Management Effectiveness Evaluation Research Articles

Evaluation of forest management effects on the mineral soil carbon pool of a lowland, mixed-species forest in Maine, USA

Concerns about climate change have increased interest in ways to maximize carbon (C) storage in forests through the use of alternative forest management strategies. However, the influence of these strategies on soil C pools is unclear. The primary objective of this study was to test for differences in mineral soil C stocks among various silvicultural and harvesting treatments that were initiated in the 1950s and have been maintained since on the Penobscot Experimental Forest in central Maine, USA. Five mineral soil cores below the surface organic horizon to a depth of 1 m were collected from each replicate (n = 2) of selection, shelterwood, and commercial clearcut treatments. For these treatments, the mean mineral soil C stock was 47.7 ± 16.4 Mg ha−1 (mean ± SD). We found no significant differences in average mineral soil C stocks among treatments. However, a post hoc power analysis indicated that the probability of detecting a significant treatment effect was only 6%. We determined that 98 stands per treatment would be required to be 80% certain that the F test would detect a difference in average mineral soil C stocks whenever any pair of treatments had C stocks differing by more than 5 Mg ha−1.

Maritime ecosystem-based management in practice: Lessons learned from the application of a generic spatial planning framework in Europe

A generic framework (FW) for the monitoring and evaluation of spatially managed areas (here defined as marine areas subject to a planning and management regime) was developed and tested in nine marine areas of 13 European countries under the EU funded project MESMA (Monitoring and Evaluation of Spatially Managed Areas). This paper describes the lessons learned in the use of the FW and draws conclusions for its future use and development. The selected case studies represented diverse spatial scales, management status and complexity, ranging from sub-national areas to entire national coastlines, and large offshore regions. The application of the FW consisted of seven steps: starting with (i) context setting and (ii) gathering of relevant ecosystem information, human activities and management goals; it continues with (iii) indicator selection and (iv) risk assessment; and the final steps considers the (v) analysis of findings and (vi) the evaluation of management effectiveness, to end up with (vii) the revision and proposal of adaptation to current management. The lessons learnt through the application of the FW in the case studies have proved the value of the FW. However, difficulties rose due to the diversity of the nature and the different stages of development in planning and management in the case study areas; as well as, limited knowledge on ecosystem functioning needed for its implementation. As a conclusion the FW allowed for a flexible and creative application and provided important gap analyses.

我国癌症患者自我管理的文献计量分析

目的：使用文献计量法分析我国癌症患者自我管理研究的现状和趋势。方法：通过制定专业检索策略在CNKI数据库、万方数据库、维普数据库中进行文献检索，导出文献的题目、发表时间、作者、文献来源、摘要、关键词、基金等内容，建立Excel数据库并进行统计分析。结果：我国癌症患者自我管理相关研究的文献数量逐年快速增长。国内期刊最早于2002年发表癌症患者自我管理相关文献，且发表文献数量从2010年~2015年呈逐年上升趋势；文献类型以调查报告类最多(60.78%)，综述类(17.65%)次之；研究内容主要集中在癌症患者自我管理效果评价和研究进展(分别占44.12%、19.61%)方面；研究设计欠严谨，文献质量不高，统计分析方法较单一；文献中采用最多的量表是癌症患者自我效能感量表。结论：我国癌症患者自我管理相关研究尚处于起步阶段，近几年越来越受到关注，但在研究方法、研究领域及研究内容等方面有进一步发展空间。 Aim: To investigate current research status of self-management in patients with cancer in China by bibliometrical method. Method: Literatures were retrieved from “CNKI”, “Wanfang”, “Weipu” in the professional retrieval formula, and the title, published year, author, sources of literature, abstract, keywords, fund, etc. were exported to establish Excel database. Results: The number of the papers on the self-management of cancer patients in China grew fast. The literatures about self-management in cancer were published as early as 2002, and the number of papers showed a rising trend from 2010 to 2015. Among the paper types, the report was 60.78%, the review was 17.65%. Research content is mainly concentrated on self management effect evaluation and re-search progress (44.12% and 19.61%, respectively). The research design is less rigorous, the quality of literature is not high and statistical analysis method is relatively simple. Most researchers used self-efficacy scale to evaluate the self-management of patients. Conclusions: The related research of self-management is still in the initial stage and has got more and more attention in recent years, but has further development space on research method, field, and contents.

Chesapeake Bay recovery and factors affecting trends: Long-term monitoring, indicators, and insights

Monitoring the outcome of restoration efforts is the only way to identify the status of a recovery and the most effective management strategies. In this paper, we discuss Chesapeake Bay and watershed recovery and factors influencing water quality trends. For over 30 years, the Chesapeake Bay Program Partnership’s long-term tidal and watershed water quality monitoring networks have measured physical, chemical and biological parameters throughout the bay and its surrounding watershed underpinning an adaptive management process to drive ecosystem recovery. There are many natural and anthropogenic factors operating and interacting to affect the watershed and bay water quality recovery responses to management actions. Across habitats and indicators, the bay and its watershed continue to express a diverse spatial and temporal fabric of multiscale conditions, stressors and trends that show a range of health conditions and impairments, as well as evidence of progress and degradation. Recurrent independent reviews of the monitoring program have driven a culture of continued adaptation of the monitoring networks to reflect ever evolving management information needs. The adherence to bay and watershed-wide consistent monitoring protocols provides monitoring data supporting analyses and development of scientific syntheses that underpin indicator and model development, regulatory assessments, targeting of management actions, evaluation of management effectiveness, and directing of priorities and policies.

Do global indicators of protected area management effectiveness make sense? A case study from Siberia.

Driven by the underperformance of many protected areas (PAs), protected area management effectiveness (PAME) evaluations are increasingly being conducted to assess PAs in meeting specified objectives. A number of PAME tools have been developed, many of which are based on the IUCN-WCPA framework constituting six evaluative elements (context, planning, input, process, output, and outcomes). In a quest for a more universal tool and using this framework, Leverington et al. (Environ Manag 46(5):685-698, 2010) developed a common scale and list of 33 headline indicators, purported to be representative across a wide range of management effectiveness evaluation tools. The usefulness of such composite tools and the relative weighting of indicators are still being debated. Here, we utilize these headline indicators as a benchmark to assess PAME in 37 PAs of four types in Krasnoyarsk Kray, Russia, and compare these with global results. Moreover, we review the usefulness of these indicators in the Krasnoyarsk context based on the opinions of local PA management teams. Overall, uncorrected management scores for studied PAs were slightly better (mean = 5.66 ± 0.875) than the global average, with output and outcome elements being strongest, and planning and process scores lower. Score variability is influenced by PA size, location, and type. When scores were corrected based on indicator importance, the mean score significantly increased to 5.75 ± 0.858. We emphasize idiosyncrasies of Russian PA management, including the relative absence of formal management plans and limited efforts toward local community beneficiation, and how such contextual differences may confound PAME scores when indicator weights are treated equal.

Introgression threatens the survival of the critically endangered freshwater crayfish Cherax tenuimanus (Decapoda: Parastacidae) in the wild.

Hybridization and genetic introgression following the introduction of exotic species can pose a significant threat to the survival of geographically restricted species. A remnant population of the critically endangered freshwater crayfish Cherax tenuimanus in the upper reaches of the Margaret River in southwestern Australia is under threat following the introduction and spread of its congener Cherax cainii. Here, we examine the extent of hybridization and introgression between the two species using twelve polymorphic microsatellite loci. Our study reveals there are three times more C. cainii than C. tenuimanus at our study site in the upper reaches of the Margaret River. There is also evidence of hybridization and introgression between C. tenuimanus and C. cainii at this site, with F1, F2 and backcrossed individuals identified. While interbreeding was confirmed in this study, our simulations suggest that the levels of introgression are much lower than would be expected under random mating, indicating partial reproductive barriers exist. Nevertheless, it is apparent that hybridization and introgression with C. cainii pose a serious threat to C. tenuimanus and their survival in the wild will require active adaptive management and continued genetic monitoring to evaluate management effectiveness.

候鸟类型国家级自然保护区保护成效评估指标体系构建与案例研究

PDF HTML阅读 XML下载 导出引用 引用提醒 候鸟类型国家级自然保护区保护成效评估指标体系构建与案例研究 DOI: 10.5846/stxb201403260563 作者: 作者单位: 1中南林业科技大学野生动植物保护研究所,1中南林业科技大学野生动植物保护研究所,1中南林业科技大学,1中南林业科技大学野生动植物保护研究所,1中南林业科技大学野生动植物保护研究所,2湖南东洞庭湖国家级自然保护区管理局,3青海湖国家级自然保护区管理局;,4中国环境科学研究院,4 中国环境科学研究院 作者简介: 通讯作者: 中图分类号: 基金项目: 环保公益项目科研专项(201209028);国家自然科学基金项目(31472021,31071946);湖南省重点学科建设项目(CSUFT-2013001) Construction of an indicator system and a case study of protection efficacy evaluation of China's national nature reserves for migratory birds Author: Affiliation: 1Institute of Wildlife Conservation,Central South University of Forestry and Technology;Hunan,,1Institute of Wildlife Conservation,Central South University of Forestry and Technology;Hunan,,Central South University of Forestry and Technology;Hunan,,1Institute of Wildlife Conservation,Central South University of Forestry and Technology;Hunan,,1Institute of Wildlife Conservation,Central South University of Forestry and Technology;Hunan,,Hunan East Dongting Lake National Nature Reserve administration;Hunan,China,Qinghai Lake National Nature Reserve administration;Qinghai,China,, Fund Project: 摘要 | 图/表 | 访问统计 | 参考文献 | 相似文献 | 引证文献 | 资源附件 | 文章评论 摘要:建立自然保护区是对生物多样性及其生境最直接、最有效的保护措施,构建一套科学、完整的国家级自然保护区保护成效评估指标体系,对促进国家级自然保护区的有效管理和宏观决策具有重要的意义。截止2014年3月,我国已建立407个国家级自然保护区,其中野生动物类型105个。尽管国家已投入大量的人力、物力和财力,但目前仍不清楚这些国家级自然保护区的保护成效如何,故很有必要对国家级自然保护区保护成效开展评估。基于保护目标物种,以10a为时间尺度,采用集成分析法、专家咨询法和示范研究法,率先构建了我国候鸟类型国家级自然保护区(第一保护对象为候鸟的野生动物类型国家级自然保护区)保护成效评估框架和指标体系,并用层次分析法(AHP)法对指标进行赋分。评估框架包含1个目标层、2个系统层(生态有效性评估,分值占60%;管理有效性评估,分值占40%)、9个因素层、36个指标层,另增加人为影响赋分区(-12分-+8分)。其中,生态有效性评估包含代表性、适宜性、稀有性、多样性、完整性共5个因素层及15个指标层;管理有效性评估包含管理对象、管理行动、管理保障、管理效果共4个因素层及21个指标层。为进一步验证与完善评估指标体系的科学性和可操作性,我们以青海湖国家级自然保护区和湖南东洞庭湖国家级自然保护区为案例进行了研究。结果表明:该评估指标体系具有良好的科学性和可操作性。近10年,青海湖国家级自然保护区在针对保护目标物种种群动态与生境的科研监测、宣传教育、野外巡护、社区共管方面的保护成效较好,但快速发展的生态旅游对候鸟的活动造成了一定的影响,建议加强生态旅游管理;湖南东洞庭湖国家级自然保护区在针对候鸟的宣传教育、野外巡护方面的保护成效较好,但土地管理权属的混乱使候鸟的生境遭到一定的破坏,建议进一步争取土地所有权和落实管理权,并通过发展生态旅游来提高当地居民收入,达到减少人为影响与恢复候鸟生境的目的。 Abstract:The most direct and effective way of protecting biodiversity and their habitats is to establish nature reserves. It has become critically important to establish a comprehensive scientific evaluation index system to assess protection efficacy and promote effective management of China's national nature reserves. Currently, a large number of nature reserves or protected areas have been established worldwide. However, human disturbance and invasion by alien species and other detrimental factors have undermined the ecological benefits of these original habitats. For example, migratory birds still face destruction of their breeding sites, loss of their wintering and stopover sites, and poaching of their non-breeding sites. As of March 2014, 105 national nature reserves specifically for wildlife had been established in China out of a total of 407 national nature reserves. Of these wildlife nature reserves, 22 are designated for migratory birds as the first target of protection through the provision of various kinds of food, habitat, and breeding sites for these birds. Although the Chinese Government has invested a lot of manpower, material, and financial resources in national reserves, their protection efficacy remains unclear. It is, therefore, critical at this juncture to evaluate the protection efficacy of China's national nature reserves for migratory birds to assess their achievements and identify problems, improve effective management effectiveness and biodiversity conservation, and take macroscopic decisions. Different scales of time and space lead to different evaluation results of protection efficacy. We used three methods: integrated analysis, expert consultation, and a case study to develop the first indicator system for evaluating protection efficacy of national nature reserves for migratory birds over the past ten years. The indicator system included one target layer, two system layers (evaluation of conservation effectiveness with a 60% score, and evaluation of management effectiveness with a 40% score), nine factor layers, thirty-six index layers, and seven assigned indexes of anthropogenic influence (-12 points to +8 points). Factor layers of the evaluation of conservation effectiveness included representativeness, suitability, rarity, diversity, and integrity. Factor layers of the evaluation of management effectiveness included management objects, actions, security, and effectiveness. Among the index layers, the number of target species, habitats, water, shelter environments, food resources, routine patrols, environmental quality, and human activities were the focus areas of the indicator system for evaluating protection efficacy. To verify and perfect the evaluation index system, we carried out a case study of the Qinghai Lake National Nature Reserve (QLNNR) and the Hunan East Dongting Lake National Nature Reserve (EDLNNR). The results showed that the evaluation index system demonstrated good scientificity and operability. QLNNR has performed very well in terms of target species monitoring, publicity and education, field patrol, and co-management. However, ecotourism has had some impacts on the activities of migratory birds, so management in this area requires strengthening. EDLNNR has been successful in the areas of publicity and education and field patrol. However, a lack of clarity about land ownership has resulted in a series of adverse consequences. There is, therefore, a need to strive for clarity in terms of land ownership, establishing effective management, and developing ecotourism to improve residents' incomes, and reduce anthropogenic influences to restore the habitats of migratory birds. 参考文献 相似文献 引证文献

Twenty-one years of stand dynamics in a 33-year-old urban forest restoration site at Kobe Municipal Sports Park, Japan

To integrate human-disturbed hillslopes with the regional landscape, natural forest restoration has become an important objective of hillslope re-vegetation in Japan. At Kobe Municipal Sports Park (KMSP), seedlings of native species were planted in 1980 to restore semi-natural secondary forest (satoyama) in an urban setting. Here, we present 21 years of stand dynamics based on vegetation surveys conducted in 1992, 2000, and 2013 in two research plots (control and managed) at KMSP in relation to a reference forest to evaluate management effects and restoration success. Total basal area continued to increase in both the plots, but diameter-growth decreased in the control plot, whereas it continued to increase in the managed plot, which had been thinned by volunteers. In the control plot, which was planted at higher initial density than the managed plot, Quercus phillyraeoides (evergreen, mid-canopy tree) dominated the single-layered canopy and vertical development was delayed. In the managed plot, Quercus serrata (deciduous, canopy tree) dominated the upper canopy layer and evergreen broadleaved trees dominated the mid- to lower-canopy layers, resulting in a vertically well-developed canopy similar to the reference forest. The basal area of Robinia pseudoacacia decreased due to shading by evergreen trees, whereas that of Nerium oleander, an exotic species, had increased in the control plot. Ordination results indicated that vegetation of the control plot was diverging away from the reference forest, whereas thinning had directed the managed plot toward it. Our results confirm that simultaneously planting seedlings of native species does not lead to natural forest stand structure. In the future, adaptive management, such as periodic thinning, removal of shade-tolerant, exotic species and enrichment planting of native species, will be needed to integrate forest restoration sites with the surrounding mid-successional, secondary forest.

Are we missing the boat? Current uses of long-term biological monitoring data in the evaluation and management of marine protected areas

Protected area management agencies are increasingly using management effectiveness evaluation (MEE) to better understand, learn from and improve conservation efforts around the globe. Outcome assessment is the final stage of MEE, where conservation outcomes are measured to determine whether management objectives are being achieved. When quantitative monitoring data are available, best-practice examples of outcome assessments demonstrate that data should be assessed against quantitative condition categories. Such assessments enable more transparent and repeatable integration of monitoring data into MEE, which can promote evidence-based management and improve public accountability and reporting. We interviewed key informants from marine protected area (MPA) management agencies to investigate how scientific data sources, especially long-term biological monitoring data, are currently informing conservation management. Our study revealed that even when long-term monitoring results are available, management agencies are not using them for quantitative condition assessment in MEE. Instead, many agencies conduct qualitative condition assessments, where monitoring results are interpreted using expert judgment only. Whilst we found substantial evidence for the use of long-term monitoring data in the evidence-based management of MPAs, MEE is rarely the sole mechanism that facilitates the knowledge transfer of scientific evidence to management action. This suggests that the first goal of MEE (to enable environmental accountability and reporting) is being achieved, but the second and arguably more important goal of facilitating evidence-based management is not. Given that many MEE approaches are in their infancy, recommendations are made to assist management agencies realize the full potential of long-term quantitative monitoring data for protected area evaluation and evidence-based management.

The establishment of continuous quality improvement management mode and effect evaluation of hospital's project

Application of the theory of PDCA cycle to guide to build the hospital's project continuous quality improvement management mode,By Analyzing reasons,optimizing processes,improving the bidding system,regulating the declaration format,increasing of directors' participation,playing the role of expert,and evaluating the effect to continue improving the quality of hospital's project.PDCA cycle method effectively aroused the enthusiasm of young scientific research personnel,and promoted the continuous development of scientific research work. Key words: continuous quality improvement; PDCA cycle; project management; effect evaluation

Using dynamic N-mixture models to test cavity limitation on northern flying squirrel demographic parameters using experimental nest box supplementation.

Dynamic N-mixture models have been recently developed to estimate demographic parameters of unmarked individuals while accounting for imperfect detection. We propose an application of the Dail and Madsen (2011: Biometrics, 67, 577–587) dynamic N-mixture model in a manipulative experiment using a before-after control-impact design (BACI). Specifically, we tested the hypothesis of cavity limitation of a cavity specialist species, the northern flying squirrel, using nest box supplementation on half of 56 trapping sites. Our main purpose was to evaluate the impact of an increase in cavity availability on flying squirrel population dynamics in deciduous stands in northwestern Québec with the dynamic N-mixture model. We compared abundance estimates from this recent approach with those from classic capture–mark–recapture models and generalized linear models. We compared apparent survival estimates with those from Cormack–Jolly–Seber (CJS) models. Average recruitment rate was 6 individuals per site after 4 years. Nevertheless, we found no effect of cavity supplementation on apparent survival and recruitment rates of flying squirrels. Contrary to our expectations, initial abundance was not affected by conifer basal area (food availability) and was negatively affected by snag basal area (cavity availability). Northern flying squirrel population dynamics are not influenced by cavity availability at our deciduous sites. Consequently, we suggest that this species should not be considered an indicator of old forest attributes in our study area, especially in view of apparent wide population fluctuations across years. Abundance estimates from N-mixture models were similar to those from capture–mark–recapture models, although the latter had greater precision. Generalized linear mixed models produced lower abundance estimates, but revealed the same relationship between abundance and snag basal area. Apparent survival estimates from N-mixture models were higher and less precise than those from CJS models. However, N-mixture models can be particularly useful to evaluate management effects on animal populations, especially for species that are difficult to detect in situations where individuals cannot be uniquely identified. They also allow investigating the effects of covariates at the site level, when low recapture rates would require restricting classic CMR analyses to a subset of sites with the most captures.

Measuring the accuracy of management effectiveness evaluations of protected areas

Evaluating the effectiveness of protected area management to help improve management outcomes is becoming an increasingly common practice. The evaluation tools developed and implemented in over 100 countries generally rely on the expert judgements of protected area managers. Despite the growing collection and use of management effectiveness evaluation data, there have been no previous attempts to measure the accuracy of these data. We measured the accuracy of managers' judgements about the conditions in their reserves by collecting independent field data. We also assessed how accurately the evaluation tool reflected managers' views by conducting semi-structured interviews with 23 protected area managers from New South Wales, Australia. We found that managers made highly accurate judgements of the extent of a common weed species, Rubus fruticosus (blackberry), but often misinterpreted the scope, scale and timeframe of the evaluation. These framing effects can lead to error being introduced into the evaluation dataset, affecting the precision of evaluations such that they cannot be reliably compared among reserves. We suggest that the wording of evaluation questions needs to be explicit about the assessment frame to minimize the influence of framing effects on management effectiveness evaluations.

Monitoring and evaluation for adaptive coastal management

Monitoring and evaluation is a critical component of adaptive management, enabling adjustment of management actions and the assumptions upon which they are based. Despite the recognised need for adaptive management of the coastal zone, the way in which monitoring and evaluation can support practice is not often considered. Monitoring involves activities that measure the effectiveness of actions, whereas evaluation involves the interpretation of that information. In the first national study of its type, we analysed the extent that monitoring and evaluation was used to support adaptive management in the coastal zone in Australia. An on-line survey of 70 practitioners found 54 (77%) conducted monitoring and evaluation, and of these, only 25 (46%) used it for adapting management, and 17 (32%) for evaluating management effectiveness and assumptions. Use of monitoring and evaluation for adapting management was significantly correlated with organisation type, but not with perceived sufficiency of monitoring and evaluation, or the extent it informed decision-making. Assessment breadth was highly variable. Organisations who used monitoring and evaluation to adapt management and test assumptions were significantly more likely to conduct broad assessment, although assessment of socio-economic condition, resources and activities were least likely to be assessed. This has implications for the types of management decisions monitoring and evaluation can inform. For example, to determine which actions are most cost effective in preventing coastal erosion, both resources and outcomes need to be assessed. Overall, our results indicate a propensity for organisations to claim adaptive behaviour, but evaluation design does not facilitate it. Inappropriate design, insufficient resources (financial, technical skills), and concern for assessment scale (including the need to share information across organisations to inform regionally meaningful assessments) impede more adaptive behaviour. Capacity building in the use of evaluation frameworks designed to specifically support learning would enhance adaptive coastal management in Australia.

Evaluation of the Efficiency of Cash Flow Management in Chaotic Conditions of Economy Structuring

The essence of the concept "cash flow management effectiveness" has been grounded, the method of comprehensive evaluation of the cash flow management effectiveness in the economy has been proposed. Practical implementation of the comprehensive assessment of the cash flow management effectiveness has been described. Three areas of effectiveness evaluation have been defined, they are: positive evaluation area, area of qualified evaluation and negative evaluation area.

The effects of organic matter application and intensive tillage and traffic on soil structure formation and stability

Management strategies like organic matter (OM) amendment and mechanical energy inputs are known to influence the soil system. A long-term (13–14-year) field experiment was used to evaluate the effects of these management strategies on soil structural formation, structural stabilization and soil tilth of a sandy loam soil in Denmark. OM was applied as manure and by retention of plant residues (ORG) to be compared with plots dressed only with mineral fertilizer (MIN). The soils were rotovated (ROT), compacted (PAC) or left undisturbed (REF) as split-plot treatments in the main plots with OM management over two years prior to sampling. In two consecutive years, undisturbed soil samples were collected from the 6 to 13cm soil layer in the field grown with winter wheat to assess soil organic carbon (C) fractions (total organic C, polysaccharide C and microbial biomass C), total organic C and polysaccharide C of 1–2mm macro-aggregates, bulk density, hyphal length, aggregate stability, clay dispersibility, aggregate tensile strength, direct tensile strength and shear strength. The ease of fragmentation and the torsional shear strength of soil were measured in the field as well. OM application increased all soil organic C fractions. Response patterns of organic C fractions in aggregates were the same patterns as for whole-soil. Polysaccharide C appeared to be an important agent in the aggregation process. The effect of microbial C and fungal hyphae on the aggregation process was not clear. Extensive tillage and traffic produced unfavourable tilth conditions in terms of a greater degree of clay dispersion, lower aggregate stability, higher soil tensile strength and poorer soil fragmentation. OM affected soil reaction to compressive and tensile stresses applied at differing initial bulk densities. The results also indicated the profitability of supplementing the classical laboratory analysis with in situ measurements to better evaluate management effects on soil structure.

Assessment of the Effectiveness of Protected Areas Management in Iran: Case Study in Khojir National Park

The requirement to assess the management effectiveness (ME) in protected areas (PAs) is increasing around the world to help improve management and accountability. An evaluation of ME for Khojir National Park (KNP), one of the Iran's oldest PAs, was conducted using a multi-method approach that consisted of structured interviews, open interviews, and site visits. This was the first ME evaluation in Iran. The structured interview was based on the management effectiveness tracking tool methodology. KNP received an average score of 43%, which is lower than the global average, illustrating that its general management was in the low-intermediate level. The indices of legal status, resource inventory, planning for land and water use, regulations, and objectives received the highest average scores, whereas education and awareness, community co-management, regular work plan, boundary demarcation, visitor facilities, budget sources, staff training, protection systems, and management plan received the lowest ones. The management system of KNP was generally established, but many problems of the management still need to be resolved. To improve ME, some countermeasures should be taken, such as increasing funding, strengthening capacity building, planning, and adaptive management, and implementing community participation.

Protected area management and livelihood conflicts in Ghana: a case study of Digya National Park

The Digya National Park in Ghana has been the scene of conflicts between local communities and wildlife managers ever since its establishment in 1971. The conflicts range from apprehension of local people by Wildlife Officials for entry into the park to collect non-timber forest products, to serious confrontation with poachers, arrests and evictions that occasionally result in deaths. Documented information on these conflicts, however, is scanty. This study examines the root causes of conflict in Digya National Park, with a view to recommending policy interventions that will help curtail the conflicts. Data for the study were derived from focused group discussions, direct interviews with stakeholders, on-site observations, as well as, from a management effectiveness evaluation exercise that involved administration of a pre-designed questionnaire to protected area managers and administrators. The results revealed that a major underlying source of conflict in the park was poverty in neighbouring communities. This, together with unresolved issues of compensation payment, animal raids on farmlands and exclusion of local communities in the management process, have fuelled illegal activities, mainly hunting and encroachment, leading to several conflict situations. Arrest of culprits and forced evictions by Wildlife Officials had not helped in curtailing illegal activities and conflicts. The study recommends linking wildlife management to community development to ensure that local economies and livelihoods of fringe communities are sustained while seeking to attain the objectives of wildlife conservation in order to minimize conflicts.

Enterprise Safety Emergency Management Effectiveness Evaluation Studies Based on Projection Pursuit

Enterprise Safety Emergency Management Effectiveness Evaluation Studies Based on Projection Pursuit

Management Effectiveness Evaluation of Bunaken National Park of Indonesia Using an Updated Framework

Evaluation of management effectiveness is a very crucial aspect behind the management of every successful Marine Protected Area (MPA). It gives broader understanding of the management progress, how effective the management has been and what can be done to improve management performance. The paper evaluates the management effectiveness of Bunaken National Park (BNP) management performance from 2004 to 2009. Moreover, seeing that the past evaluation framework in BNP is inadequate to assess broader issues BNP is currently facing, this paper proposes a different evaluation framework that could better fit BNP’s current condition and provide deeper assessment to help understand BNP’s overall management effectiveness in greater detail. The evaluation was conducted in the International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) framework which assesses six good management elements (context, planning, input, processes, outputs, and outcomes). The results highlighted a range of management problems in BNP, including poor management planning, lack of management intervention and inadequate monitoring. The paper provides insights on how essential management elements that are often neglected in management practices could affect overall management performance.

Review on the Protected Areas Management Effectiveness Evaluation in Korea - Focus on the Implementation Status and Results -

Review on the Protected Areas Management Effectiveness Evaluation in Korea - Focus on the Implementation Status and Results -