Rice Field Management Research Articles

Paid Paying Practices In 'Urf Perspective In Risa And Kalampa Villages, Woha District, Bima Regency West Nusa Tenggara Province

Pawning fields in Risa and Kalampa Villages, Woha District, Bima Regency, West Nusa Tenggara Province is a debt agreement between the pawner and the recipient of the pawn. Pawning rice fields have been going on for a long time and have become a local community tradition because it is considered to have social value. This study aims to determine and determine the law of the practice of pawning from the perspective of 'urf. This research is descriptive qualitative with a normative sociological approach. The results showed that first, the practice of pawning the fields in Risa and Kalampa villages is a debt agreement between the rain (pawner) and curtain (pawn recipient) in which the pawnbroker (rahin) will provide a guarantee in the form of rice fields to the pawn recipient (murtahin). Second, if viewed from the perspective of 'urf, this practice of pawning belongs to the category of 'urf, which is faced (damaged) because the recipient of the pawn (murtahin) does not ask for permission either verbally or in writing to the pawner (rahin) regarding the management of rice fields that are used as collateral for the debt. In the sharia economic literature, the practice of pawning fields like this is included in the category of usury because they get property in a vanity way, namely, in addition to the recipient of the pawn (murtahin) getting their money back, there is also an attempt to exploit the collateral field belonging to the pawner (rahin) in order to get multiple benefits.

Effects of Rice Field Phenology on Breeding Parameters of Heron Colonies in the East of the Iberian Peninsula

Rice fields have traditionally been considered key feeding grounds for many waterbird species, including herons. Studies show that field management and flooding cycles influence the reproductive parameters of these birds. L'Albufera de València, on the east coast of the Iberian Peninsula, has large areas of rice fields and is home to the third largest breeding colony of herons in Spain. Changes in water and rice field management that have occurred since the colony was last assessed (1990) may have affected the colony's reproductive performance. Clutch and brood size, and hatching, nesting and breeding success were estimated for Grey Heron Ardea cinerea, Purple Heron Ardea purpurea, Cattle Egret Bubulcus ibis, Little Egret Egretta garzetta, Squacco Heron Ardeola ralloides (Ardeidae) and Glossy Ibis Plegadis falcinellus (Threskiornithidae) in 2015–2017. The extent of flooding and cultivation of rice fields was assessed from February 2016 to June 2017. Reproductive parameters were related to the state of the rice fields. All reproductive output parameters were lower than those reported in the literature. In 2016, laying started earlier (at the end of April), when the fields were still dry and hatching started from May, after flooding. In 2017, peak hatching occurred in June, when the fields were sown. A significant relationship was found between breeding success and the area of sown fields, except for the Squacco Heron. We found that birds that initiated egg laying closer to the date of flooding had a relatively higher breeding success for the Little Egret, Glossy Ibis, Cattle Egret and Purple Heron. The success of nesting populations in this type of artificial wetland requires water management plans that synchronize flooding regimes and maintenance of flooded areas with the biological requirements of these species.

GERAKAN PETANI KENDENG DALAM MEMPERTAHANKAN KEDAULATAN PANGANNYA

Farmers in the Kendeng Mountains are traditional peasants who are very dependent on natural resources. They live by relying on the natural wealth of Kendeng as a local economic power. The life that is subsistence and relies on reciprocity norms makes it vital in solidarity against the forces of capitalism to defend food sovereignty. This research attempts to analyze from the perspective of postmodernism which views the practice of neoliberalism as destroying local farmers. The discussion shows that the emergence of the Kendeng farmer movement is due to the threat of environmental damage, which disrupts their livelihoods as farmers. The Kendeng peasant movement cannot be separated from actors from the Samin indigenous community who brought up the idea of resistance. The Kendeng Mountains Caring Community Network (JMPPK) is a movement organization capable of building resistance from grassroots movements to national-scale movements. Food sovereignty is one of the reporters for the movement so that kendang farmers get full access to exploiting the nature of Kendeng with their local wisdom so that the Kendeng mountains remain sustainable and protected from damage. Food sovereignty can be realized through food security, using the state giving freedom of rice field management without any intervention from disturbing investors.

Soil Fertility Index of organic, semi-organic, and conventional rice fields on 3 different soil types

In Indonesia, there are three management systems of rice fields, namely organic, semi-organic and conventional. The research aimed to determine the fertility index of rice fields with different management systems on different soil types (vertisol, ultisol, inceptisol). Each combination of the management system and soil type is taken three soil samples as a repetition. The soil parameters analyzed were pH H2O, total-Nitrogen, available-P, available-K, exchangeable-Ca, exchangeable-Mg, soil organic carbon, Exchangeable-Al, cation exchange capacity, and base saturation. The soil fertility index was determined based on the Minimum Soil Fertility Index (MSFI). Data analysis used was Pearson’s Correlation Analysis and Principal Component Analysis (PCA) to determine MSFI. The MSFI values were derived from indicators that have high scores on correlation analysis and PCA. The results showed that the fertility index of rice fields from 3 types of soil ranged from 0.46 to 0.57. Vertisol rice fields have the highest soil fertility index ranging from 0.52-0.57. Conventional management of inceptisol soil has the lowest soil fertility index of 0.46. Vertisol rice fields with organic management with a soil fertility index of 0.57 are the most ideal rice field management system.

Integrated mosquito management in rice field in China

Rice cultivation is important in China with over 29.33 million hm2 of rice fields, producing 28.9% of rice yields worldwide. Rice fields are mass breeding sites for mosquitoes with approximately 40 mosquito species found breeding amongst them. Anopheles sinensis, Anopheles lesteri, and Culex tritaeniorhynchus are the three main species that are found breeding in rice fields. An. sinensis and An. lesteri are important vectors of malaria in flat areas of China, and Cx. tritaeniorhynchus is a main vector of Japanese B encephalitis. This review provides the principles of mosquito control used to target the species of mosquitoes breeding in rice fields, as well as some main approaches that have been tested and implemented for mosquito control in the past 70 years. The irrigation management of rice fields is included, such as intermittent irrigation, wet irrigation, controlled irrigation, and rotation of rice fields and dry fields. Biocontrol measures and agents, including rice-fish coculture, Azolla, Bacillus thuringiensis israelensis (Bti), and Bacillus sphaericus, for mosquito control are discussed. These control methods benefit the prevention and control of mosquito-borne disease, especially malaria elimination in China.

The phytotoxicity mechanism of florpyrauxifen-benzyl to Echinochloa crus-galli (L.) P. Beauv and weed control effect

Weeds infest rice causing high yield losses, leading to the increasing use of herbicides for weed control. However, many weeds have evolved resistance to common commercial herbicides, including penoxsulam, metamifop and quinclorac. This study investigated the weed control effect and the phytotoxicity mechanism of florpyrauxifen-benzyl, a novel synthetic auxin herbicide registered for weed management in rice fields in China. The greenhouse study showed that florpyrauxifen-benzyl was highly efficient (GR50 < 6 and GR90 < 15 g a.i ha−1) at controlling 10 weed species commonly found in rice fields, including penoxsulam- and quinclorac- resistant(R) biotypes of Echinochloa Beauv. and bensulfuron-methyl-R biotype of Ammannia arenaria. The typical plant hormone content showed that following florpyrauxifen-benzyl treatment, indole-3-acetic acid (IAA) production changed only slightly at 12 h, while abscisic acid (ABA) production increased with time in the treated group, whose content was significantly higher than that of the control. Besides, ethylene biosynthesis was stimulated by florpyrauxifen-benzyl, ethylene production, 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylic acid (ACC) content, and 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylate synthase (ACS) and 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylate oxidase (ACO) activities, which evidently increased in the treated group, and ethylene peaked at 36 h. For the antioxidant enzyme activities and malondialdehyde (MDA) content in the treated group, results showed that MDA content continuously increased with time and was greater than that in the untreated group at 48 h and 72 h, superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity changed with exposure time and was significantly higher in the treatment group than the control at 48 h. A similar phenomenon was observed in peroxidase (POD) activity, which reached a peak at 48 h, and no distinct difference in catalase (CAT) activity was observed among groups except for the higher activity in the treated groups than control at 36 h and 48 h. Our results showed that that the stimulation ethylene biosynthesis and accumulation of ABA and reactive oxygen species (ROS) play important roles in the phytotoxicity mechanism of florpyrauxifen-benzyl in plants. Our findings demonstrate the potential of florpyrauxifen-benzyl to provide an alternative weed management strategy for rice fields.

The Occupancy of Barn Owl in the Artificial Nest Box to Control Rice Field Rat in Yogyakarta Indonesia

One component of integrated rat management in rice fields is barn owl as biological control. The study was conducted to evaluate the occupancy rate of barn owl nest boxes, the local rat population, and rat damage to rice crops. It was conducted in three locations in Yogyakarta by observing 10 nest boxes per site. Assessment of their occupancy was monitored by barn owl presence in nest box (egg, chick, and adult) and natural nests in villages nearby. In comparison with control village, the local rat population was observed by the active burrow count method and linear trap barrier systems. Rat damage intensity is estimated by sampling 150 tillers using a stratified sampling approach. The result indicated that 1-4 nest boxes were occupied per location. The owls also nested within buildings nearby. Active burrows ranged from 4 to 25 burrows per 150 m. The rat damage area ranged from 33.33% - 48.57% with 6.33% - 14.86% damage intensity was significantly lower than the control site. Artificial nest box installation for owls in rice fields were only occupied for breeding. The use of barn owls for biological control of rice field rats should be combined with other methods in an integrated approach.

Remote estimation of leaf area index (LAI) with unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) imaging for different rice cultivars throughout the entire growing season

BackgroundRice is one of the most important grain crops worldwide. The accurate and dynamic monitoring of Leaf Area Index (LAI) provides important information to evaluate rice growth and production.MethodsThis study explores a simple method to remotely estimate LAI with Unmanned Aerial Vehicle (UAV) imaging for a variety of rice cultivars throughout the entire growing season. Forty eight different rice cultivars were planted in the study site and field campaigns were conducted once a week. For each campaign, several widely used vegetation indices (VI) were calculated from canopy reflectance obtained by 12-band UAV images, canopy height was derived from UAV RGB images and LAI was destructively measured by plant sampling.ResultsThe results showed the correlation of VI and LAI in rice throughout the entire growing season was weak, and for all tested indices there existed significant hysteresis of VI vs. LAI relationship between rice pre-heading and post-heading stages. The model based on the product of VI and canopy height could reduce such hysteresis and estimate rice LAI of the whole season with estimation errors under 24%, not requiring algorithm re-parameterization for different phenology stages.ConclusionsThe progressing phenology can affect VI vs. LAI relationship in crops, especially for rice having quite different canopy spectra and structure after its panicle exsertion. Thus the models solely using VI to estimate rice LAI are phenology-specific and have high uncertainties for post-heading stages. The model developed in this study combines both remotely sensed canopy height and VI information, considerably improving rice LAI estimation at both pre- and post-heading stages. This method can be easily and efficiently implemented in UAV platforms for various rice cultivars during the entire growing season with no rice phenology and cultivar pre-knowledge, which has great potential for assisting rice breeding and field management studies at a large scale.

Penilaian Status Kesuburan dan Pengelolaan Tanah Sawah Tadah Hujan di Desa Umbu Pabal Selatan, Kecamatan Umbu Ratu Nggay Barat

&#x0D; The rain-fed rice fields in Umbu Pabal Selatan Village are agricultural land that is always cultivated every year to meet the food needs of the villagers. Soil fertility is a piece of important information in managing rice fields to increase rice production. This study aims to evaluate the status of soil properties, soil fertility, and the direction of management of rain-sized rice fields in the village. The method used was descriptive exploration surveys with soil samples taken deliberately. Laboratory test results showed that soil pH is classified as acidic, N-total is medium, P-available is low, K-available is very high, cation exchange capacity is high, and C-organic is high. Fertility status is low (96.9 ha), moderate (194.6 ha), and high (160.3 ha). Management direction in improving fertility and nutrient deficiency is by fertilizing and water-logging.&#x0D; &#x0D; Keywords: rain-fed rice field, soil fertility, South Umbu Pabal Village

Study of soil management in rice fields in Bantimurung District Maros Regency

Rice productivity in Bantimurung District is unstable every year. Farmers tend not to attend to environmental and soil protection but are racing to increase yields rapidly using excessive chemical fertilizers and pesticides, tilling the soil too frequently, and burning postharvest straw. This study aims to study rice fields’ management in Bantimurung District, Maros Regency, based on the soil’s physical and chemical characteristics, which are expected to be a source of information in managing rice fields in Bantimurung District, Maros Regency. Data were collected using a field survey method in irrigated and rainfed rice fields and farmer interviews. Laboratory analysis included soil texture, bulk density, N-total, C-organic, pH, and organic functional group analysis. The result showed that both irrigated and rainfed rice fields have the low category of N-total (0.1-0.23%), low to a moderate category of c-organic (1.87-3.16%), and slightly acid to neutral pH (5.98-6.67). Based on farmers’ information, we know that the rice fields in Bantimurung District are still suitable for rice production but must have a proper good management principle. The best management includes not using an-organic fertilizer excessively, adding organic matter, crop rotation, and attending to water needs.

Soil Quality at Rice Fields with Organic, Semi-organic and Inorganic Management in Wonogiri Regency, Indonesia

The high demand of rice is fulfilled by intensification, particularly with the use of chemical fertilizer that allegedly causes land and environmental problems in a long term. As public awareness of environmental health rises, more rice fields are managed organically and semi-organically, but there are still many that manage rice fields inorganically. Assessment of soil quality of the three types of rice field management is important to prove that organic rice fields have better soil quality than semi-organic and inorganic rice fields, as well as to evaluate soil conditions on the location. This research was conducted in Girimarto, Wonogiri, Indonesia, using a descriptive explorative method with a survey approach on three points of each management system of rice fields, which are organic, semi-organic and inorganic rice fields. Statistical analysis was performed by Pearson correlation analysis and principal component analysis (PCA) to determine the indicators affecting soil quality, which are called the minimum data set (MDS). There were selected indicators in this research, including total microbes, base saturation, cation exchangeable capacity and organic carbon. Based on the results of the study, organic rice fields have the best soil quality with a score of soil quality index (SQI) of 2.3, compared to semi-organic rice field SQI (2.2) and inorganic rice field SQI (1.7). The results indicate that organic management contributes to better soil quality and environment.

Smartphone Application Development for Rice Field Management Through Aerial Imagery and Normalised Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) Analysis

In the current practices, farmers typically rely on the traditional method paper-based for farming data records, which leads to human error. However, the paper-based system can be improved by the mobile app technology to ease the farmers acquiring farm data as all of the farm information will be stored in digital form. This study aimed to develop a smartphone agricultural management app known as Padi2U and implement User Acceptance Test (UAT) for end-users. Padi2U was developed using Master App Builder software and integration with the multispectral imagery. Padi2U provides recommendations based on the Department of Agriculture’s (DOA), such as rice check, pest and disease control, and weed management. Through the Padi2U, farmers can access the field data to understand the crop health status online using the Normalised Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) map derived from the multispectral images. The NDVI is correlated to the Soil Plant Analysis Development (SPAD) value, corresponding to R² = 0.4012. UAT results showed a 100 percent satisfaction score with suggestions were given to enhance the Padi2U performance. It shows that Padi2U can be improved to help farmers in the field monitoring virtually by integrating multispectral imagery and information from the field.

Desain Pintu Air Berbantu Komputer Untuk Saluran Irigasi Tersier di Daerah Irigasi Cikarawang Bogor

Irrigation water gate was one of the supporting components of agricultural activities, especially the management of rice fields, because it was utilized in the management of water flow. The implementation of water gate has a complex and interdependent set of tasks. So that was the problem which can made undesired effects. So that, the planning can be shorted by computer design . Besides, the changes in a design could be overcome quickly and precisely. The purpose of this research is to the effective rainfall, evapotranspiration, discharge of irrigation water needs in the Cikarawang irrigation area, produce a design of computer-aided water gate, and know RAB for the construction of the water gate. The study was conducted from April to July 2020. The place to do the research was Cikarawang Village, Bogor Regency, West Java. The results of the study were the design of water gate by using data plotting with computer-aided script files (SCR). The effective rainfall of 1806.3 mm, the highest evapotranspiration of 5.5 mm/day and the lowest evapotranspiration of plants at 4 mm/day, the highest irrigation water demand was 2.18 lt/dt/ha, The dimensions of 0.5 x 0.75 x 0.012 m, and water gate opening 0.27 m. These water gate openings were used when the plant's water requirements are highest. The cost of making water gate made from fiberglass is Rp. 838.000,-while for steel costs Rp. 3.500.000,-.

Mitigation of food crisis and increasing productivity of rice fields for communities around the Taman Asoka Asri Housing amid the Covid-19 pandemic

Currently, the global economy is shaken by the Covid-19 pandemic. Based on the results of the preliminary study at the partner's location, it has economic limitations, including the availability of food supply which has an impact on non-productive communities, including farmers and tenant farmers around Taman Asoka Asri Housing, Tanjung Selamet, Medan Tuntungan, Medan, North Sumatra. All activities that will be carried out by the USU PPM proposing team will of course follow and pay attention to the Covid-19 prevention protocol. The implementation of this community service is carried out in the vicinity of the Taman Asoka Asri Housing, so the activity plan that will be carried out is the use of rice fields for farmers and cultivators in the environment around the Taman Asoka Asri Housing. The area of ​​paddy rice fields managed by smallholders around the Taman Asoka Asri Complex, Tanjung Selamet, Medan Tuntung, Medan an average of 2,725 m2 (0.2725 ha). Rice field management areas that have been successfully managed by partners have become productive areas that can increase income and profits for smallholders.

Aeschynomene spp. Identification and Weed Management in Rice Fields in Southern Brazil

In 2002, a survey carried out in rice paddies in the Rio Grande do Sul (RS) state reported the occurrence of nine species of jointvetch (Aeschynomene). Due to their semi-aquatic habit, some species adapted to irrigated rice fields, which led to their being considered the worst broadleaf weed in RS. Although farmers have successfully implemented weed management practices, Aeschynomene plants have reportedly escaped chemical control. This study aims to identify the species of Aeschynomene that occur in rice fields in RS and to evaluate the reasons why escapes are occurring. A survey was carried out by collecting mature seeds from individual adult plants. A questionnaire on the management practices employed in each field was administered to 54 farmers and 18 extension agents, each of whom was responsible for one of the surveyed rice fields. This survey found four species of Aeschynomene are present in rice fields in RS: A. denticulata, A. indica, A. rudis, and A. sensitiva. The results suggest that the explanation for escapes may lie in the management practices adopted by farmers, which are focused on the control of weedy grasses. Escapes are also associated with problems such as the lack of irrigation uniformity and out-of-stage, late herbicide applications.

The Impact of Agricultural Activities on Habitat Use by the Wood Sandpiper and Common Greenshank in Rice Fields

Rice fields provide important inland stopover sites for migratory shorebirds. However, stopover duration and habitat use depend on the environmental conditions in the rice fields, which constantly change due to agricultural activities. This study determined the characteristics of habitat use in two shorebird species, the Wood Sandpiper Tringa glareola and Common Greenshank T. nebularia, in rice fields with different habitat conditions resulting from physical changes (field type: fields flooded after plowing, with high water levels after harrowing, or with low water levels after harrowing) and chemical changes (pesticide use: environmentally friendly or conventional farming) from agricultural activities around the time the migratory shorebirds arrive. The study was conducted during the spring stopover periods of these shorebird species in 2015 (May 2–20, 19 days) and 2016 (May 2–21, 20 days), during which we observed the characteristics of their habitat use and estimated the densities of potential prey. Both Wood Sandpiper and Common Greenshank were observed to use flooded fields with low water levels after harrowing. As for pesticide use, potential prey animals were most densely populated in environmentally friendly fields, for which only the large-bodied Common Greenshanks showed selection. This species-specific habitat use seems to be closely associated with body size-dependent prey availability and prey species selection. The small-bodied Wood Sandpiper was more affected by physical than chemical factors. These findings suggest that rice fields—major inland stopover sites for shorebirds—provide different habitats depending on agricultural activities. The study results also have practical implications for future improvement of inland shorebird habitat through efficient rice field management sensitive to the needs of migratory shorebirds.

LAND CREATIONS AND FARMING SYSTEM TO INCREASE OF RICE PRODUCTIVITY AND FARMER’S INCOME (CASE STUDY IN BATANG TAMPO IRRIGATION SYSTEM - LINTAU BUO)

It is estimated that around 95 percent of national rice production is supplied from paddy fields, so the paddy fields is very strategic in national food securities. Therefore, the potential carrying capacity and productivity of rice fields must be maintained and developed. But on the contrary the productivity of paddy fields in Sub Das Tampo, Lintau Buo Utara, Tanah Datar District, West Sumatra, there is an indication of a decrease in paddy productivity in the last 10 years (Agita and Ayendra 2018). Decreased paddy productivity is indicated as a result of 1.) Drainage or nutrient deficit due to harvest carried out more than what is given through fertilization or addition of nutrients from irrigation water, 2). Excess or lack of certain nutrients due to unbalanced fertilization, 3). Decreased of soil organic content in the land and 4). Decrease in the quality of rice field management, especially: a). the use of inorganic fertilizers which causes low organic matter content and soil texture becomes porous quench, so it is less able to hold water, b). use of rotary plow in tillage for a long time which causes the processing layer and the depth of the root zone to become shallower ( into 10-15 cm), c). less intense of crop maintenance. This research was carried out by creating of soil tillage from 10-15 cm to 20-25 cm using a plow and increasing of organic matter by adding manure of 50 tons / ha (5% soil tillage zone ) to the rice fields in the Farmers Group of Tanjung Mutiara in Tampo Irrigation System, Nagari Lubuk Jantan , Kecamatan Lintau Buo Utara. The results of the study showed an increase in land productivity from an average of 3.2 tons / ha to 4.6 tons / ha and increase farmers' income by Rp 1.200.000 / ha.Key words : land creation, soil tillage, productivity

Development of a SCAR marker linked to fungal pathogenicity of rice blast fungus Magnaporthe Oryzae.

PCR-based molecular approaches including RAPD (random amplified polymorphic DNA), ISSR (inter-simple sequence repeat), and SRAP (sequence-related amplified polymorphism) are commonly used to analyze genetic diversity. The aims of this study are to analyze genetic diversity of M. oryzae isolates using PCR-based molecular approaches such as RAPD, ISSR, and SRAP and to develop SCAR marker linked to the pathogenicity of rice blast fungus. Twenty Magnaporthe oryzae isolates were collected mainly from the south of Vietnam and assessed for genetic variation by RAPD, ISSR, and SRAP methods. The comparison of those methods was conducted based on the number of polymorphic bands, percentage of polymorphism, PIC values, and phylogenetic analysis. Then, sequenced characterized amplified region (SCAR) markers were developed based on specific bands linked to fungal pathogenicity of rice blast fungus, M. oryzae. The results indicated that SRAP markers yielded the greatest number of polymorphic bands (174) and occupied 51.7% with polymorphism information content (PIC) value of 0.66. Additionally, the SRAP approach showed stability and high productivity compared with RAPD and ISSR. The SCAR marker developed from the SRAP method identified the presence of the avirulence AVR-pita1 gene involving fungal pathogenicity that can break down blast resistance in rice cultivars. The consistency of SCAR marker obtained in this study showed its efficiency in rapid in-field detection of fungal pathogenicity. SCAR marker developed from SRAP technique provides a useful tool for improving the efficiency of blast disease management in rice fields.

The Conversion of Rice Field Functions in North Badung

Land is the main resource in carrying out development. Reduction of land area, especially agricultural land for development also has an impact on the area of agricultural land in Bali, especially in Badung Regency. The construction of accommodation to support the tourism sector led to the conversion of agricultural land in Badung Regency, which is mostly found in South Badung. North Badung, which does not have as many attractions as those in South Badung, has in fact also experienced the conversion of agricultural land, especially rice fields, as was the case in the Abiansemal and Mengwi Sub-Districts. The purpose of this study is to determine the factors that cause the conversion of paddy fields in the North Badung sub-district and determine the strategy to control the conversion of wetland in North Badung. The technique for determining key informants was done by purposive sampling with a total of 20 people. The analysis technique used is the Interpretive Structural Modeling (ISM) analysis. The results showed that the factors that caused the conversion of paddy fields or wetland in North Badung were economic elements, namely rice farming income, harvest price stability, access to crop marketing and paddy land prices. Social elements, namely family participation in managing rice fields, the influence of modernization on agriculture, the number of family members who are covered and regeneration of rice field management. The third elements is the environment, namely the level of water irrigation of rice fields, pests and diseases and housing needs due to increasing population. The strategy of controlling wetland conversion in North Badung that can be done based on short-term management priorities in the independent sector is the Millennial Farmer program.

Mapping of Soil Quality on Rice Field in Turen District, Malang Regency

Rice field management affects the physical, chemical and biological characteristics of the soil, as well as crop productivity. Efforts are needed to maintain soil conditions by measuring the soil quality index. The purpose of this study was to determine the characteristics of the soil as a reference pattern of soil quality distribution. This research was conducted in July - November 2019 in Turen District, Malang, using a free survey method based on the Land Map Unit. Soil samples were taken at a depth of 0-20 cm at each observation (24 points) and analyzed in the laboratory. The soil quality index was calculated according to limiting factors and scores relative to 10 soil quality indicators. Soil quality classes are grouped into 5 classes, i.e. (i) very good ( 40). The results showed that the soil in irrigated and rainfed rice fields had different limiting factor values in the levels of available-P, total-N, soil organic-C and microbial biomass-C which caused differences in soil quality. Crop productivity on the land showed differences based on land suitability classes resulting in S1 and S2 classes