Man-made Risks Research Articles

Seaport Terminals Risks Prioritization Using a Structural Modeling-Based Approach: A Real Case Study

Port risk management (PRM) during port operations is a current problem that can negatively affect the environment, people, and economic issues. In the literature, there is an enormous amount of research related to supply chain risk management (SCRM) in various areas and with various objectives. However, PRM has not received the same degree of attention. In fact, port terminals are crucial links in most supply chain networks and an important pillar of international trade. Therefore, for better risk mitigation efficiency, a risk assessment and prioritization step are vital. Recently in the literature, researchers have applied prospective methods such as structural analysis methods to risk prioritization in SCRM. The aim of this research is to prioritize various man-made risk variables in PRM using a qualitative structural modeling-based approach, specifically, the MICMAC method (referring to its French acronym: Matrice d’Impacts Croisés Multiplication Appliquée à un Classement). An empirical study was conducted to assesses and prioritize risk variables of the seaport terminals of Sfax (Tunisia). The main contributions of the empirical research are twofold. First, to prioritize the key risk variables to define the most critical ones that require immediate intervention. Second, to analyze the structure of the influences between all identified risk variables. The results for the port terminals of Sfax show that the highest-priority risk variables are the manual handling (Ph3), disregard for safety aspects (Ph4), unsafe storage of goods (Inc1), absence of a prevention system and a rescue organization (Inc2), neglect of the regulatory aspects of handling equipment (M1), ignorance of good handling practices during the operation of loading and unloading (Cho2), and inadequate lifting accessories (Cho3). These risk variables must be the subject of urgent risk reduction strategies.

Risk management in public administration

With the growth of risks and uncertainties at the regional and national levels of management, the integration of risk management methodology into the sphere of public administration is becoming increasingly important. Examples of the implementation of risks in the field of public administration are the insufficient consideration of foreign economic risks in state policy, the negative dynamics of socio-economic indicators at the regional level, the increase in the cost of state programs, the delay in the timing of necessary public procurement, the failure to fulfill obligations to the population. The goals of state authorities are to minimize risks to society in a specialized area, for example, smoothing the risks of fluctuations in the economic situation, reducing risks in the areas of budget, tax, insurance, currency, banking, reducing demographic risks, risks of reducing the standard of living and income of the population, analyzing environmental and man-made risks, reducing the likelihood of their implementation and minimizing losses.

Пространственное представление данных сотовых операторов о пульсациях населения ЦАО Москвы в течение 2019–2020 гг. в контексте изучения уязвимости населения к чрезвычайным ситуациям

The high concentration of residents of large cities in certain localities requires a rethinking of existing methods for assessing the vulnerability of the population to various types of threats and to ways of mapping them. Moscow, being a megalopolis and the center of the largest European agglomeration, forms a zone of an increased level of natural and man-made risk for citizens, primarily due to spatial concentration and mobility of the population. The risks are especially high for the central part of Moscow (in the work considered within the boundaries of the Central Administrative District—CAO). The high business and cultural and entertainment attractiveness of this part of the capital contributes to the highest gradients of pulsations of crowding within the daily and weekday-weekend cycles. The present study is devoted to the qualitative display of these changes. To obtain the most detailed spatio-temporal information, the data of mobile operators on the localization of subscribers aggregated for January 2019–January 2020 were used. The paper tests the approach of displaying changes in the density characteristics of the population of the territory of the CAO districts by superimposing information on a pallet of 500 by 500 meters consolidated for fractional (30 minutes) time intervals of data (median population for all days of the year, separately for weekdays, weekends, and holidays). It was shown that for the central part of the capital, the gradients of daily pulsations on weekdays reach 220–320 %, and on weekends — 120–160 %. At the same time, in contrast to the sleeping areas of the city, seasonal fluctuations are much weaker here. The concentration of various cultural and entertainment activities in such areas as Tverskoy, Arbat and Yakimanka leads to pronounced festive changes in crowding, which are about 50 % stronger than the standard weekend pulsations.

Prospects for the Use of Mobile Operator Data in Studies of Natural and Man-Made Risk

The article proposes a conceptual substantiation of the possibility of using the cellular operators data in order to assess the population vulnerability in the natural risk studies. Cellular operators data allow obtaining information on the differentiation of the population vulnerability in a large city (the article provides the case of Moscow) to natural and manmade hazards, taking into account the actual population size and its movement within different time cycles (daily, weekly, seasonal). A reliable information of how many people are at each point of the urban space at a certain point in time will allow not only to timely assess the most likely number of people in the potential danger area, thereby simplifying the work of specialized emergencies services, but also to competently develop a set of preventive measures in accordance with the real need.

Assessment of environmental risks of underground transport infrastructure development by BOCR method

Formulation of the problem. Solving the problems of urban transport communications, in particular the constantly growing intensity of automobile traffic in megalopolises, is one of the main directions of minimizing the environmental and man-made risks of the urban environment. Global concepts of greening large cities pay considerable attention to the possibilities of underground space to take on the functions of the most dangerous and risky surface objects and communications, since the impact of any underground object on the environment is much lower (than similar on the surface) and can be better controlled. At the same time, planning for the development of underground transport infrastructure should be based on a systematic methodology and tools for analyzing complex systems. Purpose. It consists in the use of system tools (BOCR method - criteria of benefits, opportunities, costs and risks) for planning underground transport infrastructure of large cities to ensure minimization of environmental and man-made risks of urban space and prioritization for the construction of road tunnels (for example, the General Plan of the Kiev city). Methodology. A methodology and decision support toolkit for calculating the priorities of alternatives based on hierarchical and network criteria models are proposed. The modified BOCR method developed by the authors (N. Pankratova, N.I. Nedashkovskaya) was applied to assess decision alternatives taking into account benefits, costs, opportunities and risks. Results. System models of two road tunnels, according to the General plan of the Kiev city until 2025 were developed. Assessment of the models using the BOCR method (criteria for benefits, opportunities, costs and risks) was performed. The priorities of alternatives for tunnels' routes aggregated over a network of parameters and a reasonably expedient sequence of their construction were calculated according to the criteria for reducing the environmental and man-made risks of the urbanized space. Scientific novelty. For the first time, the target function of the system model for the development of underground infrastructure in large cities is to minimize the environmental and man-made risks of urban space. The capabilities of the modified BOCR method have been expanded and two alternative tunnel track models have been successfully tested. Practical significance. The research methods and results provide investors, city state administrations and public organizations with an effective toolkit for assessing the priority of the construction of underground urban facilities to regulate urban development in order to improve environmental standards and the safety of life in megacities.

Supply Chain Management and Risk Management in an Environment of Stochastic Uncertainty (Retail)

In the context of stochastic uncertainty and the increasing complexity of logistics processes in the retail sector, managers face a problem in obtaining accurate forecasts for the dynamics of changes in key business performance indicators. The purpose of the present work is to assess the impact of risk events and unstable conditions on the level of quality of supply chain services and economic indicators of the retail trade network. Using the anyLogistix software tool, a simulation model was constructed that allows assessing operational risks and their impact on key indicators of the supply chain using the bullwhip effect. Besides, a statistical model of the impact of the ripple effect in the event of failures caused by the occurrence of a man-made risk event and the shutdown of production of one of the suppliers on the financial, customer, and operational performance indicators of the supply chain of grocery retail. The results obtained show that the main factors of changes in the supply chain are operational risks associated with fluctuations in demand and order execution time by the distribution center. With a sufficiently high level of occurrence, their impact on productivity and quality of service is low because they can be eliminated in a short time. The simulation results show that the most tangible risks for the food retail supply chain are supply chain failures, whose consequences require significant coordinating efforts and longer recovery times, as well as additional investments. For example, events, such as a fire in one distribution center and the shutdown of production for 1 week of one of the suppliers of dairy products will lead to the loss of USD 181.75 million by the grocery retailer, which is 3% of the expected revenue. We believe that risk management in supply chains is becoming increasingly complex, and to make effective managerial decisions, it is necessary to constantly improve the tools that combine analytical and optimization methods, as well as simulation modeling.

Ecological consciousness as a factor influencing the sustainable development of European countries


 
 
 he article is devoted to the study of the influence of ecological public con- sciousness on the state of perception of ecological problems in European countries and Ukraine. Ecological consciousness is considered as a latent determinant of modern tendencies of realization of the concept of sustainable development in the context of greening of the international economic system. It is noted that in conditions of social uncertainty, people have the effect of «ecological alienation» as a characteristic of the state of perception of environmental problems in the minds of members of modern society. Although the issues of rational use of economic resources, finding ways to green the international economy, preventing man-made risks and the global envi- ronmental crisis are the focus of European governments, an effective solution to these issues is not possible without the reliable support of society. After all, the effectiveness of the environmental policy of each state depends on the trends of perception of environmental problems by its citizens. Issues of environmental consciousness are more related to ethical categories, as they have a significant impact on the formation of civic attitudes of the individual regarding the perception of the importance of certain aspects of society. That is why the analysis of the state of ecological consciousness of the inhabitants of European countries and Ukraine was studied according to the results of the 7th wave, 2017-2020 of the comparative study “World Values Survey” (WVS) using comparative and typological analysis. The World Values Survey is the largest non-profit international survey of human beliefs and values, which contributes to the monitoring of the Sustainable Development Goals and the goals set by the UN program for the period after 2015. From the presented data set, the basic empirical components were identified, which, according to the authors, illustrate the European context of the greening of con- sciousness - the attitude to technologization; the priority of the ecological state of the country over the economic development of soci- ety; the state of trust in environmental protection organizations and the level of active civil position on environmental protection. On the basis of the secondary analysis of data, the key modern tendencies of formation of ecological consciousness in the countries of Europe and Ukraine are substantiated: tendency to ecological thinking; formation of ecological culture; economic rationality. The conclusion is made about the expediency of monitoring and forecasting the state of ecological public consciousness as one of the factors regulating global socio-economic processes in European countries and Ukraine. According to the authors, the environmental consciousness of members of society determines the degree of permissible range of orientation of a country to implement environmentally friendly goals of sustainable development. The study of the variability of the dominance of the trends of ecological consciousness mentioned in the article in certain socio-demographic communities allows to create an effective system of social guarantees in providing conditions for effective socio-economic development and maintaining an ecologically healthy living environment, both in Europe as a whole and in individual countries, in particular.
 
 

Risk Analysis of Transmission Line Patrol Based on DEMATEL Method

As the scale of power network construction increases, transmission lines that undertake transmission tasks are facing greater challenges in patrol and maintenance work. Therefore, analyzing the factors that affect transmission line patrol and maintenance has become an urgent problem in the power industry. This paper analyzes the influencing factors from the four dimensions of natural risk, transmission operation risk, transmission line risk, and other man-made risks, and uses the DEMATEL analysis method to identify the relationship between different factors, and obtains the key influencing factors, and then proposes Corresponding strategies to deal with the risk of transmission line patrol, hope to have a certain reference effect on the patrol work, so as to ensure the stability of transmission lines.

DETERMINATION OF TECHNOGENIC RISKS IN TRANSITIONAL STATES DURING OPERATION OF WATER TREATMENT SYSTEMS IN HEAT ENERGY

Introduction. Currently, the most important issues in the national economy are the issues of continuous, reliable and safe operation of circulating water supply systems, namely power units of thermal power plants and thermal power plants of industrial enterprises. Faultless and reliable operation of water supply systems ensures the normal operation of social and industrial enterprises, as well as the safe operation of fire protection systems, which can be disrupted by stopping the supply of quality products to the consumer. In Ukraine and abroad, this issue is devoted to many scientific papers on the assessment, calculation and management of man-made risks, the calculation and management of risks in water treatment systems in heat and energy. But the impact of these risks on environmental safety is not covered, while the issue is of great economic importance. However, the influence of these risks on environmental protection is not covered, while the problem is of great economic importance. There is no general methodological approach that considers the diversity of water treatment systems and their design solutions. There is no clear ranking of objects to be protected by risk analysis, and there is no analysis of the effects acting on them.Purpose and methods. The purpose of the work is to determine the risks associated with the patterns of the probability of failure of units, the patterns of transition from state to state and the risks associated with changes in patterns when replacing the blocks of the water treatment system or its elements. To study the probability of risks as a result of failures for the entire period of operation of the water treatment system in the heating industry, a structural and functional block diagram of the water treatment system is built. To obtain numerical data on the failure probability at any time, the failure probability curve was approximated by the curves of the law of normal distribution (Gaussian curves).Results and discussion. Studies have shown that the minimum risk is proportional to the minimum probability of failure. Then it will be fair to say that to minimize the risk, it is necessary to reduce the failure probability function on the part of the failure curve that corresponds to the operating state of the unit or element, that is on the plot or in the normal operation. To calculate the minimum probability of risk, it is necessary to determine the minimum of this function. Since failure is a function of many variables, thus Rfail = f (x, y, z) → 0. It is also established that for most water treatment systems at any time of operation it is possible to determine the risks associated with the regularities of failure probabilities of units, with regularities the transition of the system from state to state and the risks associated with changes in the above patterns when replacing the blocks of the water treatment system or its elements.Conclusions. As a result of the conducted researches, it is received that at long enough work of water treatment system it is necessary to establish in it a probabilistic constant mode of transition from a condition to a condition according to the scheme "working condition of all blocks - failure of one or several blocks - repair - working condition of all blocks". The probabilities of the sequence and duration of these events are determinable, which makes it possible on the one hand to assess the risks arising from the operation and to determine a management strategy to minimize these risks. The probability of failure rate intensity and possible changes in this probability during the operation of the water treatment system depending on the time interval on the failure curve on which the operation of this system is considered. Determining this probability makes it possible to predict risks throughout the periods of operation of systems and take measures to minimize them.

Building an assessment model for measuring airport resilience

Airports are some of the most important facilities in any country's transportation system. It is important to protect such critical infrastructure from natural and manmade risks. However, it is difficult to build a risk prediction model based only on past statistical data. An experienced expert-based Multiple Criteria Decision-Making (MCDM) approach could be used to measure an airport's resilience and develop feasible protection strategies. This study proposes a novel assessment model for evaluating airport resilience. The model uses the Bayesian Best Worst Method (Bayesian BWM) to determine the optimal group weights of the criteria, and the modified Preference Ranking Organization Method for Enrichment Evaluations (modified PROMETHEE) technique to calculate the gap between each alternative and the aspiration level. The practicality and effectiveness of the model are demonstrated using Taiwan's airports as an example. In addition, sensitivity analysis and model comparisons are conducted to confirm the reliability of the proposed model. The results show that the proposed assessment system can effectively assist policy makers and airport security departments to formulate improvement strategies, thereby enhancing the resilience of this infrastructure.

Fire Risk Sub-Module Assessment under Solvency II. Calculating the Highest Risk Exposure

The European Directive 2009/138 of Solvency II requires adopting a new approach based on risk, applying a standard formula as a market proxy in which the risk profile of insurers is fundamental. This study focuses on the fire risk sub-module, framed within the man-made catastrophe risk module, for which the regulations require the calculation of the highest concentration of risks that make up the portfolio of an insurance company within a radius of 200 m. However, the regulations do not indicate a specific methodology. This study proposes a procedure consisting of calculating the cluster with the highest risk and identifying this on a map. The results can be applied immediately by any insurance company, covered under the Solvency II regulations, to determine their maximum exposure to the catastrophic man-made risk of fire, instantly providing them with the necessary input for calibration of the solvency capital requirement.

Analysis of regulatory requirements for the assessment of carbon dioxide corrosion at gas production facilities

Aim.In many fields, the produced gas contains corrosive CO2, which, in combination with moisture and other factors, stimulates the intensive development of corrosion processes, including local ones, which requires careful attention to the assessment of the corrosiveness of operating fluids in order to select effective anti-corrosion protection. Ensuring reliable and safe operation of equipment and pipelines prevents not only man-made risks, but also no less important environmental risks, which are especially dangerous for marine underwater facilities for Arctic coastal facilities.Methods.The analysis of normative and technical documentation in the field of assessment of corrosion risks, aggressive factors of internal corrosion and operating conditions of gas and gas condensate fields has been carried out.Results.One of the criteria for assessing the corrosion hazard is the corrosion rate of steel under operating conditions. However, the normative documents predominantly regulate the general corrosion rate, which evaluates the uniform thinning of the metal. But the rate of local corrosion is in no way taken into account, which is most relevant precisely for the conditions of carbon dioxide corrosion of steel. Another tool for identifying risks can be a corrosion allowance to the pipe wall thickness, which should be selected at the design stage and which is provided to compensate for corrosion losses during the operation of gas pipelines. It is shown that the minimum corrosion allowance (3 mm) specified in the main regulatory documents is insufficient, especially for offshore facilities.Conclusion.The experience of operating gas production facilities confirms that the rate of local corrosion can reach several mm/year. To limit this, effective anti-corrosion measures should be chosen, for example, the use of corrosion inhibitors, and a reasonable level of corrosion allowance should be provided that would take into account the corresponding level of corrosion risks at the gas production facility.

Assessment of Environmental Water Security of an Asian Deltaic Megacity and Its Peri-Urban Wetland Areas

Achieving urban water security requires sustaining the trade-offs between the exploitation of water/environmental resources and ecosystem services. This achievement not only reduces the pollution and contamination in the environment, level of water stress, but also secures good ambient water quality and future for people’s well-being and livelihoods. Changes in land use and land cover and growth of impervious structures can immediately generate severe ecological and social issues and increase the level of natural or manmade risks, affecting the condition of ecosystem services within and in the vicinity of an urban region. As a result of these transformations and further exploitation, due to the growing anthropogenic pressure, surface water and groundwater quality can be deteriorated compared to ambient water quality standards (for both chemical and biological pollutants). Based on land use and land cover (LULC) data retrieved from remote sensing interpretation, we computed the changes of the ecosystem service values (ESV) associated with the LULC dynamics, water quality and, finally, urban water security during the pre- and post-monsoon periods of 2009, 2014 and 2019 in Kolkata, an Asian deltaic megacity, and its peri-urban wetlands named East Kolkata Wetlands (EKW). The area under wetlands reduced comprehensively in 2009–2019 due to the conversion of wetlands into various other classes such as urban settlement, etc. The quality of surface water bodies (such as rivers, lakes, canals and inland wetlands) deteriorated. The groundwater quality is still under control, but the presence of arsenic, manganese and other metals are a clear indication of urban expansion and related activities in the area. As a result, there was a change in the ESV during this timeframe. In the pre-monsoon period, there was an increase in total ESV from US$53.14 million in 2009 to US$53.36 million and US$59.01 million in 2014 and 2019, respectively. In the post-monsoon period, the ESV decreased from US$67.42 million in 2009 to US$64.13 and US$61.89 million in 2014 and 2019, respectively. These changes can be attributed to the peri-urban wetlands and the benefits or services arising out of them that contribute more than 50% of the total ESV. This study found that the area under wetlands has reduced comprehensively in the past 10 years due to the conversion of wetlands for various other uses such as urban expansion of the Kolkata City, but still, this peri-urban wetland supports the urban water security by providing sufficient ecosystem services. In conclusion, the transformation in extent of the water-related ecosystem is a crucial indicator of urban water security, which also measures the quantity of water contained in various water-related ecosystems. Quantitative analysis of the LULC change, hence, is important for studying the corresponding impact on the ecosystem service value (ESV) and water quality that helps in decision-making in securing urban water future and ecosystem conservation.

Basics of building a risk-management system at mining enterprises

This paper reflects the problematic situation in the field of risk-management at mining enterprises. It is connected with the fact that not all hired top managers understand the role and importance of the risk management system in the overall management system of a mining enterprise. However, an increase in the number and weight of the consequences of the onset of risk events has recently changed the vision of senior management, business owners and other stakeholders in favor of recognizing the need to create in the structure of mining enterprises, if not separate, specialized structural units, in the form of a risk management service, then at least introduction of a staff unit of a specialist - a risk-manager , who clearly understands what the organization is doing to form and increase the value of a business and how he can influence this, demonstrating his professional knowledge, skills, and even some insight in anticipating future risks of a mining enterprise ... But the economic situation in the region, the country and the world does not allow, due to financial constraints, to fully implement the technologies developed in theory and fixed in practice for the application of methods and approaches to risk management in the mining industry, including the purchase of expensive software products that allow the formation of an effective risk-management system. Therefore, mining risk management professionals need to take full advantage of the potential and benefits of the GRC system, which has existed since 2004, which aims to use a common language and corporate risk management methodology to achieve the company's strategic goals. The results of the studies presented in this paper state that the main risks that the owners of mining enterprises are concerned about are financial risks and operational risks, legal risks, commercial risks and the risk of fraud, as well as natural, environmental and man-made risks, but a significant part of mining enterprises in the region does not have a well-developed risk management system, does not carry out systematic work to identify risks, assess risks and their possible consequences, and therefore: either operate at extreme risk, taking catastrophic risk, or work at the margin of profitability, refusing to accept risks, even there, where you really need it. However, one should proceed from their understanding that technologies in the field of corporate governance of mining enterprises, including risk management, can not only form lines of defence against risks, but also increase the value of a mining enterprise through an effective risk-management system.

Technical Countermeasures for Security Risks of Artificial General Intelligence

Human beings might face significant security risks after entering into the artificial general intelligence (AGI) era. By summarizing the difference between AGI and traditional artificial intelligence, we analyze the sources of the security risks of AGI from the aspects of model uninterpretability, unreliability of algorithms and hardware, and uncontrollability over autonomous consciousness. Moreover, we propose a security risk assessment system for AGI from the aspects of ability, motivation, and behavior. Subsequently, we discuss the defense countermeasures in the research and application stages. In the research stage, theoretical verification should be improved to develop interpretable models, the basic values of AGI should be rigorously constrained, and echnologies should be standardized. In the application stage, man-made risks should be prevented, motivations should be selected for AGI, and human values should be given to AGI. Furthermore, it is necessary to strengthen international cooperation and the education of AGI professionals, to well prepare for the unknown coming era of AGI.

Development of the Regional Strategy for Man-made Risks Minimizing in the Mining and Smelting Cluster

Обоснована необходимость разработки региональной стратегии минимизации техногенных рисков в горно-металлургическом кластере на примере Белгородской области. Уделено внимание теоретико-методологическим аспектам разработки стратегии в регионе.

Оценка вклада Государственного научного центра «НИИ атомных ресурсов» в формирование техногенных рисков для населения Димитровграда

Purpose: The assess the contribution of modern activity of Research Institute of Atomic Reactors (JSC «SSC RIAR») in the formation of man-made risks for the population of Dimitrovgrad, Ulyanovsk region.
 Material and methods: The results of monitoring of the state of the environment, meteorological features of the area of JSC «SSC RIAR» location, data on the radiation and sanitary-epidemiological situation in Dimitrovgrad were studied and analyzed. The materials of the state reports, annual reports and analytical references of the Rospotrebnadzor, the Volga UGMS, Ulyanovskstat, the Ministry of Ecology and Nature Management of the Ulyanovsk Region and the Interregional Department № 172 of the FMBA of Russia, as well as the results of industrial and environmental monitoring provided directly by JSC “SSC RIAR” were used as the sources of the initial data.
 The work was carried out dispersion modeling of current annual gas and aerosol emissions to estimate the contribution of JSC « RIAR » in the formation of ambient city air pollution. The calculation of risks was carried out in accordance with the UNSCEAR methodology for the assessment of radiation risk and the Guidelines for the assessment of the effects of toxic and carcinogenic chemicals approved by the Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation.
 Results: The average annual dose rate for the population of Dimitrovgrad caused by current emissions of JSC «SSC RIAR» according to the results of conservative calculations is 0.9 µSv/year. The value of radiation risk for the population of the residential zone is at the level of 2.9∙10–8, while for the entire territory of Dimitrovgrad it is 5.4∙10–8. The resulting value of the radiation risk to the health of people living in a residential area of the city is more than 30 times lower than the level of acceptable risk (1∙10–6). 
 The total value of chemical risk from all sources of air pollution in Dimitrovgrad is 1.3∙10–3. This risk level is in the range of unacceptable risk neither for the population nor for professional groups. Assessment of a carcinogenic risk from pollutants suggests the occurrence of malignant neoplasms as a negative effect. The total value of carcinogenic risk is 1.3∙10–4, which slightly exceeds the upper limit of the acceptable risk level for the population.
 Conclusion: The contribution of anthropogenic radiation factor to the overall risk structure is less than 0.003 %. The role of JSC “SSC RIAR” in the air pollution of the residential zone of the city is negligible and does not create toxic risks for the population of Dimitrovgrad. Thus the current activity of JSC “SSC RIAR” leads to negligible values of carcinogenic risks for the population of the area of the nuclear facility location.

ESTABLISHING THE BORDERS OF SECURITY ZONES OF RAILWAYS

Railways are considered as a source of negative environmental impact, and an object that is vulnerable to natural and man-made risks, therefore it is necessary to develop measures for normal operation and prevention of accidents. For this purpose, protection zones are developed and formed, their size depends on natural features of the area, level of environmental impact, or on the value of the object of protection. Land plots with established security zones are limited in their use. Anything that violates the regime of use of the protected object or may harm the environment or the public is prohibited or limited.

Occupational Risks in the Extraction and Processing of Mineral Raw Materials

The aim of this paper was to assess the man-made risks arising in the process chain from the extraction of primary raw materials in the form of quartzite and its further processing into the final product in the form of silicon. As the objects of research, we chose quartzite extracting enterprises, Cheremshansk Quartzite Mine and Kremny JSC which processes quartzite into silicon. To assess the occupational risk, we applied the method of assessing the individual occupational risk (IOR) level developed by the Klin Institute of Occupational Safety and Working Conditions. As a result, it was established that, in general, the level of occupational risks in the extraction of quartzite corresponds to the “average” level of risk. The occupation of Screener was classified to have the highest level of IOR (0.2). For the most part, a significant contribution to the level of occupational risk for the considered occupations is made by the dust factor, as well as - for the occupations connected with the steering of large-sized machines - by general vibration. In the processing of quartzite, the IOR level corresponds to the “average” level of risk in most occupations. However, for some of the workers, the risk level is set to the “high” value. This is due to significant concentrations of dust in the air of the working area, as well as unfavorable microclimate parameters.

Mitigate supply chain vulnerability to build supply chain resilience using organisational analytical capability: a theoretical framework

In today's dynamic market, various man-made crises, environmental risk, and macro economy factors make more supply chain vulnerable, and it has been observed that the company faced numerous challenges to overcome that disruption. Supply chain vulnerability (SCV) seems to be more frequently occur with dangerous consequences. The purpose of the present study is to build a resilient supply chain that mitigates SCV. The relationship between organisational, analytical capability, supply chain resilience (SCR), and SCV have been identified and proposed conceptual model. This model helps supply chain managers to improve capabilities to bounce back from risk and improve performance. This is the first study that proposed the moderating role of organisational, analytical capability between vulnerability and resilience. The present study also emphasis on theoretical as well as managerial implications.