Mandarin Duck Research Articles

The relationship between waterfowl assemblage and environmental properties in dam lakes in central Japan: Implications for dam management practice.

Winter waterfowl assemblage structure in nine dam lakes located in Kinki district, central Japan, was analysed in relation to various lake environmental properties, such as water quality, surrounding vegetation and management practices. Most waterfowl recorded in the dam lakes (41.4-100% of the total count) were the mandarin ducks and dabbling ducks, especially mallards, whereas aquatic plant and benthos consumers, such as tufted ducks and European pochards, were few. Important factors affecting waterfowl assemblage structure (richness and diversity) were surrounding vegetation and lake water level, both of which can be controlled by dam managers. The water quality or eutrophic level had little effect on waterfowl assemblage structure. These results suggest that waterfowl assemblage structure in dam lakes is greatly affected by human management. Therefore, dam managers should carefully plan their management activities so that the appropriate environment is maintained for waterfowl assemblages in dam lakes.

An evaluation of waterfowl sampling methods for the national census on river and dam lake environments.

A national census of river and dam lake environments (NCRE) conducted by the Ministry of Construction of Japan has been underway since 1991. Information on the variation in number and habitat use of waterfowl is important in determining the optimum sampling effort necessary for accurately estimating the population density. However, this variation is not sufficiently considered in the census methods used in the NCRE. In this paper, we report the variation in number and habitat use of waterfowl, especially ducks, over short and long temporal scales (daily and monthly changes, respectively) at Takayama dam lake in central Japan. Between December 1998 and March 1999, we counted wintering waterfowl from a small boat and from the lake shore, and analysed the results in relation to the valid range of census methods adopted by the NCRE. General results of the field observations were : (1) the waterfowl assemblage was stable in January and February ; (2) the waterfowl assemblage was stable on any given day and only slightly varied during five consecutive days ; (3) the locations of ducks on the dam lake remained almost the same during both short and long temporal scales ; and (4) terrestrial observations were not useful for counting mandarin ducks and greenwinged teals resting on the surface of the dam lake. These results suggest the following: (1) the winter waterfowl census in central Japan should be conducted in January or February ; (2) the area surveyed in the census should be large enough to encompass the large home ranges seen in several waterfowl species (e.g. common cormorants, mallards and European wigeons) ; (3) routes for line transect and positions for point counts should be chosen carefully when observers count waterfowl on land ; and (4) boat-based observations are recommended for waterfowl censuses.

Wintering Flock of the Mandarin Duck (Aix galericulata) in Cheju Island, Republic of Korea

The wintering flock of the Mandarin Duck Aix galericulata was observed from January to March 1999 at Talsodo near Cheju Island, Republic of Korea. The Mandarin Ducks are globally threatened and have been estimated about 50, 000 birds all over the world. They have been designated as a natural monument, No.327, in Republic of Korea. Mandarin Ducks were observed at the study area from 19 January to 15 March. The number of Mandarin Duck showed a peak, 2, 550 birds, on 27 January. This is the first record of a large wintering flock for the species in Cheju Island, Republic of Korea. This area is an important habitat for wintering Aix galericulata. We need to have a protective policy such as monitoring the population size and disturbance factors, etc. of the habitat for the conservation of this species.

The threatened and near-threatened birds of northern Ussuriland, south-east Russia, and the role of the Bikin River basin in their conservation

SummaryFieldwork on the distribution, habitat preferences and status of birds was conducted in the Bikin River basin, northern Ussuriland, south-east Russia, during May–July 1992,1993,1995,1996 and 1997. The results of this survey combined with data collected during 1960–1990, show the area to be of high conservation priority and one of the most important for the conservation of Blakiston's Fish Owl Ketupa blakistoni, Chinese Merganser Mergus squamatus, Mandarin Duck Aix galericulata and Hooded Crane Grus monacha. This paper reports on all of the 13 threatened and near-threatened breeding species of northern Ussuriland, with special emphasis on their occurrence and status in the Bikin area. Three more species, included in the Red Data Book of Russia, are also briefly discussed. Maps show the distribution of the breeding sites of the species discussed. The establishment of a nature reserve in the lower Bikin area is suggested as the only way to conserve the virgin Manchurian-type habitats (wetlands and forests), and all 10 species of special conservation concern. Monitoring of the local populations of Blakiston's Fish Owl, Chinese Merganser and Mandarin Duck in the middle Bikin is required.

Insiders, Outsiders, and the Question of Authenticity: Who Shall Write for African American Children?

Let Portmans go to Ireland, but as you know nothing of Manners there, you had better not go with them. You will be in danger of giving false impressions. Stick to Bath & Foresters. There you will be quite at home. (Jane Austen [from a letter to Austen's niece, who had sent her manuscript of a novel], qtd. in Mercer 307) This romance was sketched out during a residence of considerable length in Italy, and has been rewritten and prepared for press in England. The author proposed to himself merely to write a fanciful story, evolving a thoughtful moral, and did not purpose attempting a portraiture of Italian manners and character. He has lived too long abroad not to be aware that a foreigner seldom acquires that knowledge of a country, at once flexible and profound, which may justify him in endeavoring to idealize its traits. Italy, as site of his romance, was chiefly valuable to him as affording a sort of poetic or fairy precinct.... (Nathaniel Hawthorne, Preface to The Marble Faun vi) My themes are universal. And because black people are people I know, and part of group that I am, that is my center, so to speak, so my characters are black. Most of time.... But it's very difficult when you're a black writer to write outside of black experience. People don't allow it; critics won't allow it. If I would do a book that didn't have blacks, people would say, Oh, what is Virginia Hamilton doing? Yet a white writer can write about anything. (Virginia Hamilton, qtd. in Rochman 1021) This is a popular Japanese folktale and tells story of a devoted pair of wild ducks. The illustrations in this beautiful book are subtle and suggestive but also an education in dress, hairstyles, hierarchical levels of society, homes, customs and, not least, in eighteenth-century Japanese art. (I have been told that there are inaccuracies in representations; cummerbunds of ladies are wrong width and upper-class ladies sport hair styles of courtesans. And Japanese never wear shoes in house. This doesn't lessen my bonding with this book and, indeed, makes me want to find out more.) (Judith Graham [commenting on The Tale of Mandarin Ducks, retold by Katherine Paterson and illustrated by Leo and Diane Dillon] 24) One central concern of scholars, literary historians, and critics these days is matter of authenticity, especially authenticity of cross-cultural and multicultural stories, and ensuing conflict or question, Who will produce literature of parallel cultures? An author of character's own particular culture - or anyone? And for those who feel it doesn't matter (that anyone who can tell a good story should do so), we must ask, What makes a story good? Replicating reality to fullest? Getting facts and feelings right? Suppressing or distorting reality to make us think and feel differently? (Giving us new images to think with - and about?) But good for whom? Writers who want or need freedom of expression? Publishers who want story to sell? Readers who want to find themselves in a book? Readers who want to find others in a book? And which readers? Those closest to author's own reality? Or those with different background experiences? Can a really story be good if it does not derive its material from traditions (the memories, beliefs, preoccupations, and concerns) of an author whose cultural origins are shared by those of story's characters? Jane Austen, with her concern for social realism, did not think so. And remark she made about the little bit (two inches wide) of ivory on which I work with so fine a brush (qtd. in Tanner 1) has now become legendary. Nathaniel Hawthorne agreed in principle, and that is why he decided to make his story The Marble Faun, set in Italy, a fantasy and why he took great pains to sidestep a realistic portrait of his Italian characters. Virginia Hamilton protests fact that she does not have liberty of white authors, who either ignore Austen's advice or follow Hawthorne's example. …

The status and conservation of wildfowl (anatidae) in Heilongjiang Province, China

Heilongjiang Province has large areas of wetlands. 32 species ofanatidae were recorded: 5 geese (Anser sp.), 2 swans (Cygnus sp.) and 25 ducks (Anas sp.). Some millions of geese and duck bred here before the 1960s. Because of wetland reclamation for farmland in recent years, their numbers have declined rapidly, and five species: whooper swan (Cygnus cygnus), whistling wans (Cygnus columbianus), white-fronted goose (Anser erythropus), mandarin duck (Aix galericulata), and Chinese merganser (Mergus squamatus) are endangered. They are now protected by the China Wildlife Protection Law, promulgated in 1989. In order to protect wildlife resources, 19 natural reserves were set up in Heilongjiang Province; some species can be restored and utilized reasonably.

Metastatic Malignant Melanoma in a Mandarin Duck (Aix galericulata)

A biopsy taken from a mass on the dorsal surface of the bill of an adult female mandarin duck (Aix galericulata) was diagnosed as a malignant melanoma by light microscopy. Two months later, the tumor had enlarged considerably; the duck developed severe dyspnea and was euthanatized. At necropsy, there were metastases to lymphoid tissues in the lower regions of the neck. To our knowledge, this is the first report of a malignant melanoma in a mandarin duck.

Woman and Chinese modernity: the politics of reading between West and East

Seeing modern China - toward a theory of ethnic spectatorship mandarin ducks and butterflies - an exercise in popular readings modernity and narration - in feminine detail loving women - masochism, fantasy, and the idealization of the mother.

Watching the Voyeurs: Palace Poetry and the Yuefu of Wen Tingyun

Warm drapes adorned with kingfisher feathers. [, Her Chu waist once knew preference and favor, But palace brows now struggle for prominence. From her knotted sash hang gardenia seeds, On her embroidered collar, mandarin ducks in needlework. Light and chill the night in the wardrobe; She smooths the Aloes-scented robes with a golden iron. -Li Shangyin~ ~ (813?-858): Imitating Xu Ling's Style: Presented to a Serving

Egg-laying, incubation and intraspecific nest parasitism by the Mandarin DuckAix galericulata

Incubated clutches of the Mandarin Duck were larger earlier in the breeding season. At all nests there were days on which a single egg, and days on which no egg was added to a clutch; days on which more than one egg was added to a clutch were less frequent. Larger clutches had proportionately more days on which two or more eggs were added; the proportion of days on which no eggs were added was unrelated to clutch size. Larger clutches had a relatively shorter laying period than expected, but a longer incubation period than smaller clutches. Unhatched eggs resulted mainly from embryonic mortality, which was concentrated in the period just prior to pipping. Similar proportions of unhatched eggs resulted from eggs laid into clutches before and after the start of incubation. Larger clutches did not have proportionately more unhatched eggs. As all clutches had at least one day on which no eggs were laid, it is proposed that the proportion of nests parasitized was greater than that estimated from nests with mor...

Clutch size and nesting sites of the Mandarin DuckAix galericulata

The Mandarin Duck had a highly variable clutch size in both natural nest sites (tree cavities) and artificial sites (nest boxes); some very large clutches were recorded. The provision of artificial sites did not alter the size of clutches incubated in natural nest sites. However, the clutches incubated in artificial sites were smaller than those from natural sites when both were available. The addition of nest boxes to the study area substantially increased the total number of eggs incubated each year simply by the number of additional eggs incubated in boxes. Some nest sites, both natural and artificial, were unused in any one year. More than a quarter of clutches, both from natural and artificial nest sites, were never incubated; these were similar in size to clutches of incubated eggs. It is concluded that variability in clutch size resulted from intraspecific nest parasitism, and that the provision of artificial nest sites made little difference to the occurrence of this behaviour.

The distribution and status of the Mandarin DuckAix galericulatain Britain

All records of Mandarin Ducks in the UK from 1745 to 1987 were collated and analysed. Comparisons were made between records covering this whole period and records covering the years 1970 to 1987; recent records do not reflect major changes in the overall range of distribution, but the species is far more widespread than previously published maps of its distribution suggest. The current British population is estimated to be at least 7000 birds, more than three times greater than previous estimates.

Rereading Mandarin Ducks and Butterflies: A Response to the "Postmodern" Condition

A crucial, though largely unnoticed, moment emerges in the current debates on postmodernism when the American Marxist critic Fredric Jameson refers to the as-yet untranslated works of a contemporary Taiwanese writer, Wang Wenxing (Wang Wenhsing), as postmodernist. With that wordJameson means to include contemporary Chinese literature in a new culture which articulates the logic of a new global and multinational late capitalism, and which can no longer be considered a purely Western export but may be expected to characterize at least certain other local zones of reality around the capitalist world.' From the perspective of Chinese studies, it would seem necessary to consider this claim of postmodernism with a large degree of caution. That consideration would begin with a foregrounding of Jameson's hypothetical reconstruction of Chinese modernism. Significantly, Jameson positions Lao She's Camel Xiangzi (first serialized in 1936-37) as an

Is Nest Parasitism Always Deleterious to Goldeneyes?

Previous articleNext article No AccessNotes and CommentsIs Nest Parasitism Always Deleterious to Goldeneyes?John McA. Eadie and Harry G. LumsdenJohn McA. Eadie Search for more articles by this author and Harry G. Lumsden Search for more articles by this author PDFPDF PLUS Add to favoritesDownload CitationTrack CitationsPermissionsReprints Share onFacebookTwitterLinkedInRedditEmail SectionsMoreDetailsFiguresReferencesCited by The American Naturalist Volume 126, Number 6Dec., 1985 Published for The American Society of Naturalists Article DOIhttps://doi.org/10.1086/284458 Views: 14Total views on this site Citations: 25Citations are reported from Crossref Copyright 1985 The University of ChicagoPDF download Crossref reports the following articles citing this article:Bruce E. Lyon, Daizaburo Shizuka Context-dependent response to eggs: egg retrieval versus egg rejection in a conspecific brood parasite, Animal Behaviour 132 (Oct 2017): 281–289.https://doi.org/10.1016/j.anbehav.2017.08.022Malte Andersson Helping Relatives Survive and Reproduce: Inclusive Fitness and Reproductive Value in Brood Parasitism, The American Naturalist 189, no.22 (Dec 2016): 138–152.https://doi.org/10.1086/689991Ye Gong, Rebecca T. Kimball, Colette St. Mary, Xiang Cui, Lin Wang, Yunlei Jiang, Haitao Wang Kin-biased conspecific brood parasitism in a native Mandarin duck population, Journal of Ornithology 157, no.44 (May 2016): 1063–1072.https://doi.org/10.1007/s10336-016-1353-3Ondřej Šťovíček, Jakub Kreisinger, Veronika Javůrková, Tomáš Albrecht High rates of conspecific brood parasitism revealed by microsatellite analysis in a diving duck, the common pochard Aythya ferina, Journal of Avian Biology 44, no.44 (Mar 2013): 369–375.https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1600-048X.2013.00074.xPatrick R. Lemons, James S. Sedinger, Pamela Svete Randle Detecting conspecific brood parasitism using egg morphology in black brant Branta bernicla nigricans, Journal of Avian Biology 42, no.44 (Jul 2011): 282–288.https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1600-048X.2011.05217.xPatrick R. Lemons, James S. Sedinger Egg size matching by an intraspecific brood parasite, Behavioral Ecology 22, no.44 (Apr 2011): 696–700.https://doi.org/10.1093/beheco/arr035DAVID K. DAHLGREN, TERRY A. MESSMER, DAVID N. KOONS Achieving Better Estimates of Greater Sage-Grouse Chick Survival in Utah, The Journal of Wildlife Management 74, no.66 (Dec 2010): 1286–1294.https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1937-2817.2010.tb01249.xŠárka Neužilová, Petr Musil Inter-Specific Egg Recognition Among Two Diving Ducks Species, Common Pochard Aythya ferina and Tufted Duck Aythya fuligula, Acta Ornithologica 45, no.11 (Jun 2010): 59–65.https://doi.org/10.3161/000164510X516092Bruce E. Lyon, John McA. Eadie Conspecific Brood Parasitism in Birds: A Life-History Perspective, Annual Review of Ecology, Evolution, and Systematics 39, no.11 (Dec 2008): 343–363.https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.ecolsys.39.110707.173354ELLEN KALMBACH Why do goose parents adopt unrelated goslings? A review of hypotheses and empirical evidence, and new research questions, Ibis 148, no.11 (Jan 2006): 66–78.https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1474-919X.2006.00496.xDouglas W. Tallamy EGG DUMPING IN INSECTS, Annual Review of Entomology 50, no.11 (Jan 2005): 347–370.https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.ento.50.071803.130424Hannu Pöysä Low host recognition tendency revealed by experimentally induced parasitic egg laying in the common goldeneye ( Bucephala clangula ), Canadian Journal of Zoology 81, no.99 (Sep 2003): 1561–1565.https://doi.org/10.1139/z03-147 Michael L. G. Loeb Evolution of Egg Dumping in a Subsocial Insect. M. L. G Loeb, The American Naturalist 161, no.11 (Jul 2015): 129–142.https://doi.org/10.1086/344918Andrés López-Sepulcre, Hanna Kokko The role of kin recognition in the evolution of conspecific brood parasitism, Animal Behaviour 64, no.22 (Aug 2002): 215–222.https://doi.org/10.1006/anbe.2002.3043Bruce D. Dugger, Peter Blums Effect of Conspecific Brood Parasitism on Host Fitness for Tufted Duck and Common Pochard, The Auk 118, no.33 (Jul 2001): 717–726.https://doi.org/10.1093/auk/118.3.717Peter Pyle, D. Nettleship , The Auk 118, no.44 ( 2001): 996.https://doi.org/10.1093/auk/118.4.996 John McA. Eadie and Bruce E. Lyon Cooperation, Conflict, and Crèching Behavior in Goldeneye Ducks Eadie, Lyon, The American Naturalist 151, no.55 (Jul 2015): 397–408.https://doi.org/10.1086/286128ANTHONY J NASTASE, DAWN A SHERRY Effect of brood mixing on location and survivorship of juvenile Canada geese, Animal Behaviour 54, no.33 (Sep 1997): 503–507.https://doi.org/10.1006/anbe.1996.0441Kjell Larsson, Håkan Tegelström, Pär Forslund Intraspecific nest parasitism and adoption of young in the barnaele goose: effects on survival and reproductive performance, Animal Behaviour 50, no.55 (Jan 1995): 1349–1360.https://doi.org/10.1016/0003-3472(95)80050-6Brian D. Wisenden, Miles H. A. Keenleyside The Dilution Effect and Differential Predation Following Brood Adoption in Free-ranging Convict Cichlids (Cichlasoma nigrofasciatum), Ethology 96, no.33 (Apr 2010): 203–212.https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1439-0310.1994.tb01010.xM. Petrie, A.P. Møller Laying eggs in others' nests: Intraspecific brood parasitism in birds, Trends in Ecology & Evolution 6, no.1010 (Oct 1991): 315–320.https://doi.org/10.1016/0169-5347(91)90038-YJosef K. Müller, Anne-Katrin Eggert, Jürgen Dressel Intraspecific brood parasitism in the burying beetle, Necrophorus vespilloides (Coleoptera: Silphidae), Animal Behaviour 40, no.33 (Sep 1990): 491–499.https://doi.org/10.1016/S0003-3472(05)80529-9David B. Lank, Robert F. Rockwell, Fred Cooke FREQUENCY-DEPENDENT FITNESS CONSEQUENCES OF INTRASPECIFIC NEST PARASITISM IN SNOW GEESE, Evolution 44, no.66 (May 2017): 1436–1453.https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1558-5646.1990.tb03837.xDavid B. Lank, Pierre Mineau, Robert F. Rockwell, Fred Cooke Intraspecific nest parasitism and extra-pair copulation in lesser snow geese, Animal Behaviour 37 (Jan 1989): 74–89.https://doi.org/10.1016/0003-3472(89)90008-0 Jeffrey S. Marks , and Roland L. Redmond Parent-Offspring Conflict and Natal Dispersal in Birds and Mammals: Comments on the Oedipus Hypothesis, The American Naturalist 129, no.11 (Oct 2015): 158–164.https://doi.org/10.1086/284627

Mandarin Ducks and Butterflies: Popular Fiction in Early Twentieth Century Chinese Cities

Mandarin Ducks and Butterflies: Popular Fiction in Early Twentieth Century Chinese Cities

E. Perry, Jr.: Mandarin ducks and butterflies: popular fiction in early twentieth-century Chinese cities. x, 313 pp. Berkeley, Los Angeles and London: University of California Press, 1981. 1950.50, $40.

E. Perry, Jr.: Mandarin ducks and butterflies: popular fiction in early twentieth-century Chinese cities. x, 313 pp. Berkeley, Los Angeles and London: University of California Press, 1981. 1950.50, $40.

Mandarin Ducks and Butterflies: Popular Fiction in Early Twentieth-Century Chinese Cities. By Perry Link. [Berkeley, Los Angeles and London: The University of California Press, 1981. x, 313 pp.

Mandarin Ducks and Butterflies: Popular Fiction in Early Twentieth-Century Chinese Cities. By Perry Link. [Berkeley, Los Angeles and London: The University of California Press, 1981. x, 313 pp.] - Volume 91

Mandarin Ducks and Butterflies. Popular Fiction in Early Twentieth-Century Chinese Cities.

Mandarin Ducks and Butterflies. Popular Fiction in Early Twentieth-Century Chinese Cities.

From "Beating the Mandarin Ducks" to the Search for Love

I am a twenty-five-year-old member of the Communist Youth League, and a member of its organizational committee. In the past, because of my own ignorance and immaturity, compounded by the poisonous influence of the "Gang of Four," I developed an erroneous understanding of the place that love should take in the life of a revolutionary. I remember the time during the Cultural Revolution (I had just turned thirteen) when I went with a large group to Shanghai where to get a taste of "revolutionary revolt" under the leadership of some high school students, we put on red armbands, and with sticks and clubs, with leather belts and portable megaphones, we went along Zhaojiabang Road "destroying the four olds." Using our sticks and clubs and belts, we chased away all the young couples who were courting beneath the light of the moon among the flowers, shouting over and over again: "Get out of here! Stinking hoodlums! Stinking perverts! Later, as I gradually got older, I still thought that those days when I was young and "destroying the four olds" in Shanghai had been glorious, even to the point that I actually regarded love as a detestable sentimental petty-bourgeois emotion, a degenerate activity that must be strictly banished from any revolutionary enterprise. I even thought that the very word "love" was in itself the vocabulary of hoodlums, that it was a polite euphemism for sex, for lewd, degenerate, corrupt, evil behavior, a word that a revolutionary would never use.

Age-related differences in reproductive behaviour of male Mandarin Ducks

Dabbling ducks which breed in their first summer (second calendar year) show reduced productivity compared with older conspecifics. Can this be related to the drake's inexperience of courtship and fertilisation?