Mamluk Research Articles

Sacred Spaces

Abstract It is familiarly known among Muslims that Sharīʿa suggests the prohibition of participating in church construction. However, in historical accounts, a number of churches in Arab countries were built during the era of Islam. This led to ambiguities and the perception that the caliphs did not abide by Sharīʿa law then. Therefore, this essay aims to reveal the reasons and motives of those caliphs or other Muslim authority holders allowing the building of churches in Cairo during the Mamluk dynasty. Furthermore, this article seeks the extent to which Muslim authority holders contribute to the church building for Christians and the responses, attitudes and dynamics of Muslim residents around the churches built in their area. By employing the qualitative library method, by making primary and secondary pieces of literature as objects of study and then interpreting them from a historical point of view, this article indicates that life under the Mamluk dynasty was so dynamic. There was a different application for the restriction of building, rebuilding, or reopening churches between society and some sultans. While citizens acted massive attacks and destruction of the churches provoked by the fatwā of the elite, it seems there were also defenses from the authorities for this act of vandalism.

Analysis of Personality Conflicts of The Characters in The Novel Az-Zayni Barakat by Jamal Al-Ghithanii (A Study of Sigmund Freud's Literary Psychoanalysis)

Personality conflict using a literary psychology approach is a way to study the behavior of characters in a literary work. With psychological science, readers will explore the mental state of the characters in the literary work. This novel tells the story of Zayni Barakat, a prominent Egyptian muhtasib who also served as governor of Cairo at the end of the Mamluk dynasty. In the Mamluk era, a muhtasib was not only authorized to control the market situation, but also to monitor the behavior and morals of the people. And as governor, in the midst of a chaotic political and security situation, he controlled the corrupt city through a network of spies and whistleblowers. Zayni Barakat was a pious and praiseworthy leader, honest and just, wise and with integrity, strong and decisive, disciplined and effective. He was much loved by his people. His partiality to the people is evident from his indiscriminate attitude towards the rich and the poor as well as the strong and the weak; he is also not reluctant to communicate directly with the small people, something that was impossible for any leader to do before. The descriptive method of analysis is carried out by describing the facts which are then followed by analysis. Etymologically descriptive analysis means describing based on Sigmund Freud's personality theory, it can be grouped into three parts, namely the conflict between id and ego, id and superego, and ego and superego. the conflict between id and ego is a conflict that occurs between the desires of an individual with rationality, the existing reality. The characters who experience conflict between id and ego are Vizcounti Gianti, Zayni Barakat, Attar, Zakariyya bin Radi and Amr bin al-Adawi.

DYNAMICS OF THE DEVELOPMENT OF THE MAMLUK DYNASTY IN THE HISTORY OF ISLAMIC CIVILIZATION

The development of the Mamluk dynasty is not widely highlighted in the study of Islamic history, even though this dynasty played a role in Islamic historical civilization. This makes it urgent to carry out further research aimed at uncovering the development of the Mamluk Dynasty. This research method is descriptive qualitative research using literature study techniques. The findings show that in the development of the Mamluk Dynasty there were two main periods, namely the Mamluk Bahri and Mamluk Burji periods. Factors that supported the rise of the Mamluk dynasty were the ability to withstand attacks by Hulugu troops and the Crusaders, utilizing geographical factors to engage in international trade, and establishing good relations with European countries to increase wealth and reputation. Factors that caused the collapse of the Mamluk dynasty were internal conflicts such as competition for power, instability in government policies, economic problems such as corruption, economic crises and inflation. The weakening of the Mamluk Dynasty's power resulted in the loss of its territory so that it was controlled by the Ottoman Empire. In this case, the existence of the Mamluk dynasty is known to have had a significant impact on Islamic historical civilization, namely being the only dynasty that maintained Islamic culture when the Arabs declined and supported the progress of Islamic science. It is hoped that these findings can increase insight and understanding that the Mamluk Dynasty also played an important role in the history of Islamic civilization.

Customs and Traditions in the Mamluk State

Traditions and customs are followed and upheld by members of every society for the sake of habit and tradition, and there is no way for man to break from these bonds of familiarity and repetition. The Mamluk community engaged in a wide range of human activities, including work, entertainment, weddings, fashion, religious and national rituals and holidays, as well as the diversity of its population elements. The Mamluk people also had customs and traditions, and it is important to study social life in Egypt and the Levant during the Mamluk era, particularly customs and traditions. This is what this research will focus on.

Peran Cash Waqf Linked Sukuk (CWLS) dalam Pemerataan Ekonomi dan Kesejahteraan di Indonesia

Wakaf was the economic base of the Mamluk dynasty. Wakaf undergoes transformation with the needs of the times because wakaf has a higher value of flexibility compared to zakat, one of which is the use of productive wakafs, like money wakaf. One of the innovations of the money waqf is the presence of Cash Waqf Linked Sukuk where the urgency of the publication of CWLS among other things strengthens the financial economic capacity of the Shariah, strengthens management of the national wahaf institutions, supports the achievement of SDGs, and encourages social investment. This research uses a kind of library research method by gathering data from a variety of literature. The CWLS can prove that even though the wahaf value is not high, it still brings tremendous benefits. From the first publication of the Wakaf chapter to the present day, the CWLS results have contributed significantly to the economic sector or other sectors, such as post-pandemic economic recovery, development and provision of health facilities, empowerment of farmers, and various other tools programmes. CWLS could be a leading product in the future and a reserve for Indonesian economic development.

MASA PERADABAN DINASTI MAMLUK DI MESIR

The birth of the Mamluk dynasty in Egypt in the 13th century marked an important period in the history of the Middle East. This dynasty was born from a military slave system which then took over political power. The Mamluk lifestyle was manifested by great military power, a prosperous economy, and a rich cultural heritage. The Mamluk dynasty also had an influence on Islamic civilization, including in the fields of architecture, art, science, science, and others. But before giving its glor to Islamic civilization The Mamluk dynasty went through a very long and difficult process. The destruction of Baghdad by the Mongol army made the Mamluk dynasty the savior of Islamic civilization with the success of the Mamluk troops who were able to repel the threat of destruction from the Mongol troops which ultimately made Egypt, Iraq and the surrounding areas intact and safe. So that Islamic civilization can develop religious values. The end of the Mamluk dynasty’d rule came in the 16th century when they faced external pressure and internal upheaval, ending their dominance in the region. Based on the background above, the focus of this article is: (1) the birth of the Mamluk Dynasty. (2) lifestyke of the Mamluk Dyasty (3) the collaps of the Mamluk Dynasty. This article uses a qualitative method, namely by collecting information or darta from literature and journal analysis as a reference. The purpose of this article (1) to find out the history of the founding of th Mamlu dynasty? (2) what wasthe lifestyle of the Mamluk dynasty? (3) how did the reign of the Mamluk dynasty end? The fina step that the author obtains the results of the research and writes the results into a scientific work so that readers know the history of the founding of te Mamluk kingdom until the collapse of the dynasty. The Mamluk dynasty was a dynasty that was founded in the 13th century in Egypt and this dynasty had a fairly lon history which resulted in the enthusiasm of the Mamluk to eradicate the threat from the Mongols.

Pseudoheraldry on Mamluk Coins

The article discusses signs depicted on the coins of the Mamluks, which had been minted for several centuries of their rule in Egypt and Syria. Some of these signs seem to be borrowed from European heraldry. Such signs could be inherited by sultan’s successors, even despite the change of dynasties. Based on this knowledge, some Western and Russian specialists believe that heraldry did exist in the culture of the Mamluks. The article provides arguments that refute this point of view. The author argues that the Mamluks had their own emblematic system, only partially similar to European heraldry, but based on completely different principles in a completely different society. Formation of this emblematic system was affected by the peculiar structure of the Mamluk state, the elitism of those who had the right to have their own emblem. As for the coins, when they were used, the signs depicted on them could serve as certain markers for use in commercial transactions. The ideology and propaganda were secondary to the economic ones.

The Change of the Power in the Context of Factional Struggle in the Formation Years of the Mamlūk State

There are numerous studies in the literature dealing with the formation years of the Mamlūk state. These studies generally focus on the issue of the legitimacy of the state due to the mamlūk origin of the sultans. In order to overcome this problem, the Mamluks emphasized their identity as the guardians of Islam. According to this narrative, being the protector of Islam would legitimise their future independent state. However, this argument largely attributes the formation of the state to successful struggles against external factors such as Crusader-Mongol attacks. This leads to the neglect of many reasons behind the formation of the Mamluk State. While it is accepted that the state derives legitimacy from its struggles against external elements, this study focuses on inter-factional conflicts and reveals that the state has become dynamic due to these struggles. In this respect, the struggle between factions, which had been active since the time of the Ayyubids, must be taken into account in the internal transformation of the Mamlūk power. In addition, although there are narratives such as becoming sultan by killing the sultan, which is among the arguments frequently mentioned in the Mamluks, the determining power of the elite amirs, which is one of the unwritten rules known by everyone in the functioning of the state system, should be taken into account. Because when this is missed, the results of inter-factional struggles will be ignored. In these rules/system, not only the sultan changed, but also a series of changes occurred in the elite amirs in power. The autocracy-oligarchy conflict between the sultan and the elite amirs was ever-present. Whenever one of the amirs who provided the oligarchic power became the sultan, the power struggle between the sultan and the elite amirs would begin. In this case, the sultan would be in a dilemma and would establish a new faction in order to reassert his authority. Therefore, the struggle between factions at the point of the formation of the Mamlūk State was one of the most important factors that ensured the formation of the state and the change of power. As a matter of fact, it is a known fact that Mamlūk factions such as ʿĀdiliyya, Kāmiliyya and Sālihiyya held the state power de facto, if not officially. On the other hand, this work takes a holistic approach to the conditions that led to the statehood of the Sālihiyya-Bahriyya mamlūks in the process. It also discusses how the tensions between the sultan’s mamlūks (al-mamālīk al-sultāniyya) and his khushdāshs affected the change of power. Focusing specifically on the Bahriyya-Muʿizziyya struggle, this work examines how the formation, maintenance, and transition of power took place during the formative years of the Mamlūk state. Finally, the work focuses on the role of background conflicts between the sultan and the senior amirs, power gathering, etc. in the formation and decline of the state through the chronicles of the early Mamlūk period in general and works devoted to the Mamlūk sultanate in particular.

Women and their Architectural Contributions in the Bahri Mamluk State

Women and their Architectural Contributions in the Bahri Mamluk State

An Issue of Intercultural Communication: An Unknown Letter from the “Sultan of Babylon” to Pope Innocent VIII

Abstract In the University of Glasgow Library’s copy of Pius II’s Epistolae familiares (Nuremberg: Anton Koberger, 16 Sept. 1481), recorded on leaf 1–1v one can find a copy of a letter addressed to Pope Innocent VIII that starts with the heading “Soldanus pontifici Romano pro Restauracione Iunioris filii senioris Turchi”. The letter’s sender, who is referred to in the text as the “Sultan of Babylon”, was the Caliph of Cairo, al-Mutawakkil II (Abdul Aziz ibn Yaʿqub ibn Muhammad). The present text discusses the content of the letter and the issues regarding the question of its authorship. To ensure a comprehensive presentation of the argumentation, the paper not only discusses the content of the letter but also explores the wider context in which it was produced, situating it against the wider history of the Mamluk state and Mamluk diplomacy as well as the late medieval tradition of the exchange of correspondence (both real and fictitious) between the Christian and Muslim worlds. It needs underlining that not only has the content of the letter in question hitherto been substantially unknown to scholars, but the letter is furthermore the first discovered correspondent from an ʿAbbasid Caliph sent to the head of Western Christianity. The paper offers a contribution to research on intercultural communication. The paper comes with three appendices: a transliteration and a translation of the letter and a facsimile of the original record.

Arabic Manuscripts in Islamic Historiography during the Mamluk Dynasty

Historiography of Islam has often reflected the efforts to construct history distorted by political elements of power and the subjective interests of historians, hindering the presentation of the true historical facts. One of the pressing issues is how the use of the Arabic language in historical texts influences the understanding of Islamic historiography. This research aims to detail and analyze the characteristics of Islamic historiography during the medieval period, especially in the context of the Mamluk Dynasty, with a focus on the role of the Arabic language. The research methodology involves a literature review, examining various previous studies on Islamic historiography. The results of data analysis reveal characteristics of encyclopedic scholarship, the pivotal role of the Arabic language as the primary means of communication in constructing historical narratives, and the presence of creativity and originality in historical writings. Thus, this research makes a significant contribution to the development of theoretical frameworks for understanding the history of medieval Islam during the Mamluk period. This study is essential for delving into Islamic historiography of the past, especially in the context of the use of the Arabic language, to gain a deeper understanding of how Islamic history was recorded and conveyed during the Mamluk Dynasty. With this understanding, we can grasp the political, cultural, and social nuances that shaped the Islamic historical narrative during this period, while highlighting the crucial role of the Arabic language in this process.

Peran Ilmuwan Muslim dalam Kemajuan Ilmu-Ilmu Keislaman pada Masa Dinasti Mamluk di Mesir

This article aims to examine the progress of knowledge under the Mamluk Dynasty, utilizing a historical methodology involving heuristic, source criticism, interpretation, and historiography stages. The research adopts a literature-based approach, conducting library research and collecting data from various sources related to the theme. Several factors drove the growth of Islamic knowledge during this period, with Mamluk leaders prioritizing education, as reflected in the establishment of numerous educational institutions. Additionally, collaborations with external entities, including economic relations with Europe, further propelled this advancement. Contributions from Muslim intellectuals, such as Ibn Khaldun and Al-Suyuti, strengthened educational institutions. The results of this research indicate that the Mamluk Dynasty played a significant role in the advancement of Islamic knowledge during that era. In conclusion, this article underscores the substantial impact of the Mamluk Dynasty on the development of Islamic knowledge and the emphasis on education as the foundation of Islamic civilization in the region.

The Price of Captivity: The Mamluk State’s Conquest of Cyprus and the Captivity of Jean De Lusignan II

Kıbrıs, Doğu Akdeniz’de işgal ettiği mühim konumu nedeniyle antik çağlardan beri hâkimiyet mücadelelerine sahne olmaktadır. Fenikelilerden günümüze kadar geçen süreçte tarihî belgelerin tanıklığına başvurulduğunda, bölgesel yahut küresel güçlerin jeopolitik ve jeostratejik nedenlerle adaya sahip olmak için çeşitli girişimlerde bulunduğu görülür. Orta Çağ şartları içinde meseleye bakıldığında ise görülecek tablo, Haçlı Seferleri’nden sonra Doğu-Batı ilişkilerinde yeni bir boyut kazanan hâkimiyet mücadelelerinde Kıbrıs’ın bir anlamda Batının ileri deniz karakolu rolü oynadığı, Memlûk Devleti açısından da korsanlık faaliyetlerini destekleyen bir merkez olduğudur. Ana kaynaklara ve araştırma eserlerine bakıldığında Memlûklerin kuruluşundan önce, kuruluş yıllarında ve adanın fethinin gerçekleştiği 1426 yılına kadar Kıbrıs'tan desteklenen korsanlık faaliyetlerinin olduğu görülmektedir. Memlûklerin bu faaliyetlere karşı tepkisi iç siyasetle yakından bağlantılı olsa da Memlûkler her saldırıya askeri, siyasi, diplomatik veya ekonomik olarak karşılık vermeye çalışmışlardır. Levant'taki son Haçlı varlığını -Akka- ortadan kaldıran Memlûklerin, sadece Lusignan Hanedanlığı kontrolündeki Kıbrıs için değil, aynı zamanda bu bölgede Haçlı kontlukları ve krallıkları kuran batılı güçler için de düşman tanımında üst sıralarda yer aldığı söylenebilir. Nitekim mevcut kaynaklar, Kıbrıs Kralı'nın Kahire'deki esareti sırasında, batılı ülkeleri temsil eden konsolosların Jean de Lusignan'ı kurtarmak için miktarı belirlenemeyen bir fidyeye kefil olduklarını ortaya koymaktadır. Bu bilgi, Haçlı motivasyonlu Batılı güçlerin esir kralı ne pahasına olursa olsun Memlûklerin elinden kurtarmaya hazır olduklarını kanıtlamaktadır. 
 Memlûk Devleti'nin kuruluş ve teşkilatlanma yıllarında Barsbay ve Kalavun'un önceliği hiç şüphesiz devleti sağlam temeller üzerine oturtmaktı. Bu politika doğrultusunda doğal olarak kurumsallaşma ön planda tutulmuştur. Memlûk Devleti'nin hemen her bakımdan zirvesi olarak kabul edilen Muhammed b. Kalavun Dönemi’nde hem kara hem de deniz kuvvetlerinin güçlendirilmesine yönelik bazı adımların atıldığı, ancak sonraki dönemlerde zafiyetler yaşandığı görülmektedir. Sultan Berkuk ile başlayan dönemde ise donanmanın öneminin arttığı söylenebilir. Nitekim dış güçlerin denizcilik alanında attığı adımlar denizde daha güçlü olmak için tedbirler almaya zorlamıştır. Sultan Barsbay'ı Kıbrıs seferini düzenlemeye iten stratejik, güvenlik ve ekonomik boyutların yanı sıra Memlûklerin İslam ve batı dünyasında kendilerini konumlandırdıkları dinî boyutu da göz ardı etmemek gerekir. Sultan Baybars’tan itibaren hilafetin Mısır’da ihya edilmesiyle Memlûkler kendilerini dünya Müslümanlarının hamisi olarak gördükleri için Kıbrıs merkezli korsanlık faaliyetlerinin Memlûkler açısından iktisadî kayıpların ötesinde aynı zamanda itibar kaybı olarak değerlendirilebileceği açıktır. Bu nedenle Sultan Barsbay Dönemi’nde Memlûkler 1424-1426 tarihleri arasında gerçekleştirdikleri deniz seferleri ile Kıbrıs’ı fethetmiş ve Kıbrıs Kralı II. Jean de Lusignan esir alınmıştır. Bu çalışma Sultan Barsbay Dönemi’nde gerçekleştirilen Kıbrıs seferleriyle ilgili olarak; Aynî’nin kayıtları merkeze alınarak Makrizî, İbn Hacer, İbn Tagribirdî, ve İbn İyas tarafından sefere dair yazılanların tercümesi ve mukayeseli değerlendirmesini içermektedir.

الحياة العلمية في مصر والشام والحجاز في عهد السلطان المملوكي الناصر بن قلاوون (684-741ھ)

The Mamluk state enjoyed several studies by many researchers, and most of them were confined to the Levant, Egypt and the Hijaz, and from here the researcher had the idea of ​​studying this field to be a subject for a master's degree. (684-741 AH).
 This study included an introduction, a preface, four chapters, and a conclusion.
 w As for the introduction, it includes the importance of the research, the reason for choosing it, then an explanation of the difficulties that the researcher faced, and the questions that the researcher will answer through the study, then an analytical study of previous studies and commenting on them, and the aim of this study.
 w introduction, I devoted it to introducing King Al-Nasir Muhammad bin Qalawun, and to explaining the era in which he lived from the political, social and cultural perspectives.
 The first chapter: I dedicated it to explaining the general conditions in Egypt during the Mamluk era, in which I dealt with a number of investigations.
 I talked about social conditions and showed the layers of Mamluk society in Egypt and their customs, as well as studying the economic conditions of the commercial movement that was at the time.
 As for the religious situation, I devoted the talk in it to the judiciary and religious positions, then I talked about the center of Sufism in Egypt, especially Alexandria, and showed the impact of each of them on Scientific movement.
 As for the second chapter: I dedicated it to explaining the manifestations of the general conditions in the Hijaz during the Mamluk era, and it includes several topics, which I devoted to talking about the political conditions that the Hijaz witnessed during this period, and the importance of Medina, the city of Jeddah and Taif, and the relationship between them.
 Then I talked about the social conditions in the Hijaz and its cities. In Medina and Taif, they had customs and traditions, and about the importance of the city of Jeddah and its strategic location. As for the economic conditions, I devoted it to studying the Hajj seasons and their importance and effects, and how the economic conditions varied between high prices and cheap ones, and that the high prices were dominant.
 The third chapter: I devoted it to studying the general conditions in the Levant during the Mamluk era, in which the Levant became a center for global trade, the political conditions in the country, and how the Mamluk princes in Egypt and the Levant always united in order to confront the external dangers that threatened the Near East entity in that age.
 In the social situation, I was exposed to how the social classes in the Levant were affected as a result of the plague. As for the economic conditions, I studied the influence of the Levant on all aspects of life by the feudal system. As for the religious situation, I studied in it how the era of the Mamluk sultans was considered a golden age for religious life, and the Levantine society was closely and strongly linked to the scholars.
 The fourth chapter: I devoted it to the study of the scientific movement during the reign of Sultan Al-Nasir bin Qalawun, as it was distinguished by a great reformist success on all levels, by examining the reality of the scientific movement in Egypt, the Hijaz, and the Levant during this period.
 As for the conclusion, I devoted it to stating the most important results and recommendations of the research.

Rejecting the Ottomans, Revisiting the Mamluks

Abstract This article queries the sociopolitical implications of a wave of popular interest in the legacy of the Mamluk dynasty (1250–1517) in post-2013 Egypt. Although the era’s sultans have traditionally been derided in mainstream culture as tyrannical ‘foreign’ leaders, they have recently been reframed as the last nationalist rulers before the Ottoman invasion. This revised characterization underpins the newfound fascination with their socio-political legacy, which has manifested in various cultural productions, including a new television series, Mamalik al-Nar (Kingdoms of Fire). In this article, we analyze the show’s content, its popularity in Egypt, the debates it has generated on social media and the regional production and distribution networks in which it is embedded. Through this analysis, we argue that the series—and the Mamluk ‘revivalism’ to which it is connected—is part of an unresolved debate about what it means to be Egyptian today.

Mamluk leadership between religious and political arrangements under Sultan Baybars’ rule

This research aims to show the role of Sultan Baybars (d. 1277CE), in contributing to the support and consolidation of the Mamluk state in Egypt and the Levant on Islamic foundations, which gave Baybars an Islamic leader who bears the appropriate titles like the senior Muslim leaders who preceded him. This study will examine Baybars’ political characteristics and leadership in light of Islamic norms of conduct and culture. Baybars proved his military abilities through his victory and success in two decisive battles: al-Manṣūra against the Crusaders (Franks) in 1249 and ʿAyn Jālūt against the Mongols in 1260. In 1261, he came to power by force after the assassination of Sultan Quṭuz. This aspect of Baybars’ rule (r. 1260–1277) is referred to by Muslim scholars as wilāya jabriyya or istīlā’ (ruling by force). Baybars acted in various fields of religion and politics (sharīʿa and siyāsa) until he managed to achieve stability, security, and a powerful Islamic regime. Therefore, the Baybars deserved the title qasīm amīr al-mu’minīn” (partner of the Commander of the Faithful, i.e., the Caliph), which was given to him by the restored Caliph in Cairo, in addition to other titles that testify to his high-ranking religious status as a defender of Islam. This research relied on the method of literary research on the personality of Sultan Baybars, through comparison and analysis of his characteristics and approach to governance, as mentioned in contemporary historians’ works who documented Baybars’ biography and the sources of the Mamluk era. This paper also relied on conclusions and extrapolations of Baybars’ personality through official documents and letters received from him or issued for him, in addition to recent historical literature and research on Baybars and the Mamluk era.1

FEATURES OF WORD FORMATION MODELS OF ARABIC AND MAMLUK-KIPCHAK WORDS FORMATION OF (ON THE EXAMPLE OF ‘KITAB BULGAT AL-MUSHTAK’)

Waves of conquests, sweeping across Eurasia and devastating it, destroyed cultural wealth, including manuscripts, the surviving part of which was lost by time, and the other part is stored in different parts of the world. During the period of Soviet power, despite the development of science and technology in general, the history, culture, religion, and language of individual Soviet republics underwent strong fundamental changes. Nomadic culture was considered outside the written cultural heritage, sources in the original language, created by our compatriots in the Middle Ages, were not studied in the original, as a result, voids or incorrect information appeared on all the humanities of Kazakhstan. A huge part of the well-known Kipchak written monuments, made by medieval scientists in the Mamluk state in Egypt, dating back to the 13th-15th centuries, is still in the manuscript depositories of the Netherlands, Italy, France and Turkey. This is a complex of lexicographic and grammatical works, representing the primary source in the study of the history of modern Turkic languages, in particular Kazakh, the reconstruction of its phonetic, morphological and lexical systems. In this research, dedicated to the medieval manuscript of the 14th century “Kitab bulgat al-Mushtaq”, a comprehensive study is planned, consisting of the acquisition of the manuscript or the production of a copy, transfer to the archive and library fund of the Republic of Kazakhstan, translation and careful study of the lexical composition of the entire work. With an extended lexical analysis of the monument, where the vocabulary of the language will be formed, consisting of key words and terms, phrases and term combinations, stylistically colored words, words in a figurative sense, phraseological units, dialectisms, synonyms, homonyms, particles linking sentences, paragraphs, etc. The word-formation analysis will help to demonstrate the potential of the language, the possibilities of word formation, the most productive and active word-formation models of the Arabic and Mamluk-Kipchak languages. Keywords: Arabic, Mamluk-Kipchak, word formation, Ishtikak, medieval manuscript

Medrese ve Metin Üretimi Üzerinden Memlük Toplumsal Kimliğinin İnşası

The diversity of education in the madrasas contributed to different social groups’ feelings of belonging to the Mamluk community as well as to the formation of identity awareness. This study aims to examine the ranks the civil elite of the Mamluk period held in various scholarly and bureaucratic positions and the contribution of the texts they produced to the development of a Mamluk identity. Contrary to previous processes, the Mamluk ulama displayed a more conscious understanding of the Mamluk identity in their texts about the history of the Mamluk state and power. This study discusses how the ulama, who obtained scholarly or bureaucratic ranks because of various relationship networks they formed, constructed a Mamluk identity in their historical texts.

The Political Struggle and Succession in the Mamluk Sultanate during the Reign of al-Ẓāhir Yalbāy and al-Ẓāhir Tamurbughā (1467–1468)

The reign of al-Ẓāhir Barqūq (1382–1389; 1390–1399), the first sultane of the Circassian sultanate (1382–1517), marked the transition from dynastic to non-dynastic principle of succession in the Mamluk State (1250–1517). The Circassian sultans did not create a dynasty in the full sense of the word. Most of them tried to hand the power over to their sons, but the rule of such heirs tended to be nominal and short-lived. Those Circassian sultans who did manage to remain in power generally were not lineal descendants of their predecessors. By the beginning of the third decade of the 15th century the non-dynastic system of succession acquired a stable character, and the short-term rule of the heir sultan began to play the role of a transitional period, during which the amirs united in coalitions and determined the candidacy of the next sultan. The failure of this new system of succession, which had been working properly for more than forty years, occurred after the death of the sultan al-Ẓāhir Khushqadam (1461–1467). This article unravels the complex events of the political crisis in Cairo in 1467–1468 to identify a set of factors that determined the level of stability of the political system based on non-dynastic succession. In order to examine the political upheaval during the reign of al-Ẓāhir Yalbāy and al-Ẓāhir Tamurbughā this paper deals with the conception of the Mamluk Sultanate by A. Levanoni and some modern scholarly approaches to the transformation of Syro-Egyptian political organization, discussed in recent publications of J. Van Steenbergen.

Lesser Armenia and its relations with the Bahri Mamluk state (595- 776 / 1198- 1375 AD)

تضمن موضوع البحث الموسوم أرمينيا الصغرى وعلاقاتها مع دولة المماليك البحرية (595- 776/ 1198- 1375م) وهي المدة الممتدة من قيام دولة أرمينيا الصغرى الناشئة في الجزء الجنوبي الغربي المطل على البحر المتوسط، وحتى سقوطها على أيدي المماليك، شمل موضوع البحث عدة مباحث شمل المبحث الأول الوصف الجغرافي ومرحلة التأسيس وتناول المبحث الثاني قيام مملكة أرمينيا الصغرى من خلال مراسيم الأحتفال وتتويج الملك رسمياً، في حين تطرق المبحث الثالث،