MSKE extract and GLE and for MSSA isolates were:12.5 µg/mL for ε-Polylysine, 20 µg/mL for MSKE extract and GLE. Quorum Sensing Inhibition (QSI) activity was determined at sub-MIC of 10 µg/mL of all the compounds by studying inhibition of the delta hemolysin on sheep blood agar plate and motility on soft agar media. All these compounds affected the motility and expression of δ-hemolysin activity which confirms that these compounds interfere with the QS activity. The QQ effect was confirmed by quantitation of hld (delta hemolysin) transcript and rnaIII transcript by qPCR. The results of this study will be presented as proof of QQ activity by ε-PL, MSKE, and GLE on S. aureus in general and MRSA in particular, as an attractive proposition for adjunct therapy and anti-virulence therapy of MRSA infections.

Antioxidant and α-Glucosidase Inhibitory Activities Guided Isolation and Identification of Components from Mango Seed Kernel.

In the present study, petroleum ether, dichloromethane, ethyl acetate, and n-butanol fractions of mango seed kernel exhibited different degrees of antioxidant and α-glucosidase inhibitory activity. Thus, quantitative and qualitative analysis of the petroleum ether fraction was conducted by GC-MS. Among identified components, four unsaturated fatty acids had never been reported in natural products before, together with 19 known components. In addition, 17 compounds were isolated and elucidated from other active fractions. Compounds 2, 9, 15, and 17 were isolated for the first time from Mangifera genus. Compounds 1 and 2 exhibited prominent DPPH radical scavenging and α-glucosidase inhibitory effects. In order to further explore their mechanism of α-glucosidase inhibition, their enzyme kinetics and in silico modeling experiments were performed. The results indicated that 1 inhibited α-glucosidase in a noncompetitive manner, whereas 2 acted in a competitive manner. In molecular docking, the stability of binding was enhanced by π-π T-shaped, π-alkyl, π-π stacked, hydrogen bond, and electrostatic interactions. Thus, compounds 1 and 2 were determined to be new potent antioxidant and α-glucosidase inhibitors for preventing food oxidation and enhancing hypoglycemic activity.

Optimizing the Extraction of Phenolic Compounds with High Anti-oxidant Activity from Mango Seed Kernel Wastes Using Response Surface Methodology

Mango seed kernels (MSK), which are waste streams in mango processing industry, are good sources of phenolic compounds with high anti-oxidant, anti-bacterial, and anti-viral properties. These phenolic compounds are reported to have an increasing demand over the years in the quest for healthy ready-to-eat food and nutraceuticals. To recover these compounds from MSK, solid-liquid extraction (SLE) can simply be applied, although there is a knowledge gap in in the systematic exploration of this process for mango-based phenolic compounds. In this work, phenolic compounds were extracted from MSK through SLE using ethanol-water solvent system. A statistical-based approach was used to evaluate and optimize the extraction conditions in relation to yield of phenolic compounds from MSK. The central composite design together with response surface methodology was adopted to assess the effect of extraction temperature (30oC, 45oC, and 60oC) and ethanol concentration (25% – 75%) under fixed extraction time (105 min) and solid-to-solvent ratio (1:10) on the extraction yield. Both temperature and ethanol concentration provided positive effects on the yield and the following optimum conditions of temperature and ethanol concentration were obtained at 63.21oC and 53.21% ethanol, respectively. A second-order polynomial equation was obtained describing the extraction process, and a validation test of this response model showed that it sufficiently described the process. Furthermore, the extracts obtained at optimal conditions possess a potential antioxidant activity at IC50 = 45 ± 0.002 µg GAE mL-1 extract. The results indicated that phenolic compounds in MSK can be recovered through extraction using aqueous ethanol. This study also promotes value-addition of a seemingly useless waste material while reducing its health and environmental impact.

Optimization of Extraction Parameters of Polyphenols from Mango Seed Kernel through Response Surface Methodology

Phenolic compounds constitute an essential part of the human diet, and are of considerable interest due to their antioxidant properties. The traditional maceration method has been used for the extraction of polyphenols from mango seed kernel (Mangifera indica L.). Highlight the effects of different extraction parameters is useful to optimize the process, as well as to predict the extraction yield within the experimental domain with enough precision and confidence. The purpose of this work is to probe the influence of extraction time, extraction temperature and agitation speed on the extraction yield of phenolic compounds, and the total reducing power of the extract. The Surface Methodology (RSM), using the Doehlert design, have been applied. Optimal values of extraction yield and total reducing power was 36.99 mg Gallic acid equivalent/g and 61.08 mg Ascorbic Acid Equivalent/g respectively. The optimal conditions are 60 minutes of extraction time, 68.7°C extraction temperature and 424 rpm for agitation speed. Under optimized conditions the experimental values well agreed with the values predicted by the model equations proposed.

Optimization of Extraction Parameters of Polyphenols from Mango Seed Kernel through Response Surface Methodology

Phenolic compounds constitute an essential part of the human diet, and are of considerable interest due to their antioxidant properties. The traditional maceration method has been used for the extraction of polyphenols from mango seed kernel (Mangifera indica L.). Highlight the effects of different extraction parameters is useful to optimize the process, as well as to predict the extraction yield within the experimental domain with enough precision and confidence. The purpose of this work is to probe the influence of extraction time, extraction temperature and agitation speed on the extraction yield of phenolic compounds, and the total reducing power of the extract. The Surface Methodology (RSM), using the Doehlert design, have been applied. Optimal values of extraction yield and total reducing power was 36.99 mg Gallic acid equivalent/g and 61.08 mg Ascorbic Acid Equivalent/g respectively. The optimal conditions are 60 minutes of extraction time, 68.7°C extraction temperature and 424 rpm for agitation speed. Under optimized conditions the experimental values well agreed with the values predicted by the model equations proposed.

Physicochemical properties of spray-dried mango phenolic compounds extracts

The demand of phenolic compounds has increased over time because of their important properties that are advantageous in food and pharmaceutical applications. However, the production of these compounds is limited by the availability of raw materials and the unstable characteristics of the compounds. One such potential plant-based source that can be used for the production of phenolic compounds is mango seed kernel (MSK). It is found that the water extracts of MSK (MSKE) contain significant levels of polyphenolic compounds with substantial antioxidant activities. In this study, phenolic compounds are recovered from mango seed kernel extracts using spray-drying technology. The effects of maltodextrin concentration and initial solids concentration of MSKE to the physicochemical properties of spray-dried phenolic powders are investigated. Results indicate that varying %maltodextrin (MD) and the initial solids content of the extract significantly affected the water solubility (WSI) and water activity (WAI) indices of the powders, as well as their color properties and total phenolic compound content. The ash content of the powders is affected by the change in initial solids concentration; however, it is noted that the maltodextrin concentration did not significantly affect the parameter. Furthermore, the moisture content and DPPH-scavenging antioxidant activity are found to be insignificantly affected by both maltodextrin and initial solids concentration. Overall, the spray-dried polyphenol powders from MSKE are found to have the following properties: 3.56%–5.01% moisture, 0.81–1.80% ash, 2.58%–3.91% water absorption index, 50.62–96.14 mg/g total polyphenol content and 114.14–129.46 mmoL/g DPPH antioxidant activity with a maximum of 24.28% water solubility index. The color of spray-dried powders has the following specifications: lightness = 61.11–68.16, red/green = 2.17–2.92 and yellow/blue = 18.56–20.36.

Effects of Replacing Maize with Boiled Mango (Mangifera indica) Seed Kernel on Feed Intake, Body Weight Gain and Feed Conversion Ratio of Cobb 500 Broiler Chicken

This study was conducted to evaluate effects of replacing maize with Boiled Mango Seed Kernel (BMSK) on feed intake, body weight gain and feed conversion ratio of Cobb 500 broiler chicken. A total of 180 unsexed day-old broiler chicks (Cobb 500) were randomly distributed to four dietary treatment groups in a completely randomized design. Each treatment was replicated thrice with 15 birds per replicate. The experimental diets were formulated to contain 0% BMSK+100% maize (T1), 40% BMSK+60% maize (T2), 60% BMSK+40% maize (T3) and 80% BMSK +20% maize (T4) for 48 experimental days. Feed intake, body weight change, Feed Conversion Ratio (FCR) and mortality data were recorded. Feed offered and refused was determined daily, while body weight data was collected on weekly bases. The overall mean of daily Dry Matter Intake (DMI) were 73.8, 74.4, 64.1 and 60.9 g for T1, T2, T3 and T4, respectively. The DMI was the highest (P<0.001) in T1 and T2 as compared to T3 and T4 in the entire experimental period. The overall mean of daily body weight gain was 33.9, 34.7, 27.9, and 24.6 g for T1, T2, T3 and T4, respectively. Birds fed T1 and T2 diets were the highest (P<0.05) in body weight gain, but T4 had the lowest body weight gain performance. The overall mean of FCR were 2.18, 2.15, 2.29 and 2.48 for T1, T2, T3 and T4, respectively in the entire experimental period. The economic efficiency of treatment diets was 2.42, 2.76, 2.65 and 2.54 for T1, T2, T3 and T4, respectively. In conclusion, BMSK can be used as energy source for replacing maize up to 40% as confirmed and indicated in T2 both in starter and finisher broiler diets without adverse effects on broilers performance.