Mango Seed Kernel Research Articles

Effects of Partial Replacement of Corn Grains With Mango Seed Kernel on Nutrient Digestibility, Blood Metabolites and Rumen Parameters of Growing Calves.

Fruit by-products are a sustainable and cost-effective alternative to traditional grain feed for livestock. One of the most important by-products is mango seed kernel (MSK), which can be used as a valuable energy source for feeding growing calves in the tropical and subtropical productive regions of the world. This study investigated the effect of replacing corn grains (CGs) with MSK on intake, nutrient digestibility, blood metabolites and rumen parameters. Eighteen growing male Friesian calves (200 ± 6.55 kg of body weight and 9-11 months old) were randomly assigned to three treatment groups. Three concentrate feed mixtures were formulated such that MSK replaced CG at 0%, 25% and 50%. Dry matter intake was unaffected, whereas dry matter, organic matter and fibre digestibility increased linearly (p < 0.05) with increased inclusion of MSK. Ruminal pH (p = 0.053) and total volatile fatty acid (VFA) concentration (p = 0.041) increased linearly. There was a linear decrease in cholesterol (p = 0.029) and AST (p = 0.028) levels in the blood of calves. In conclusion, this study demonstrated the positive effect of replacing 50% of CG with MSK on rumen parameters, including a higher ruminal pH and total VFA concentration, alongside higher nutrient digestibility. The dietary inclusion of mango seed can serve as a valuable and sustainable dietary component for growing calves.

Impact of Partial Replacement of Yellow Corn with Mango Seed Kernel on In Vitro Gas Production and Energy Content

Impact of Partial Replacement of Yellow Corn with Mango Seed Kernel on In Vitro Gas Production and Energy Content

Effects of Extraction Methods on the Functional and Morphological Characterization of Mango Seed Kernel Starch

Effects of Extraction Methods on the Functional and Morphological Characterization of Mango Seed Kernel Starch

Optimization of an ultrasound-assisted extraction method to obtain gallic acid-rich extracts from mango seed kernels.

Gallic acid is a widely recognized bioactive compound that falls under the category of secondary polyphenolic metabolites and is fairly found in mango fruit waste, specifically in mango seed kernel (MSK). This study aimed to adopt a green extraction approach to extract this valuable compound via ultrasound-assisted extraction (UAE) without using organic solvents but only water to obtain hazard-free extracts, and the cost of extraction can be minimal. pH (2-8), solvent ratio (20-60 mL/g), temperature (30-60°C) and time (30-60 min) of extraction were the independent variables used for extraction optimization. Single-factor experiments to obtain working ranges for selected extraction variables were carried out. A central composite design using response surface methodology was used to determine the optimum condition to obtain the maximum yield of gallic acid from MSK. The optimized extraction conditions were 3.9 pH, 36.25 mL/g solvent ratio, and 39.4°C of extraction temperature for 21.3 min. As a result, the optimized yield was 5.76 ± 0.41 mg/g, which was comparably equal to and/or better than the other solvent extraction systems. The results showed that gallic acid could efficiently be extracted via UAE under these optimal conditions. It is safer than extraction systems involving hazardous solvents that can be feasibly used for its nutraceutical and therapeutic applications.

Film dressings from Thai mango seed kernel extracts versus nanocrystalline silver dressings in antibacterial properties.

Introduction: The extract from the Mango Seed Kernel (MSK) has been documented to exhibit antibacterial activity against Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria, including Staphylococcus aureus and Pseudomonas aeruginosa. This suggests that biomaterials containing MSK extract could be a viable alternative to conventional wound treatments, such as nanocrystalline silver dressings. Despite this potential, there is a notable gap in the literature regarding comparing the antibacterial effectiveness of MSK film dressings with nanocrystalline silver dressings. This study aimed to develop film dressings containing MSK extract and evaluate their antibacterial properties compared to nanocrystalline silver dressings. Additionally, the study aimed to assess other vital physical properties of these dressings critical for effective wound care. Materials and methods: We prepared MSK film dressings from two cultivars of mango from Thailand, 'Chokanan' and 'Namdokmai'. The inhibition-zone method was employed to determine the antibacterial property. The morphology and chemical characterization of the prepared MSK film dressings were examined with scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and Fourier-Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR), respectively. The absorption of pseudo-wound exudate and water vapor transmission rate (WVTR) of film dressings were evaluated. Results: The results showed that 40% of MSKC film dressing had the highest inhibition zone (20.00 ± 0.00mm against S. aureus and 17.00 ± 1.00mm against P. aeruginosa) and 20%, 30%, and 40% of MSKC and MSKN film dressings had inhibition zones similar to nanocrystalline silver dressing for both S. aureus and P. aeruginosa (p > 0.05). In addition, all concentrations of the MSK film dressings had low absorption capacity, and Chokanan MSK (MSKC) film dressings had a higher WVTR than Namdokmai MSK (MSKN) film dressings. Conclusion: 20%, 30%, and 40% of MSK film dressing is nearly as effective as nanocrystalline silver dressing. Therefore, it has the potential to be an alternative antibacterial dressing and is suitable for wounds with low exudate levels.

Formulation of Microemulsion-based Gel Containing Mango Seed Kernel Extract for Application in Anti-inflammation

Published research showed that mango seeds have good anti-inflammatory and antibacterial properties. The purpose of this study is to develop a microemulsion formula containing mango seed extract for application in the treatment of inflammatory acne. Isopropyl myristate and coconut oil were selected as the fixed oil phase components. Phase diagrams for the microemulsion regions were constructed using PEG 40 hydrogenated castor oil as surfactant and PEG 400 as co-solvent. Microemulsions were prepared by titration and mixed with mango seed extract. Microemulsions and the physical and chemical stability of the microemulsion were evaluated for droplet size and PDi index using dynamic light scattering techniques. The microemulsion was gelled and evaluated for its anti-inflammatory effect by comparing it with an acne cream on the market. The selected microemulsion formula has a ratio of isopropyl myristate oil to coconut oil of 1:2, Smix/Co is PEG 40 hydrogenated castor oil to PEG 400 with a ratio of 3:1, and a high loading efficiency of 5% mango seed. The average particle size of the microemulsion reached 22.74 nm. The selected microemulsion showed good stability, with almost no change in particle size when stored at room temperature after 30 days. The microemulsion was gelled with 7% carbopol, and the permeability of polyphenols from the microemulsion gel within 6 hours was observed to be about 59.61%. The microemulsion gel inhibited the denaturation of bovine serum albumin, indicating that the microemulsion containing coconut oil and mango extract may help in treating inflammatory acne. Microemulsion gel containing mango seed kernel has been successfully studied, has anti-inflammatory activity equivalent to a modern control drug, and is promising as a natural preparation that can provide anti-inflammatory protection on acne skin. However, further clinical studies need to be conducted before use.&#x0D;

Standardization of hot air drying parameters and their impact on total phenolics and oil content of mango seed kernel

The mango seed kernel (MSK) stands out as a rich source of total phenolic compounds and premium-quality fats. This study aimed to optimize the hot air drying process parameters for MSK, utilizing a tray dryer to achieve maximum yield of mango seed kernel oil (MSKO) while retaining high levels of total phenolic compounds. The experimentation involved the application of a Completely Randomized Design (CRD) analysis, leading to the identification of the optimal drying conditions—60°C temperature, resulting in a yield of 11.80% MSKO and 163.28 mg gallic acid equivalents (GAE) per gram of MSK, with a desirability index of 0.861.After establishing the standard hot air drying parameters, the biochemical composition of MSK showed enhancement due to the effective preservation of bioactive compounds, particularly total phenolic compounds. This extensive experiment not only improves the yield of MSKO but also enhances the nutritional value of MSK. The findings highlight the potential for additional investigation and utilisation of mango seed kernel in food and bioenergy applications.

Antimicrobial Activity of Phenolic-Rich Extracts from Mango Seed Kernel on Microorganisms

Antimicrobial Activity of Phenolic-Rich Extracts from Mango Seed Kernel on Microorganisms

Effect of Various Pretreatments on Anti-nutrients of Mango Seed Kernel and its Utilization in Preparation of Pasta

Effect of Various Pretreatments on Anti-nutrients of Mango Seed Kernel and its Utilization in Preparation of Pasta

Extraction and Quality Evaluation of Starch from Sindhoora Variety Mango Seed Kernel

Mango is known as the "King of Tropical Fruits" and is one of the world's most popular fruits. Mango fruit processinggenerates 25-40% waste consisting of peels and kernels, presenting a significant opportunity for by-product recovery. A mangoseed kernel starch has been isolated using sedimentation, centrifugation, and alkali methods. The study aims to apply centrifugation,sedimentation, and alkali methods to isolate the starch from mango seed kernel and study the effects on the physiochemical,functional, and FTIR characteristics of starch. The results of this investigation revealed that the highest starch yield was observedby the alkali method (81.11%), followed by sedimentation (64.11%) and centrifugation (63.16%). The physio-chemical propertiesrevealed that the centrifugation method had high protein (1.77±0.005g) and lipid (0.78g) content.In contrast, the highest starchyield (97.32g) and amylose (28.13g) content were observed in the alkali method. The functional properties like solubility index(23.0%) and swelling power (11.36g/g) were also increased in the alkali method, which maintained this tendency throughout time.When compared to centrifugation and alkali methods, the water-binding capacity of the sedimentation (90.23%) method wassignificantly increased in the mango kernel starches (p&lt;0.05). Results of FTIR analysis showed that all starches share the samestructural properties, including O-H groups, O=C=O stretching, C-H bending, C=C bending, and -CH stretching. The studyconcludes that extraction using the alkali method had a significantly important role in the physio-chemical and functional propertiesof mango kernel starches, which may be used to improve the textural and sensory aspects in formulations of novel products

Impact Assessment of Using Mango Seed Kernel on Milk Yield and Fatty Acids Profile in Ewes' Diets.

Impact Assessment of Using Mango Seed Kernel on Milk Yield and Fatty Acids Profile in Ewes' Diets.

Profiling of phenolic compounds, antimicrobial, antioxidant, and hemolytic activity of mango seed kernel using different optimized extraction systems.

Mango seed kernels (MSKs) have been reported to show antioxidant, antibacterial, and anti-inflammatory properties. This study explores the influence of different optimized extraction systems on the extraction of MSK. The effects on gallic acid (GA) content, total phenolic content (TPC), total flavonoid content (TFC), antioxidant, antimicrobial, and hemolytic activity of MSK extracts from different extraction systems (65.45% ethanol-ultrasound assisted extraction [UAE], 62% ethanol-incubator shaker, 19.4% ethanol-UAE, and 100% water-UAE) were assessed. Based on the results, a nonsignificant difference in phenolic (p=0.222), flavonoids (p=0.058), antioxidant (p=0.165), and antimicrobial activity (p=0.193) against Staphylococcus aureus whereas a significant difference (p<0.0001) in hemolytic, GA content, and antimicrobial activity against Clostridium perfringens was observed. Among different extraction systems, aqueous extraction showed significantly lower hemolytic (1.09%) and higher GA content (4.72mg/g) and comparable results in all other experiments; yield (32.40%), TPC (58.79mg/g), TFC (2.16mg/g), and antioxidant (73.19%). Hence, it has been concluded that aqueous extraction system could be considered a sustainable extraction system for practical applications. PRACTICAL APPLICATION: Aqueous extraction system could be a sustainable option for extraction of mango seed kernel for practical applications as it is readily available, cheap, nonflammable, and nontoxic.

Comparative Assessment of Antioxidant Properties of Mango Seed Kernels of Neelam and Banganapalle Variety

Free radicals, the source of oxidative stress, have been linked to a wide range of disorders. Current research is directed towards finding naturally occurring antioxidant of plant origin. The present investigation aimed to evaluate and compare the antioxidant capabilities of six solvent extracts of mango seed kernel (MSK) of two different mango species. The standard antioxidant assays have been done, including the Reducing power, DPPH, ABTS, Super oxide radical scavenging, Hydrogen peroxide scavenging, and Total antioxidant assays. Both the DPPH and ABTS assays show that MSK, after being extracted with ethyl acetate, has a high capacity to quench free radicals. Reducing power showed increase in absorption value with increasing of concentration. Both the species have the same abilities to scavenge superoxide and hydrogen peroxide. Total antioxidant activity was high in the ethyl acetate solvent extract. In addition, our findings indicate that MSK extract may serve as a natural antioxidant.

Subcritical Water Extraction of Mango Seed Kernels and Its Application for Cow Ghee Preservation

Mango seed kernel (MSK) extract contains phytochemicals, bioactives, and fatty acids that are of interest to food and nutritional scientists. The subcritical water extraction process (SCWE) can be effective in extracting valuable bioactives from MSK. In this study, SCWE was investigated and optimized for the extraction of bioactives from MSK using Box–Behnken experimental design. The extract yield was examined as a function of various process variables, namely, solvent-to-feed (L/S) ratio, extraction temperature (T), and extraction time (t). Analysis of variance (ANOVA) for experimental results showed that extraction temperature was the most significant variable that impacted the extract yield. A maximum yield of 52.3% was obtained at optimized extraction conditions of L/S ratio = 20.7, T = 116.5 °C, and t = 45 min. Antioxidant assessment of the SCWE extract obtained at the optimized conditions showed higher total phenolic content (19.2 mg GAE/g), and DPPH and ABTS radical scavenging activity (&gt;91%), than the extracts obtained by conventional hot water extraction and ultra-sound assisted extraction. Furthermore, an assessment of the MSK extract as a natural preservative showed that its inclusion (20% v/v) improved the oxidative stability of cow ghee with a par performance to synthetic butylated hydroxyanisole antioxidant (0.02% w/v). Thus, the study demonstrated SCWE as an effective green method for the production of MSK extract that could be applied for the preservation of oxidative food products.

Enhanced adsorptive removal of rifampicin and tigecycline from single system using nano-ceria decorated biochar of mango seed kernel

Pharmaceutically active compounds (PhACs) represent an emerging class of contaminants. With a potential to negatively impact human health and the ecosystem, existence of pharmaceuticals in the aquatic systems is becoming a worrying concern. Antibiotics is a major class of PhACs and their existence in wastewater signifies a health risk on the long run. With the purpose of competently removing antibiotics from wastewater, cost-effective, and copiously available waste-derived adsorbents were structured. In this study, mango seeds kernel (MSK), both as a pristine biochar (Py–MSK) and as a nano-ceria-laden (Ce–Py–MSK) were applied for the remediation of rifampicin (RIFM) and tigecycline (TIGC). To save time and resources, adsorption experiments were managed using a multivariate-based scheme executing the fractional factorial design (FrFD). Percentage removal (%R) of both antibiotics was exploited in terms of four variables: pH, adsorbent dosage, initial drug concentration, and contact time. Preliminary experiments showed that Ce–Py–MSK has higher adsorption efficiency for both RIFM and TIGC compared to Py–MSK. The %R was 92.36% for RIFM compared to 90.13% for TIGC. With the purpose of comprehending the adsorption process, structural elucidation of both sorbents was performed using FT-IR, SEM, TEM, EDX, and XRD analyses which confirmed the decoration of the adsorbent surface with the nano-ceria. BET analysis revealed that Ce–Py–MSK has a higher surface area (33.83 m2/g) contrasted to the Py–MSK (24.72 m2/g). Isotherm parameters revealed that Freundlich model best fit Ce–Py–MSK–drug interactions. A maximum adsorption capacity (qm) of 102.25 and 49.28 mg/g was attained for RIFM and TIGC, respectively. Adsorption kinetics for both drugs conformed well with both pseudo-second order (PSO) and Elovich models. This study, therefore, has established the suitability of Ce–Py–MSK as a green, sustainable, cost-effective, selective, and efficient adsorbent for the treatment of pharmaceutical wastewater.

Evaluation of the proximate and anti-nutrient composition of methanol extract of Mangifera indica (mango) seed kernel and impact of its consumption on haematological parameters

The aim of this study was to evaluate the proximate and anti-nutrient composition of methanol extract of Mangifera indica (mango) seed kernel and impact of its consumption on haematological indices of treated rats. Mango seed kernels were processed into fine powder which was subsequently divided into two parts. While one half of the flour sample was used for proximate analysis, the remaining half was subjected to extraction. Twenty five adult male wistar rats were divided into five groups of five rats each. Group I was the normal control and was fed rat chow and water only, Groups II-V were administered with 200, 400, 600 and 800 mg/kg bw of Mango Seed Kernel Extract (MSKE) respectively. Administration of extract lasted for 21 days after which rats were sacrificed and blood sample collected for analysis of haematological indices which were determined by standard procedures. Proximate analysis revealed the presence of ash, crude fibre, crude protein, fat and total carbohydrate (70.12±1.34%) which was reportedly more abundant. The study also revealed the presence of anti-nutrients such as oxalate, tannins, phytate, alkaloid and saponins and phytate (1.49±0.01 mg/100g) which was most abundant, while alkaloid (0.03±0.02 mg/100 g) was the least abundant. Administration of 200, 400, 600 and 800 mg/kg body weight of MSKE significantly (P&lt;0.05) reduced Haemoglobin concentration (Hb), Red Blood Cell (RBC), Packed Cell Volume (PCV). However, 400, 600 and 800 mg/kg MSKE reduced WBC compared to the control, there was a non-significant (P&gt;0.05) difference between the WBC of the control group and that of the group II administered with 200 mg/kg bw MSKE. In conclusion, the fact that MSKE is an embodiment of nutrients and anti-nutrients has undoubtedly been consolidated further through this research and the alterations observed in the studied blood parameters are direct consequence of the anti-nutrient.

Laccase mediated electrosynthesis of heliotropin on mango-kernel derived carbon nanosphere composite: A sustainable approach

Facile fabrication of enzyme immobilized carbon nanospheres (CNS) based catalysts with high electrical conductivity and catalytic efficiency are of decisive importance for their electrocatalysis. Herein, we report a novel, green and highly efficient synthesis route for the development of an electrode surface with enhanced electrical conductivity and better catalytic activity for the electrochemical synthesis of heliotropin. An important organic intermediate, heliotropin is widely employed in organic synthetic chemistry, perfume, pharmaceutical and dye industries. To design an efficient electrocatalyst, the obtained biowaste (mango seed kernels) was pyrolyzed and subjected to acid treatment to form functionalised CNS (f-CNS). The functionalised CFP electrode was employed as a template for laccase immobilization. This was further treated with free laccase resulting in the formation of Lac-fCNS/CFP electrode. The enzyme based catalytic effect of the developed electrode exhibited excellent electrooxidation of piperonyl alcohol in the presence of TEMPO, which served as the mediator. A high yield (72%) of heliotropin was achieved during the electrooxidation at 0.78 V via bulk electrolysis. The obtained product (heliotropin aka piperonal) was confirmed via 1 H NMR and 13 C NMR. Additionally, computational molecular docking analysis of f-CNS:laccase composite showed strong binding affinity (-6.2 kcal/mol) with TEMPO in comparison with free laccase (-5.1 kcal/mol). The excellent selectivity and efficiency of the developed electrocatalyst aims to surpass all other reported laccase-TEMPO mediated based electrocatalytic oxidation reactions. Effect of porosity obtained from carbon nanospheres might be the reason for the present investigations. • Facile synthesis of mango-seed kernel derived carbon nanospheres (CNS) via pyrolysis. • Laccase immobilization onto functionalized CNS, an effective carbon substrate for electrochemical synthesis. • Laccase-TEMPO mediated electrochemical oxidation of piperonyl alcohol to form heliotropin or piperonal. • A higher binding affinity observed in the interactions between the fabricated composite (Lac-fCNS) and TEMPO was studied by Molecular docking analysis.

Recent development of eco-friendly nanocomposite carbon paste electrode for voltammetric determination of Cd(II) in real samples

Using eco-friendly, cheap, and available adsorbents is promising for the determination of metal ions. So, this study focuses on the modification of graphite reinforcement carbon paste electrode (GRCPE) with mango seed kernel (MSK) for voltammetric determination of Cd(II). Moreover, to increase the surface area of this adsorbent, it was prepared in nanosized that formed nanoparticles of mango seed kernel (MSK-NPs). The developed nanocomposite electrode of carbon paste electrode modified with nanoparticles of mango seed kernel (MSK-NPs@GRCPE) was characterized using Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) and Scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The effect of pH, buffer solution, and supporting electrolyte as experimental conditions were optimized through differential pulse adsorptive anodic stripping voltammetric method (DPAdASV). Britton-Robinson buffer pH = 3.9 at Eacc = – 1400 mV, tacc = 30 s, pulse width = 10 ms and sampling time = 8 ms were the optimum conditions for determination of Cd(II). The LOD and LOQ of MSK-NPs@GRCPE were calculated at 5.44 × 10–9 and 1.65 × 10–8 M, respectively. Compared with bare graphite reinforcement carbon paste electrode (BGRCPE), the nanocomposite MSK-NPs@GRCPE has a lower detection limit, indicating that the presence of MSK-NPs could greatly improve the response to Cd(II). The practical applicability of the electrode was verified by the determination of Cd(II) in chocolate and white rice samples. The results show high selectivity and sensitivity for Cd(II) in real samples.Graphical abstract

Mango Seed Kernel: A Bountiful Source of Nutritional and Bioactive Compounds

Mango Seed Kernel: A Bountiful Source of Nutritional and Bioactive Compounds

Extraction optimization, characterization and anti- inflammatory activity of functional protein from Mangifera indica seeds kernel

Mango seed kernel (MSK) was observed to be a likely source of bioactive protein. Box-Behnken Design (BBD) was employed to optimize the protein extraction conditions. The optimum extraction conditions for maximum protein yield (68.336%) were corresponding to extraction temperature 54.53 °C, buffer-to-sample values 41.79 mL/g and extraction time 120 min with desirability value of 0.471%. The results of electrophoresis patterns of MSKP revealed two types of proteins; low molecular weight between 6 to 98 kDa explained the presence of globulin with type (2S) and another principal protein band of 27.6 kDa explained the presence of lectins. The extracted proteins under optimized conditions showed inhibition activity of nitric oxide (NO) release and pro-inflammatory inducers like (IL-6), (IL-1r3) and (TNF-a) in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced RAW264.7 macrophages. These findings revealed that MSK could be used as a promising nutraceutical of functional and health-promoting proteins.