Management Competencies Research Articles

Discovering the importance of health informatics education competencies in healthcare practice. A focus group interview

BackgroundAs healthcare and especially health technology evolve rapidly, new challenges require healthcare professionals to take on new roles. Consequently, the demand for health informatics competencies is increasing, and achieving these competencies using frameworks, such as Technology Informatics Guiding Reform (TIGER), is crucial for future healthcare. AimThe study examines essential health informatics and educational competencies and health informatics challenges based on TIGER Core Competency Areas. Rather than examine each country independently, the focus is on uncovering commonalities and shared experiences across diverse contexts. MethodsSix focus group interviews were conducted with twenty-one respondents from three different countries (Germany (n = 7), Portugal (n = 6), and Finland (n = 8)). These interviews took place online in respondents’ native languages. All interviews were transcribed and then summarized by each country. Braun and Clarke’s thematic analysis framework was applied, which included familiarization with the data, generating initial subcategories, identifying, and refining themes, and conducting a final analysis to uncover patterns within the data. ResultsAgreed upon by all three countries, competencies in project management, communication, application in direct patient care, digital literacy, ethics in health IT, education, and information and knowledge management were identified as challenges in healthcare. Competencies such as communication, information and communication technology, project management, and education were identified as crucial for inclusion in educational programs, emphasizing their critical role in healthcare education. ConclusionsDespite working with digital tools daily, there is an urgent need to include health informatics competencies in the education of healthcare professionals. Competencies related to application in direct patient care, IT-background knowledge, IT-supported and IT-related management are critical in educational and professional settings are seen as challenging but critical in healthcare.

Lymphoedema specialists embedded into community nurse and wound services: impacts and outcomes.

Lymphoedema is a progressive condition causing significant alterations to life, exerting pressures on unscheduled care from complications including cellulitis and wounds. An on the ground education programme (OGEP) was implemented to raise knowledge, competence and confidence in lymphoedema management in community clinical services. The aim of this study was to explore the impact and outcomes of the OGEP intervention. Data were captured before and after OGEP on 561 lymphoedema patients in the community setting. Data recorded included resource use, costs and outcomes (EQ-5D-5L and LYMPROM). Data demonstrated statistically significant reductions in resource allocations including staff visits (P<0.001), cellulitis admissions (P<0.001), compression consumables and wound dressing costs (P<0.001). Overall, the total mean per patient cost decreased from £1457.10 to £964.40 (including intervention) with outcomes significantly improved in EQ-5D-5L/LYMPROM scores. The analysis suggests the OGEP intervention may offer reductions in resource costs and improvements in patient outcomes. OGEP may therefore provide an innovative solution in future care delivery.

Exploring medical curriculum leadership and management training: Perspectives of doctors and medical educators in Botswana

Background. The University of Botswana Faculty of Medicine (UB FOM) is the only medical school in Botswana, and was opened to address shortages that other workforce strategies were not achieving at a sufficient rate. The UB FOM programme involves early patient contact at all levels of healthcare. Newly-graduated doctors are expected to perform managerial responsibilities, a role which few medical curricula include formal training for. Objectives. To explore the perceptions of graduates and medical educators (MEs) on the leadership and management training in the medical curriculum in Botswana. Methods. A non-theory driven qualitative study using thematic analysis was conducted. Twelve MEs and graduates from UB FOM were interviewed. Semi-structured interviews were conducted until data saturation was reached. Data were transcribed and analysed. Results. Two themes were developed: Starting small to be tall and Planting the seeds. Theme 1 describes the explicit messages of being future managers and leaders unaccompanied by formal training. Theme 2 acknowledges the insufficient training and describes the call for scaffolded longitudinal leadership and management teaching, and enhanced interprofessional education. Conclusion. Elements of leadership and management training are already included within the curriculum. The health system expectation that these graduates will immediately assume leadership and management responsibilities necessitates the strengthening of these aspects. The inclusion of critical content and further expansion of interprofessional education can be considered. The UB FOM is in a position to actualise its identified leadership and management competencies to serve the needs of its graduates and those in their care.

Assessing Quality Variations in Early Career Researchers’ Data Management Plans

This paper aims to better understand early career researchers’ (ECRs’) research data management (RDM) competencies by assessing the contents and quality of data management plans (DMPs) developed during a multi-stakeholder RDM course. We also aim to identify differences between DMPs in relation to several background variables (e.g., discipline, course track). The Basics of Research Data Management (BRDM) course has been held in two multi-faculty, research-intensive universities in Finland since 2020. In this study, 223 ECRs’ DMPs created in the BRDM of 2020 - 2022 were assessed, using the recommendations and criteria of the Finnish DMP Evaluation Guide + General Finnish DMP Guidance (FDEG). The median quality of DMPs appeared to be satisfactory. The differences in rating according to FDEG’s three-point performance criteria were statistically insignificant between DMPs developed in separate years, course tracks or disciplines. However, using content analysis, differences were found between disciplines or course tracks regarding DMP’s key characteristics such as sharing, storing, and preserving data. DMPs that contained a data table (DtDMPs) also differed highly significantly from prose DMPs. DtDMPs better acknowledged the data handling needs of different data types and improved the overall quality of a DMP. The results illustrated that the ECRs had learned the basic RDM competencies and grasped their significance to the integrity, reliability, and reusability of data. However, more focused, further training to reach the advanced competency is needed, especially in areas of handling and sharing personal data, legal issues, long-term preserving, and funders’ data policies. Equally important to the cultural change when RDM is an organic part of the research practices is to merge research support services, processes, and infrastructure into the research projects’ processes. Additionally, incentives are needed for sharing and reusing data.

DemStepCare: Risk-stratified support for primary care-based dementia care - evaluation from general practitioner's view

The innovation fund project DemStepCare aimed to optimize multi-professional care through case management, risk stratification, and crisis outpatient clinic. Here, the evaluation results from the perspective of the general practitioners are presented. A quantitative survey was carried out at three time points regarding acceptance, benefit assessment and sensitivity to dementia of the general practitioners. In addition, qualitative interviews were conducted. Satisfaction with the overall project was high. Added value and relief factors were perceived and more effective and stable dementia care was achieved through collaboration with case management. Physicians reported increased subjective competence in diagnostics and disease management. The results confirm the benefit and effectiveness of DemStepCare from general practitioner's perspective.

&lt;span&gt;Developing leaders and managers&amp;rsquo; administrative and managerial competences in Vietnamese universities&lt;/span&gt;

In recent years, university administration has attracted considerable attention from theoretical and practice researchers since it plays decisive roles in school competitive advantage enhancement in globally challenging and competitive educational environments. Therefore, there is a high demand for professionals with new skills and competencies and high-quality leaders and managers in the context of globalization and international integration. Previous studies focused on developing skills and competences of teaching staff, evaluating teaching performance, and improving professional competences. Research on developing administrative and managerial competences for university leaders and managers, especially in Mekong Delta region was rare. Therefore, this study aims to (1) evaluate the measures and the performance of educating and training activities and (2) propose some potential solutions for developing university administrative and managerial competences for leaders and managers in public universities in Mekong Delta. The study employed a non-experimental mix research method (qualitative and quantitative) using a survey questionnaire. The survey samples included 110 leaders and managers in six Vietnamese public universities in Mekong Delta. The study outcomes are expected to provide decision-makers a general framework for cultivating university administrative and managerial competences among leaders and managers in Vietnamese public universities

Взаимосвязь компетенций руководителя и вовлеченности сотрудников

&lt;p style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Objective.&lt;/strong&gt; Analysis of the connection between the level of development of managerial competencies of a manager and the involvement in the work of both himself and his subordinates. &lt;br&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Background.&lt;/strong&gt; Most managers of modern organizations pay considerable attention to managing employee engagement when working with personnel. One of the key factors influencing employee engagement is the immediate supervisor. It is important to determine the manager&amp;rsquo;s competencies, through the development of which it is possible to increase the involvement of employees at different levels in the organization. &lt;br&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Study design.&lt;/strong&gt; The work examined the relationship between the involvement of employees at different levels in the organization and the level of development of the competencies of their managers; and differences between executive and employee engagement. The presence and degree of relationships were determined using correlation analysis, and differences were determined by assessing the reliability of differences in mean values. &lt;br&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Participants.&lt;/strong&gt; Employees of the organization: 768 people (24,2% men, 75,8% women): 146 (19%) managers and 622 (81%) employees. &lt;br&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Measurements.&lt;/strong&gt; Methodology for assessing the competencies of managers &amp;ldquo;360 degrees&amp;rdquo; based on a corporate model of 8 management competencies; Anonymous engagement questionnaire Kicentric &amp;ndash; Russian version. &lt;br&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Results.&lt;/strong&gt; The manager&amp;rsquo;s competencies &amp;ldquo;Understanding the Business&amp;rdquo;, &amp;ldquo;Result Orientation&amp;rdquo;, &amp;ldquo;Interaction&amp;rdquo; and &amp;ldquo;Development of Subordinates&amp;rdquo; contribute to the involvement of subordinates. &amp;ldquo;Leadership&amp;rdquo;, &amp;ldquo;Initiative&amp;rdquo;, &amp;ldquo;Business Understanding&amp;rdquo;, &amp;ldquo;Interaction&amp;rdquo; are also interconnected with the leader&amp;rsquo;s own involvement. &amp;ldquo;Planning&amp;rdquo; is an inverse relationship. It has been established that there are differences in the involvement of managers and employees. &lt;br&gt;&lt;strong&gt;С&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;strong&gt;onclusions.&lt;/strong&gt; There is a relationship between the involvement of employees and the manager with the level of development of his competencies: some competencies of managers are associated with high involvement of him and his employees, some with low. A connection was found between the levels of involvement of the manager and employees. Differences in some parameters of engagement between managers and employees were revealed.&lt;/p&gt;

Building synergistic mindsets in international business education: the unmet demands of a VUCA marketplace

Purpose The COVID-19 pandemic was an eye-opening experience that put to the test our crisis management competencies across many institutions, including those offered by institutions of higher education. This study aims to review the literature on international business (IB) risks and IB education (IBE) to question whether business graduates are equipped to make decisions in today’s volatile, uncertain, complex and ambiguous (VUCA) marketplace. Design/methodology/approach While the IB literature has discussed the importance of various sources of risks on global business operations, IBE did not effectively adopt an integrative approach to building the needed risk management competencies related to those risks into our education. The authors argue that this integrative approach to teaching IB is critically needed to prepare future global managers for addressing crises, like that of the pandemic and others. Specifically, this study proposes that this integrated risk management competency can be developed through the building of “synergistic mindsets”. Findings This study presents a conceptual framework for the components of the synergistic mindset, with intelligence that directly links to present IB risks. These components are cultural intelligence (CQ), emotional intelligence (EQ), public policy intelligence (PPQ), digital intelligence (DQ) and orchestration intelligence (OQ). Originality/value Insights related to IBE effectiveness in addressing today’s VUCA market demands and IB risks are discussed.

Advanced-level paramedic perspectives on competence requirements for responding to radiological/nuclear incidents

The threat of chemical, biological, radiological, and nuclear (CBRN) incidents has been a topic of increasing concern in recent years, and the need for increasing preparedness and competence among the first responder professions is widely recognized. This qualitative study explored advanced-level paramedic perspectives on competence requirements for responding to radiological/nuclear (R/N) incidents. This study utilized reflective essays (n = 26) written by advanced-level paramedics after familiarizing themselves with a fictional accidental nuclear power plant incident scenario. The material was analyzed using inductive content analysis. Three main categories were found: 1) Awareness of operating in multi-authority RN incidents, 2) Consideration of occupational safety, and 3) Competence in emergency care nursing and management during RN incidents. The results can be utilized for enhancing the competence management and training provision of Emergency Medical Services organizations.

The effect of health quotient and time management skills on self-management behavior and glycemic control among individuals with type 2 diabetes mellitus.

The aim of this study was to evaluate the present status of self-management behavior and glycemic control in individuals diagnosed with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus (T2D), as well as to examine the impact of health quotient (HQ) and time management skills on both self-management behavior and glycemic control. Between October 2022 and March 2023, a purposive sampling method had been utilized to select 215 participants with type T2D. The survey concluded a general information questionnaire, an HQ scale, a diabetes time management questionnaire and a self-management behavior questionnaire. The health quotient(HQ)encompasses the individuals' knowledge, attitude toward health, and the ability to maintain their own well-being. The diabetes time management questionnaire was reverse-scored, with higher scores indicating an enhanced competence in time management. The path among variables was analyzed using structural equation modeling(SEM). SEM showed that the direct effect of HQ on time management was -0.566 (p < 0.05), the direct effect of time management on the effect of self-management was -0.617 (p < 0.05), the direct effect of HQ on self-management was 0.156, and the indirect effect was 0.349 (p < 0.05); the relationship between health quotient and self-management was partially mediated by time management, with a mediating effect size of 68.8%. In addition, self-management had a direct effect on HbAlc, with a size of -0.394 (p < 0.05); The impacts of both HQ and time management on HbAlc were found to be mediated by self-management, with HQ demonstrating an indirect effect of -0.199 (p < 0.05) and time management showing an indirect effect of 0.244 (p < 0.05). Health quotient and time management in patients with T2D serve as catalysts for self-management behavior. They affect HbAlc level indirectly through self-management practices. The suggestion is to prioritize the cultivation of rational time organization and management skills in T2D patients, as well as enhance their health quotient level. This can facilitate a more effective improvement in patients' self-management behaviors, ultimately achieving the objective of maintaining optimal glycemic control.

The Impact of Resilience on Workplace Violence Experienced by Mental Health Nurses: A Cross-Sectional Survey

Background. Violence at work against healthcare professionals is a frequent and pervasive problem. There are growing data that indicate nurses are especially susceptible to experiencing violent acts at work. Resilience helps strengthen nursing competency in the proper management of stressful circumstances, like being exposed to workplace violence. Aim. The aim of the study is to assess the impact of resilience on workplace violence among mental health nurses. Method. A cross-sectional research design was used to conduct this study with a convenience sample of 361 nurses recruited from a governmental psychiatric hospital in Saudi Arabia. Tools. Data were collected using two tools: the first tool was the workplace violence questionnaire, which collected nurses’ demographic, job, and workplace violence data, and the second was the resilience at work scale to assess nurses’ resilience. Results. This survey found that 70.4% of nurses experienced workplace violence in the last year, and fewer than half were resilient at work. Close to one-third (33.5%) of nurses were terrified and confused after workplace violence. The most violent repercussions were psychological (46.8%): dread, tension, and worry. Additionally, 48.8% of nurses exhibited high work resilience. Conclusion. A considerable percentage of mental health nurses encountered instances of violence during the provision of care inside mental health hospital settings. The variables of nationality (non-Saudi nurses), rotating work shift, educational levels, and exhibiting a lower level of resilience were found to have a statistically significant correlation with instances of workplace violence. Recommendation. Training programs and educational initiatives should be developed and implemented to equip nurses with the necessary knowledge and skills to effectively respond to and prevent workplace violence incidents. By providing comprehensive training, healthcare organizations can empower nurses to address and mitigate workplace violence, ultimately creating a safer and more supportive work environment.

THE APPLICATION OF SCHOOL-BASED MANAGEMENT IN EMPOWERING THE COMPETENCY OF MAHYAL ULUM ACEH VOCATIONAL SCHOOL TEACHERS

The goal achieved is to find out the implementation of school-based management, know the variety of empowerment of teacher potential, and know the supporting and inhibiting factors of the implementation of school-based management in empowering teacher competencies at Mahyal Ulum Aceh Besar Vocational School. The type of research used is qualitative which is descriptive. The data collection methods used are observation, interviews and documentation. The data analysis technique is a qualitative descriptive analysis, namely data reduction, data presentation, data interpretation, and conclusion. The results showed that the implementation of SBM in the empowerment of teacher competencies was carried out well because of the cooperation between the principal, teachers and staff. This is seen in terms of teacher competence in curriculum management, teacher competencies in education staff management, teacher competencies in student management, teacher potential in financial management, as well as the potential of teachers in providing facilities and infrastructure. The supporting factors are first, government support in the form of providing BOS funds, allocation of local government funds and granting authority in school management. Second, teacher support in the form of teaching staff who are qualified Undergraduate and Masters certified teachers. And third, student support in the form of an increasing number of students and voluntary assistance from students' parents. The inhibiting factors are infrastructure and funds are still limited and the role of the community is not yet optimal.

Improving project management skills by integrating a boardgame into educational paths

The increasing demand for practical project management skills makes crucial the adoption of innovative educational approaches. This study presents an experiment carefully designed to assess the effectiveness of an innovative project management educational boardgame named PMBoG. Two samples from a class of university students, enrolled in a bachelor's degree management course, participated in the experiment. One sample joined PMBoG sessions playing with and against other colleagues, the other sample did not participate in the sessions. After game sessions, both groups took a project management test to evaluate their capacity to make decisions or countermeasures based on classical project management issues. The test also included a questionnaire about game evaluations and peer feedback. Preliminary analysis using multiple statistical tests (t-test, ANOVA, Tuckey and Effect Size) indicates that participants in the experimental group demonstrated statistically significant higher performance compared to those who did not participate in the game sessions. The results suggest that the adoption of PMBoG positively impacts on increase of students' project management competencies. The study underscores the importance of incorporating experience-based and student-centered education tools in project management education, enhancing students' readiness for real-world project scenarios.

IMPLEMENTATION OF KNOWLEDGE MANAGEMENT STRATEGY IN MUNICIPAL COMPANIES

Concerning knowledge management strategy, particular attention is paid to creating and reconfiguring internal and external competencies for knowledge management, which come from urban and non-urban projects. The formulated observations and identified research directions provide scientists, decision-makers, and urban planners with information that allows them to prepare for the challenges faced by urban organizations in their efforts toward effective management and implementation of smart city ideas4. The method used in this study included three stages: planning, conducting, reporting, and disseminating results. Based on the literature analysis, three key areas requiring further research were identified: human, organizational, and technological. The efficient development of a knowledge management system always requires a dynamic approach to culture to promote a culture of knowledge sharing and collaboration.

디지털전환 시대의 직업훈련 교･강사 역량체계 개발 연구

The purpose of this study is to derive common core competencies of vocational training teachers and instructors and develop a competency framework that reflects changes in industrial and occupational trends due to digital transformation. The research procedure is carried out in three stages. In the initial phase, a preliminary competency framework for training instructors was developed through an analysis of prior research. Subsequently, validation was conducted via an expert Delphi survey, leading to the presentation of a competency framework for vocational training instructors. The research findings delineated five major competency domains comprising fundamental competencies, teaching, learning, and assessment competencies, learner support competencies, administrative competencies, and organizational management competencies. Across these five main domains, 23 sub-competencies were identified, each accompanied by operational definitions. This study establishes the groundwork for the development of competency assessment tools, incorporating contemporary demands such as AI and digital competencies within the framework for vocational training instructors. Future efforts should concentrate on aligning competency assessment tools with educational programs to enhance competencies based on this research. Additionally, ongoing updates to the competency framework are recommended for further investigation.

유아교사의 변인에 따른 상호문화역량 분석

The purpose of this study is to investigate the overall aspects of intercultural competence of early childhood teachers and the differences in intercultural competence according to individual and institutional variables. The participants were 331 kindergarten and childcare teachers located in Busan, Ulsan, and Gyongsangnam-do, and an intercultural competence measurement tool was used. The results of the study are as follows. First, the intercultural competence of early childhood teachers was found to be at a higher level than average, both overall and in sub-factors. Among the sub-factors, conflict management and respect showed similarly high levels, followed by reflection and communication. Second, significant differences were observed in overall intercultural competence and sub-factors such as conflict management, communication, and reflection based on individual variables such as age, teaching experience, and educational background. Specifically, younger and less experienced teachers demonstrated higher overall intercultural competence, as well as higher competence in communication and reflection. Higher educational qualifications were associated with higher competence in conflict management and communication. Third, institutional variables such as teacher qualifications, age group of the assigned class, and institutional size showed significant differences in the sub-factors of intercultural competence, particularly in communication and conflict management. In other words, kindergarten teachers, teachers of younger age groups, and teachers in smaller institutions exhibited higher competence in communication and conflict management. This indicates the need for attention to early childhood teachers' intercultural competence and suggests the necessity to explore supportive measures considering various factors for enhancing intercultural competence.

A Study on Role of AI in Modern Recruitment -Opportunities and Challenges for HR Professional

Artificial Intelligence (AI) is revolutionizing the recruitment landscape, presenting both opportunities and challenges for Human Resources (HR) professionals. This abstract explores the evolving role of AI in modern recruitment and its implications for HR practitioners. AI technologies offer HR professionals a multitude of opportunities to enhance recruitment efficiency, streamline processes, and improve decision-making. From automated resume screening and candidate sourcing to predictive analytics for talent forecasting, AI empowers HR teams to optimize their workflow and allocate resources more effectively. Moreover, AI-driven chatbots and virtual assistants enhance candidate engagement by providing instant responses and personalized interactions, thereby elevating the overall candidate experience. However, the adoption of AI in recruitment also presents challenges that HR professionals must navigate skillfully. Ethical considerations surrounding data privacy, algorithmic bias, and fairness in candidate selection require careful scrutiny and proactive measures to mitigate potential risks. Furthermore, there is a pressing need for HR professionals to develop competencies in data analysis, algorithm management, and ethical AI usage to harness the full potential of these technologies effectively. The study is aimed to find out the opportunities and challenges faced by hr professional by employing AI tools, quantitative data has been collected through surveys using stratified sampling method and for analyzing the data chi-square, correlations and Anova tools has been used. Key Word: Artificial Intelligence (AI), recruitment, Human Resources (HR), opportunities, challenges, efficiency, decision-making, candidate engagement, ethical considerations, data privacy, algorithmic bias.

Classroom Management and Teaching Competencies of Elementary Teachers

Teachers are the most essential persons for the teaching and learning processes to take place in schools. Specifically, this study sought to determine the level of the teachers in classroom management in terms of behavior reduction, classroom instruction, proactive classroom, and rules and procedures; find out the level of the teachers in teaching competencies in terms of communication and interpersonal skills, organization and planning, facilitation and engagement, and flexibility and adaptability; and determine the significant relationship between classroom management and teaching competencies. The respondents were one hundred fifty (150) elementary teachers in eighteen (12) schools within the Talisayan district. This study used two adapted research instruments and data were gathered using descriptive-correlational research methods. The statistical tools utilized in this study were the Weighted Mean and Standard Deviation and Pearson Product Moment Coefficient Correlation the relationship between the Teachers’ Classroom Management and Teaching Competencies. The results showed that teachers at all times practiced managing classroom management effectively with the aid of their teaching competencies at a very high level. Teachers’ classroom management has positively correlated to teachers’ teaching competencies. The relationship of classroom management and teaching competencies cannot be denied. Therefore, it must be given due importance and attention for better teacher performance as well as pupils performance.

Status of Instructional Leadership Practices in Botswana's Public Technical and Vocational Education and Training: A Case of Brigades

This qualitative multi-case study explores instructional leadership practices at Botswana's brigades, a key provider of semi-skilled Technical and Vocational Education and Training (TVET) programmes. This study investigated the perspectives of instructional leaders and lecturers at two institutions in the Southern District to understand their experiences with leadership practices. Drawing on Hallinger and Murphy's (1985) framework, this research examines how instructional leadership unfolds within brigades, focusing on defining the mission, managing curriculum and instruction, and fostering a positive learning environment. Furthermore, it explores the collaborative practices of the leadership team, including principals, deputy principals, and department heads. The findings reveal a general understanding of instructional leadership among participants, with some evidence of practices, such as curriculum management and stakeholder involvement. However, concerns have been raised regarding communication gaps, limited shared leadership, and ineffective evaluation. The study also identified essential competencies for instructional leaders, including communication, planning, and resource management. Key challenges include information overload, resource shortage, and staff training gaps. The participants suggested strategies for improvement, emphasizing streamlined expectations, consistent monitoring, leadership development, and adequate resourcing. Overall, the study contributes to a deeper understanding of instructional leadership in Botswana's TVET sector and provides insights for enhancing programme quality and graduate employability.

Applying language Competences when working with Ukrainian Refugees in helping Professions

The topic of linguistic competence and its practical, creative and, above all, effective application in practice is an extremely important one. It becomes a particularly important and sensitive topic in helping professions, where language needs to be handled with the utmost precision, efficiency and appropriateness. Among the basic premises of the conducted research, we rank a number of factors that influence and shape the communication and understanding process itself. The most important factors that constitute the research starting points are: the effectiveness of communication, which represents the degree of understanding and the ability to communicate with each other; the barriers and communication challenges that cause difficulties in communication or make it impossible, and these barriers need to be overcome in order to provide assistance in an effective way; cultural sensitivity, which refers to the degree of work sensitivity that occurs in multicultural communication, taking into account the cultural differences of environments; education and professional development, which highlight and reflect the need for language competence and foreign language teaching for flexible communication and language competence management in professional life.