Disaster Management Situations Research Articles

Points-of-Dispensing (PODs) 위치를 고려한 긴급물류창고 위치 선정

The significance of choosing optimal locations for emergency facilities is emphasized both in natural disasters and public health emergencies like pandemics. To ensure effective management of emergency logistics, procurement, and distribution, it is crucial to consider the establishment of facilities such as Points-of-Dispensing (PODs) that facilitate fast and efficient distribution. Consequently, when deciding on the location of logistics warehouses as part of emergency logistics management, it is essential to take into account the positioning of temporary facilities like PODs. We propose an integer programming model that integrates the Maximal Covering Location Problem (MCLP) and includes capacity constraints. Additionally, we conducted a case study in Incheon Metropolitan City to compare the outcomes. Through this case analysis, we present the optimal subset of temporary logistics warehouses, enabling the development of an optimal location-distribution plan. The study holds three main implications: (1) it provides an optimized selection of locations that aids in the decision-making process for policies; (2) the empirical analysis using real data allows for its application in similar disaster management situations; (3) the proposed model can be utilized to determine the positioning of various public facilities

Integrating Cadastral Data with Seismic Risk Data in an Online Building Database for the Historical Centre of Bucharest City

The Historical Centre of Bucharest City is a highly populated area and a popular tourist attraction, known for its old buildings, some of which were built before the year 1900 and were severely damaged by the 7.4 magnitude earthquake in 1977. Seismic risk available data consist of lists published by the Municipal Administration for the Consolidation of Buildings with Seismic Risk, and include various information about the buildings for which technical expertise was conducted. Available cadastral data can provide additional information about the buildings, including the buildings’ location and area. In this article, we aim to integrate the available cadastral data with seismic risk data in an online building database for the Historical Centre of Bucharest City. Such a database can be used for further 3D city modelling, which can be helpful in disaster management and emergency situations response planning. Previous initiatives in this regard did not provide precise geospatial data or important attributes regarding the situation of these buildings. It is vital to take into account the official data related to the property, mentioned in the National Land Registry.

Use of Mobile Crowdsensing in Disaster Management: A Systematic Review, Challenges, and Open Issues.

With the increasing efforts to utilize information and communication technologies (ICT) in disaster management, the massive amount of heterogeneous data that is generated through ubiquitous sensors paves the way for fast and informed decisions in the case of disasters. Utilization of the big "sensed" data leads to an effective and efficient management of disaster situations so as to prevent human and economic losses. The advancement of built-in sensing technologies in smart mobile devices enables crowdsourcing of sensed data, which is known as mobile crowdsensing (MCS). This systematic literature review investigates the use of mobile crowdsensing in disaster management on the basis of the built-in sensor types in smart mobile devices, disaster management categories, and the disaster management cycle phases (i.e., mitigation, preparedness, response, and recovery activities). Additionally, this work seeks to unveil the frameworks or models that can potentially guide disaster management authorities towards integrating crowd-sensed data with their existing decision-support systems. The vast majority of the existing studies are conceptual as they highlight a challenge in experimental testing of the disaster management solutions in real-life settings, and there is little emphasis on the use cases of crowdsensing through smartphone sensors in disaster incidents. In light of a thorough review, we provide and discuss future directions and open issues for mobile crowdsensing-aided disaster management.

An Overview of Temporary Housing Management after the Earthquakes in Turkey in terms of Disaster Management

Interventions after earthquakes are very important for saving human life and returning the survivors to their normal lives. Earthquakes are one of the most devastating natural hazards and can have serious economic, social and environmental impacts. As a result of earthquakes from the past to the present, millions of people have been affected and lost their lives. Being prepared for disasters will ensure that there is an opportunity to prevent possible losses and have an idea of how to act in the event of a disaster. In this paper, post-disaster response and recovery situations in disaster management and rescue after earthquakes in Turkey are discussed. Disaster management situations after the Gölcük, Van, Elazığ, and İzmir earthquakes in Turkey were analyzed and presented in terms of natural disaster and emergency management. As a result of the study, there was an improvement in disaster relief and response situations depending on the years of earthquakes in Turkey. However, the recent earthquakes show that there is still a need to work on this issue.

Experimental Validation of a High Precision GNSS System for Monitoring of Civil Infrastructures

In recent years, Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS) technologies, which take full advantage of both real-time kinematic (RTK) and precise point positioning (PPP), managed to reach centimeter-level positioning accuracy with ambiguity resolution (AR) quick convergence techniques. One great advantage over traditional structural health monitoring (SHM) systems is that GNSS technologies will be functional in disaster management situations, when terrestrial communication links become unavailable. In this study, a multi-GNSS system, based on GPS and Galileo constellations and exploiting advanced RTK and PPP-AR technologies with update rate of 100 Hz is tested on two benchmark structures as an SHM system. The first case study served as a baseline to outline the methodology: first, a setup phase of the instrumentation, then a signal processing phase and last, the validation of the results. The methodology was then applied to a real-case scenario, in which the GNSS was tested on a road bridge. A comparative analysis with the results acquired by a set of accelerometers showed that the GNSS was able to identify the crossing of heavy vehicles. The work is paving the way for the development of an affordable and efficient multi-GNSS-based tool for the monitoring of civil infrastructures.

A Disaster Situation Management Study using MORT-TAC

Purpose: The purpose of this study is to present a plan to manage disaster situations using MORT-TAC, a factor to consider the situation evaluation of disaster sites. Despite the importance of disaster response due to the sharing of initial disaster information in disaster response, small disasters often develop into national disasters due to the lack of important information in the event of a disaster. Method: In order to conduct research using MORT-TAC, a factor in evaluating disaster situations, various organizations can use MORT-TAC to distribute initial disaster information through literature research and telephone interviews due to COVID-19. In addition, a study was conducted to incorporate the researcher s military expertise for 30 years of military service into the disaster field. Results: As a result of the district, MORT-TAC was suggested to distribute initial information on disaster sites between city and county emergency control teams, integrated support headquarters, regional and central emer-gency control teams, and education and training programs to improve disaster-related officials expertise. Conclusion: Disaster response and disaster situation management must be performed by professional officials. Disaster officials of all disaster response emergency organizations must have the expertise to manage disaster situations using MORT-TAC, and to this end, education and training programs must be reflected in the annual education plan. In addition, in-depth research on MORT-TAC should be continuously studied in the future.

Examining the effects of enterprise social media on operational and social performance during environmental disruption

Building on resource-based, dynamic capabilities and knowledge-based views, we examine how enterprise social media (ESM) usage leads to organisational decision-making effectiveness, and consequently improves organisational (operational and social) performance during environmental disruption. We also investigate the mediating roles of organisational agility, ESM infrastructure and knowledge sharing on the relationship between ESM usage and decision-making effectiveness. To empirically test this model, data was collected through a survey from the employees of public/private emergency and disaster management organisations during COVID-19 pandemic in Bangladesh. The results confirm that ESM usage indirectly affects decision-making effectiveness, which ultimately improves organisations’ operational and social performance. Organisational agility and ESM infrastructure are strong mediators of the link between ESM usage and decision-making effectiveness, while the mediating effect of knowledge sharing through ESM is weaker. In addition to presenting theoretical rationale and empirical evidence, the study enables us to outline policy guidelines for social media managers of disaster management organisations, who must develop ESM strategies in order to boost operational and social performance. This study makes a preliminary attempt to empirically investigate ESM's innovative usage in emergency and disaster management situations.

Rule-Based Actionable Intelligence for Disaster Situation Management

Managing natural disasters is a social responsibility as they might cause a gloomy impact on human life. Efficient and timely alert systems for public and actionable recommendations for decision makers may well decrease the number of casualties. Web semantics strengthen the description of web resources for exploiting them better and making them more meaningful for both human and machine. In this work, the authors propose a semantic rule-based approach for disaster situation management (DSM) to reach the next level of decision-making power and its architecture for providing actionable intelligence in the domain of the earthquake. The system itself is based on a data pre-processing layer, a computation layer, and the middle layer relies on an extensive rule base of experts' advice stored over time and a disaster ontology along with its inherent semantics. The rule-based reasoning approach uses this knowledge base in combination with the expert rule base, written in SWRL rules, to infer recommendations for the response to an earthquake.

Presenting the Fifth JDR Award

It is our great pleasure to present the fifth JDR Award to Dr. Yuichiro Usuda. Dr. Usuda has made outstanding contributions to the Journal of Disaster Research (JDR) as the guest editor and the author of the JDR’s “Special Issue on NIED Frontier Researches on Science and Technology for Disaster Risk Reduction and Resilience 2017” in Vol.12 No.5, which has been the most downloaded special issue for the past three years. Dr. Usuda is a leading scientist in frontier research for natural disaster risk management and resilience in National Research Institute for Earth Science and Disaster Resilience (NIED). He is working with researchers of many different disciplines as well as stake-holders in practical devastating disaster management situations. Thus, in his studies, he has been integrating many different disciplines to generate a new intellectual paradigm for managing multi-hazard disasters, such as earthquake disasters combined with meteorological disasters caused by rain, drought, snow, extreme heat or cold, ice, or wind. This is quite important in Japan and other disaster-prone countries, considering today’s global climate change. The special issue is the fruit of his research efforts. On behalf of the JDR editorial board, I wish to thank Dr. Yuichiro Usuda for his efforts and to congratulate him as the winner of the fifth JDR Award.

Drawing Improvement Measures of a Smart Disaster Monitoring Management System in an Integrated Manner through Analyzing Overseas Cases

Disaster situation management is critical for reducing vulnerability in disaster and safety management areas, fostering safety awareness and improving response capabilities in the event of a disaster. Accordingly, National Disaster Management Research Institute of Korea has been running a smart disaster monitoring management system (SDMMS) to manage disasters in an integrated manner. However, the system has faced some limitations in disaster information collection in accordance with disaster management phases. Overseas cases have shown some implications regarding the system. Thus it is necessary to find out measures to improve the system. This study has intended to draw improvement measures of the SDMMS through analyzing overseas cases. To meet the purpose, this study has developed a case analysis framework composed of two major categories such as both information gathering and construction system, As a result, this study has found following improvement measures: 1) SDMMS needs to expand its functions to managing disaster and safety information holistically; 2) SDMMS needs to adopt an integrated approach in collecting disaster information; and 3) SDMMS needs to be available at all disaster management phases.

Identifying Evacuation Assembly Points: An Application at Latsia, Nicosia, Cyprus

The occurrence and magnitude of real-world threats and challenges are difficult to predict in time and space, as they often cause new, unexpected situations, making them extremely difficult to manage. The present paper explores how applied human security could allow for a coordinated and secure allocation of population in emergencies. The use of new technologies could provide capabilities and tools for policy/decision-makers and first responders in order to facilitate such allocation endeavours. Cases demanding an organized evacuation in urban areas (large or small) are when disasters occur or are estimated as highly probable to happen in the near future. The identification of proper Emergency Assembly Points - EAPs plays a significant role in almost all crisis and disaster management situations, particularly in efficient and effective planning and responding.

Multi-criteria spatial decision support system for identifying strategic roads in disaster situations

A road transportation network has an important role in the management of disaster situations. Despite its' vulnerability to disasters, it helps to provide emergency responses to disaster management practices. Therefore it is required to identify the most important roads in the network in order to support decision-makers to make appropriate decisions about the roads.This paper introduces an integrated methodology to evaluate the transportation network performance (TNP) in disaster situations by developing a multi-criteria spatial decision support system (MC-SDSS). The developed MC-SDSS is a fully integrated system of Geospatial Information System (GIS) and Multi-Criteria Decision Making (MCDM) methods. On the one hand, GIS functionalities are used for storing the data, performing the analyses in order to produce the required criteria and displaying the results. On the other hand, AHP as a well-known MCDM method is used to receive priorities and preferences of decision-makers about the criteria.Based on the decision-making model (intelligent, design, and choice), four criteria are selected as indicators for evaluating the TNP in disaster situations: capacity, accessibility, vulnerability, and importance criteria. In this regard, criteria maps are generated by GIS tools, the experts' preferences about the criteria are acquired by AHP comparison matrix, and a ranking of the roads are prepared and visualized on the MC-SDSS. Finally, by utilizing the One-At-Time approach as the sensitivity analysis method, MC-SDSS tries to determine the robustness of the results due to the variation or uncertainty resulting from changing the important scales of the criteria in the AHP pairwise comparison matrix.The results show that about 9, 33, 20, and 38% of the roads are very high, high, moderate, and low strategic in the case study (Mazandaran province, Iran) respectively. It also shows that capacity/accessibility pairwise comparison is the most sensitive comparison in the AHP comparison matrix.

The Analysis of Flood Disaster Management in Chennai

Objectives: The prime aim of this study is to build a Humanitarian Assistance Ontology. Methods/Statistical Analysis: The study used literature review methodology which involves a thorough literature search of Chennai flood – 2015 disaster. Search keywords used were social media, ontology, disaster management,water related attributes, Spatial Clustering algorithm. Full text research articles published between 2008 and 2016 were included. Quality assessment criteria were set to determine what to include and exclude for this study. 25 papers were identified as potential units for analysis. Findings: The findings have clearly revealed that only a limited study had been undertaken in the use of social media for knowledge integeration. But there is a need for knowledge towards investigating the data created in disaster management situations. Also, to determine how knowledge coordination can assist higher officials to take decision at the time of emergency situation. The review of 25 final selected papers has indicated that there is a scope for more significant research. In this paper, we build an effort to fragment the social media users who have shared comments about the Chennai recent flood and its disaster and to recognize their demographics. Our findings come as anoutcome of a thorough bibliography study as well as our hands on experiences from social media. Application/Improvements: An innovative outcome of the research was a comprehensive study to build a onto-database to recognize the right information at right time to right people as a new technology in context of crisis response.

Simulating and Communicating Outcomes in Disaster Management Situations

An important, but overlooked component of disaster managment is raising the awareness and preparedness of potential stakeholders. We show how recent advances in agent-based modeling and geo-information analytics can be combined to this effect. Using a dynamic simulation model, we estimate the long run outcomes of two very different urban disasters with severe consequences: an earthquake and a missile attack. These differ in terms of duration, intensity, permanence, and focal points. These hypothetical shocks are simulated for the downtown area of Jerusalem. Outcomes are compared in terms of their potential for disaster mitigation. The spatial and temporal dynamics of the simulation yield rich outputs. Web-based mapping is used to visualize these results and communicate risk to policy makers, planners, and the informed public. The components and design of this application are described. Implications for participatory disaster management and planning are discussed.

Public Safety Communication and Networking Technologies for Disaster Response and Medical Assistance

Future major disasters require the development of socially transparent and rational -decision-making procedures. Recent reports indicate that the frequency of human disasters are decreasing while natural disasters and social disasters are becoming more frequent. The creation of a disaster communication network, which is essential in protecting the life and property as well as providing a sense of societal security. Standards for a modern disaster communication network must be developed at the national level, with national state support for a 3rd generation partnership project such as a Public Safety-LTE that allows the construction of an effective national disaster network plan. Compliance and certification standards to ensure interoperability of communications and other equipment are necessary for the creation of a modern national disaster network that allows more efficient management of disaster situations. It can be expected that our efforts and example can help other countries to build a standard protocol for managing the national disasters.

AN INTEROPERABLE ARCHITECTURE FOR AIR POLLUTION EARLY WARNING SYSTEM BASED ON SENSOR WEB

Abstract. Environmental monitoring systems deal with time-sensitive issues which require quick responses in emergency situations. Handling the sensor observations in near real-time and obtaining valuable information is challenging issues in these systems from a technical and scientific point of view. The ever-increasing population growth in urban areas has caused certain problems in developing countries, which has direct or indirect impact on human life. One of applicable solution for controlling and managing air quality by considering real time and update air quality information gathered by spatially distributed sensors in mega cities, using sensor web technology for developing monitoring and early warning systems. Urban air quality monitoring systems using functionalities of geospatial information system as a platform for analysing, processing, and visualization of data in combination with Sensor Web for supporting decision support systems in disaster management and emergency situations. This system uses Sensor Web Enablement (SWE) framework of the Open Geospatial Consortium (OGC), which offers a standard framework that allows the integration of sensors and sensor data into spatial data infrastructures. SWE framework introduces standards for services to access sensor data and discover events from sensor data streams as well as definition set of standards for the description of sensors and the encoding of measurements. The presented system provides capabilities to collect, transfer, share, process air quality sensor data and disseminate air quality status in real-time. It is possible to overcome interoperability challenges by using standard framework. In a routine scenario, air quality data measured by in-situ sensors are communicated to central station where data is analysed and processed. The extracted air quality status is processed for discovering emergency situations, and if necessary air quality reports are sent to the authorities. This research proposed an architecture to represent how integrate air quality sensor data stream into geospatial data infrastructure to present an interoperable air quality monitoring system for supporting disaster management systems by real time information. Developed system tested on Tehran air pollution sensors for calculating Air Quality Index (AQI) for CO pollutant and subsequently notifying registered users in emergency cases by sending warning E-mails. Air quality monitoring portal used to retrieving and visualize sensor observation through interoperable framework. This system provides capabilities to retrieve SOS observation using WPS in a cascaded service chaining pattern for monitoring trend of timely sensor observation.

Multi-Modal, Multi-Touch Interaction with Maps in Disaster Management Applications

Abstract. Multi-touch interaction has become popular in recent years and impressive advances in technology have been demonstrated, with the presentation of digital maps as a common presentation scenario. However, most existing systems are really technology demonstrators and have not been designed with real applications in mind. A critical factor in the management of disaster situations is the access to current and reliable data. New sensors and data acquisition platforms (e.g. satellites, UAVs, mobile sensor networks) have improved the supply of spatial data tremendously. However, in many cases this data is not well integrated into current crisis management systems and the capabilities to analyze and use it lag behind sensor capabilities. Therefore, it is essential to develop techniques that allow the effective organization, use and management of heterogeneous data from a wide variety of data sources. Standard user interfaces are not well suited to provide this information to crisis managers. Especially in dynamic situations conventional cartographic displays and mouse based interaction techniques fail to address the need to review a situation rapidly and act on it as a team. The development of novel interaction techniques like multi-touch and tangible interaction in combination with large displays provides a promising base technology to provide crisis managers with an adequate overview of the situation and to share relevant information with other stakeholders in a collaborative setting. However, design expertise on the use of such techniques in interfaces for real-world applications is still very sparse. In this paper we report on interdisciplinary research with a user and application centric focus to establish real-world requirements, to design new multi-modal mapping interfaces, and to validate them in disaster management applications. Initial results show that tangible and pen-based interaction are well suited to provide an intuitive and visible way to control who is changing data in a multi-user command and control interface.

Survey of data management and analysis in disaster situations

The area of disaster management receives increasing attention from multiple disciplines of research. A key role of computer scientists has been in devising ways to manage and analyze the data produced in disaster management situations. In this paper we make an effort to survey and organize the current knowledge in the management and analysis of data in disaster situations, as well as present the challenges and future research directions. Our findings come as a result of a thorough bibliography survey as well as our hands-on experiences from building a Business Continuity Information Network (BCIN) with the collaboration with the Miami-Dade county emergency management office. We organize our findings across the following Computer Science disciplines: data integration and ingestion, information extraction, information retrieval, information filtering, data mining and decision support. We conclude by presenting specific research directions.

A system of systems approach to disaster management

Disaster situation management involves managing information and resources to tackle time varying situations surrounding a geo-spatial region of interest. Post disaster, relief and recovery operations are handled in a distributed self-configuring manner and involve a diverse array of resources and participants. Although in-situ planning is the only option, disaster situation management should consider system requirements, processes and interdependencies to make the process effective. Having a higher level view of the system, its requirements and the evolving situations warrant the need for accurate models; models that are able to predict, forecast and deal with the logistical, technical, operational, and financial challenges. We propose a system of systems approach to situation modeling to represent the causal relationships between resources, functional assets and different stages in the infrastructure renewal process. Generic interactions at the situation and system level have been defined and theory is developed for the use of fuzzy graphical models. A genetic algorithms based technique has been developed to determine optimal structure and parameters of the graphical model. Real world data from a post earthquake reconstruction process is used to validate the effectiveness of the proposed method.

El Niño–Southern Oscillation–based index insurance for floods: Statistical risk analyses and application to Peru

Index insurance has recently been advocated as a useful risk transfer tool for disaster management situations where rapid fiscal relief is desirable and where estimating insured losses may be difficult, time consuming, or subject to manipulation and falsification. For climate‐related hazards, a rainfall or temperature index may be proposed. However, rainfall may be highly spatially variable relative to the gauge network, and in many locations, data are inadequate to develop an index because of short time series and the spatial dispersion of stations. In such cases, it may be helpful to consider a climate proxy index as a regional rainfall index. This is particularly useful if a long record is available for the climate index through an independent source and it is well correlated with the regional rainfall hazard. Here El Niño–Southern Oscillation (ENSO) related climate indices are explored for use as a proxy to extreme rainfall in one of the districts of Peru, Piura. The ENSO index insurance product may be purchased by banks or microfinance institutions to aid agricultural damage relief in Peru. Crop losses in the region are highly correlated with floods but are difficult to assess directly. Beyond agriculture, many other sectors suffer as well. Basic infrastructure is destroyed during the most severe events. This disrupts trade for many microenterprises. The reliability and quality of the local rainfall data are variable. Averaging the financial risk across the region is desirable. Some issues with the implementation of the proxy ENSO index are identified and discussed. Specifically, we explore (1) the reliability of the index at different levels of probability of exceedance of maximum seasonal rainfall, (2) the effect of sampling uncertainties and the strength of the proxy's association to local outcome, (3) the potential for clustering of payoffs, (4) the potential that the index could be predicted with some lead time prior to the flood season, and (5) evidence for climate change or nonstationarity in the flood exceedance probability from the long ENSO record.