Maleic Anhydride-grafted Polypropylene Research Articles

Experimental investigation on the mechanical properties of Co-polypropylene/GF/CaCO3 hybrid nanocomposites

This study aimed to acquire a balance of mechanical properties comprising impact, tensile and flexural performances in PP based blend. In this respect, co-PP was employed as matrix because of its intrinsic high impact behavior. Hybrid nanocomposites based on co-PP and containing 10 wt % micron-sized short glass fibers (GF) and 2 to 8 wt % nano precipitated CaCO3 (NPCC) particles were produced by applying a two-step melt compounding method. Maleic anhydride grafted polypropylene (MAPP) was used as compatibilizer. Strong glass fiber-matrix adhesion and relatively uniform distribution of nano-CaCO3 particles were observed in SEM images. The maximum tensile strength was observed in co-PP hybrid nanocomposite containing 10 wt % glass fiber and 5 wt % nano-CaCO3 which was 58% more than that of neat co-PP. Flexural strength raised as much as 11% by adding glass fiber. The maximum flexural strength was obtained by incorporating 10 wt % glass fiber and 8 wt % nano-CaCO3 into co-PP matrix which was 24% higher than that of neat co-PP. The impact strength decreased upon addition of 10 wt % glass fiber and 5 and 8 wt % nano-CaCO3, this was attributed to the inherent high impact behavior of co-PP as well as strong interfacial interaction between dispersed phases and polymeric matrix.

Preparation and Properties of Thermally Stable Lignin-based Copolymer/PP Blends by Melt Process

Lignin-based polycaprolactone (LigPCL) copolymer was synthesized by both the ring opening reaction of e- caprolactone with the hydroxyl groups in the lignin and the concomitant polymerization of e-caprolactone. FTIR spectra showed C=O (1755 cm ) and C-O (1202 cm ) peaks confirming that the esterification reaction took place successfully between lignin and e-caprolactone. T , at which the weight loss of 2% occurs, of pristine lignin and LigPCL were mea- sured as 63 and 211 C, respectively, and so the synthesized LigPCL had superior thermal stability to the lignin. PP/Lig- PCL blends were prepared at various contents of LigPCL up to 30 wt% by a melt extrusion process. In proportion to the content of the LigPCL, tensile strengths, flexural strengths, and tensile modulus of PP/LigPCL blends greatly decreased, but elongations at break of those greatly increased. To improve the compatibility between PP and LigPCL, maleic anhydride-grafted polypropylene (PP-g-MA) was added. SEM images for the fracture surfaces of the blends showed that the PP-g-MA was effective in reducing the domain size of dispersed phase. Thus, T , tensile strength, tensile modulus, and elongation at break of a 70/30 blend of PP/LigPCL were enhanced by 6 C, 17%, 31%, and 79%, respec- tively, by the addition of PP-g-MA. This work clearly demonstrates that thermoplastic LigPCL could be desirably syn- thesized and applied for value added and eco-friendly products through common melt processes used for polymer blend or composites manufacturing.

Mechanical Properties and Dimensional Stabilities of Wood-Polypropylene Composites Prepared using Mechanochemically Acetylated Japanese Cedar (Cryptomeria japonica) Wood Meal

The scale-up of a mechanochemical acetylation operation using 100-L ball mills was performed to produce acetylated Japanese cedar (Cryptomeria japonica) wood meal for wood-polypropylene composite (WPC) production. Finely and coarsely acetylated wood meals (AWMs) were successfully produced with approximately 21% and 19% weight percent gains (WPG), respectively, which was close to the theoretical value. The mechanical properties of WPCs showed similar, rather weak strength compared with the AWM-filled WPCs without maleic anhydride-grafted polypropylene (MAPP) as a compatibilizing agent; however, coarse AWM-filled WPCs showed similar or higher mechanical properties than untreated wood meal (UWM)-filled WPCs when MAPP was added. Clear enhancements in the dimensional stability of AWM-filled WPCs were observed, but no significant differences in dimensional stability were observed between WPCs filled with fine and coarse AWMs, even when MAPP was added. Morphological analyses of the fracture surface showed the retention of some wood cell wall structures in coarse AWM, and fine loadings of the thermoplastic into the lumen were clearly observed. These properties were not found on the fracture surface of fine AWM-filled WPCs; therefore, high polymer loadings into the retained wood structure with high interfacial adhesion by MAPP could be suggested for improving the mechanical properties of coarse AWM-filled WPCs.

Separation of maleic anhydride grafted polypropylene using multidimensional high-temperature liquid chromatography

Functionalization addresses a property gap of polyolefins and opens new perspectives due to improved surface properties in applications like composites (e.g., glass fiber reinforced polypropylene) and anti-corrosive coatings for metals. Various techniques have been developed to characterize functionalized polyolefins, yet no analytical approach addressing their chemical heterogeneity exists. Using High Temperature Size Exclusion Chromatography (HT-SEC) coupled to infrared spectroscopy we could show for two model samples of polypropylene grafted maleic anhydride (PP-g-MA), differing in their nominal MA content, that the grafting density increases with decreasing molar mass. Crystallization Analysis Fractionation (CRYSTAF) does not enable to separate these samples according to their composition to the extent required. Yet, when using High Temperature High Performance Liquid Chromatography (HT-HPLC), with either silica gel or Mica as stationary phase and a gradient mobile phase, a deformulation into a grafted and a non-grafted fraction could be achieved. This was confirmed by analyzing the eluted fractions by infrared spectroscopy. Hyphenating the separation according to composition with a separation according to molar mass (HT-HPLC x HT-SEC) enabled for the first time to reveal the bivariate distribution of PP-g-MA with regard to the molar mass and composition. Using on-line infrared detection quantitative information on the compositional and molar mass parameters of the individual fractions could be obtained.

Effect of maleated polypropylene as a compatibilizer and hyperbranched polyester as a processing aid on polypropylene‐wood flour biocomposites

This work focused on two difficulties associated with preparation of polypropylene/wood flour (PP/WF) composites, viz. the compatibility of PP with WF and processing of the composites with high melt viscosity. Maleic anhydride‐grafted polypropylene (MAPP) was used in the preparation of PP composites to provide the compatibility between polymer and filler. Hyperbranched polyester (HBPE) was incorporated to check feasibility of it as a processing aid in the same. The PP/WF composites were formulated by melt compounding on a Brabender Plastograph EC. Blending effect of compatibilizer and processing aid HBPE on PP/WF biocomposites have been carried out on the basis of torque analysis, mechanical properties, morphology, and thermal stability. The investigation showed that HBPE improves the processibility of PP/WF composites than MAPP with respective to torque value. The mechanical and thermal properties slightly vary with change in relative proportion of MAPP and HBPE. J. VINYL ADDIT. TECHNOL., 24:179–184, 2018. © 2016 Society of Plastics Engineers

Recycled Polyolefin Blends: Effect of Modified Natural Zeolite on their Properties and Morphology

ABSTRACTThe purpose of this study is to investigate the effect of treated natural zeolite on the flow behavior, morphology, thermal, and mechanical properties in recycled polyolefin blends. A model polymer blend consisting of 95 wt% polyolefines and 5 wt% polystyrene was studied. Compositions from this recycled blend and dehydrated zeolite in a narrow concentration range (0–5 wt%) were treated with maleic anhydride-grafted polypropylene and initiator dicumyl peroxide. The compositions were characterized by capillary rheometry, wide-angle X-ray scattering, differential scanning calorimetry, scanning electron microscopy, and mechanical tests. The results show a compatibilizing effect of treated zeolite expressed by increase of shear viscosity and improvement of interfacial interactions and impact strength. The results can open wide possibilities for utilization of treated zeolite in recycling of unsorted polymer wastes.

New Multi-Scale Hybrid System Based on Maple Wood Flour and Nano Crystalline Cellulose: Morphological, Mechanical and Physical Study

In the first part of this work, composites based on polypropylene (PP) and maple wood flour (MF) were prepared by melt compounding using twin-screw extrusion followed by compression molding. The morphological and mechanical properties of the composites were analyzed for three samples: PP, MF/PP and MF/PP containing maleic anhydride grafted polypropylene (MAPP) as coupling agent. The results showed that MF/PP composites have improved mechanical properties, especially tensile modulus (+33 %), with only 8 % increase in density. The addition of MAPP further improved the mechanical properties, in particular tensile modulus (up to 51 %), which could be related to better fiber/matrix adhesion. In the second step, nano crystalline cellulose (NCC) was added to all samples to produce NCC-MF/PP hybrid composites. From the mechanical analysis performed, the hybrid composites with MAPP have improved properties, especially tensile (+53 %) and flexural (+40 %) moduli. These results confirmed that multi-scale hybrid NCC-MF composites can substantially improve the mechanical properties of polyolefins with limited increase in density (14 %) leading to high specific properties.

Influence of halloysite nanotubes (HNTs) on morphology, crystallization, mechanical and thermal behaviour of PP/ABS blends and its composites in presence and absence of dual compatibilizer

Halloysite nanotubes (HNTs) filled 80/20 (wt/wt) polypropylene (PP)/acrylonitrile butadiene styrene (ABS) blends and its composites in presence and absence of dual compatibilizer (polypropylene grafted maleic anhydride (PP-g-MA), and styrene-ethylene, butylene-styrene triblock copolymer grafted with maleic anhydrite (SEBS-g-MA)) have been prepared using twin screw extruder followed by injection moulding. Significant refinements in dispersed ABS droplets diameter and interparticle distance between dispersed ABS droplets were observed in case of HNTs filled 80/20 (wt/wt) PP/ABS blends and its composites in presence of PP-g-MA and SEBS-g-MA. This has resulted in significant enhancement in tensile and impact properties of HNTs filled 80/20 (wt/wt) PP/ABS blends and its composites in presence of PP-g-MA and SEBS-g-MA. Refinement in morphology of dispersed ABS phase results in decrease in crystallinity of HNTs filled 80/20 (wt/wt) PP/ABS blends and its composites in presence of PP-g-MA and SEBS-g-MA. In addition, HNTs act as heterogeneous nucleating agent for the growth of PP crystals, and hence crystallization rate of HNTs filled 80/20 (wt/wt) PP/ABS blends and its composites in presence and absence of PP-g-MA and SEBS-g-MA increases. Thermal stability also increases in case of HNTs filled 80/20 (wt/wt) PP/ABS blends and its composites in presence and absence of PP-g-MA and SEBS-g-MA.

Compatibilization effectiveness of maleated polypropylene compared to organoclay in PBT/PP blends

The compatibilization efficiency of a conventional compatibilizer (PP-grafted maleic anhydride) is compared with an organoclay of hydrophilic modifier (Cloisite 30B) in poly(butylene terephthalate)/polypropylene (PBT/PP) immiscible polymer blend. Moreover, the effect of PP-grafted maleic anhydride (PP-g-MA) on localization of Cloisite 30B organoclays is investigated, in this research. Accordingly, PBT/PP blends containing PP-g-MA, organoclay and PP-g-MA/organoclay are prepared by melt mixing method. According to morphological analysis, organoclays are more efficient than PP-g-MA in dispersion and distribution of droplets in PBT/PP blend. Additionally, the size of dispersed-droplets in PBT/PP/organoclay nanocomposite is lower than PBT/PP/PP-g-MA/organoclay sample. From X-ray diffractometry (XRD) and transmission electron microscopy illustrations, it is shown that organoclays represent the higher level of intercalation structure in PBT/PP/organoclay compared to PBT/PP/PP-g-MA/organoclay nanocomposite. PBT/PP/Organoclay nanocomposite indicates higher viscosity and elasticity in comparison with PBT/PP/PP-g-MA/organoclay, as well. The present subject can be explained by the role of PP-g-MA in transferring some parts of organoclays from PBT matrix into PP droplets which hinders the break-up of dispersed-droplets. According to non-linear viscoelastic properties, PBT/PP/organoclay sample shows stronger stress overshoots than PBT/PP/PP-g-MA/organoclay in start-up of shear flow. Modified De Kee-Turcotte model is studied to investigate the yield stress and viscoelastic behavior of different samples. PBT/PP/Organoclay nanocomposite shows higher yield stress compared to PBT/PP blend filled by PP-g-MA/organoclay system.

High strain rate compression response of woven Kevlar reinforced polypropylene composites

In this study, experimental investigations on Kevlar fiber reinforced polypropylene (PP) woven composites under high strain rate compression loading are discussed. Kevlar/PP composite laminates with 8 and 24 layers are fabricated using vacuum assisted compression molding technique. Maleic anhydride grafted-PP (MAg-PP) is added to PP to improve the interfacial property between Kevlar fiber and PP resin. The through-thickness properties at high strain rates from 1370 to 6066 s−1 are obtained using split Hopkinson pressure bar (SHPB) setup. The behavior of PP resin is found to be different than the commonly used thermoset resins, such as epoxy. Dynamic stress–strain relations are drawn to reveal the mechanical properties at high strain rates and these relations appear to be rate sensitive. As a result, the peak stress increased by three times, toughness increased by almost ten times and strain at peak stress increased by as much as two times with an increase in the strain rate. The final failure of the specimens is examined by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) to explore the possible failure mechanisms such as, delamination, fiber failure and shear fracture.

Mechanical and Morphological Properties of Meranti Wood Flour Filled Polypropylene Composites

Wood plastic composites (WPC) have been produced by compounding meranti wood flour (WF) with polypropylene (PP) copolymer using a twin-screw extruder. The meranti WF content was varied from 30 to 60 wt.%. The mechanical properties, i.e. tensile, flexural and impact of the composites were determined on injection-molded specimens. The tensile fractured surfaces were used to study the morphological properties of the composites. The result shows that the increment in WF content has given a significant improvement in modulus properties but at the expense of strength and toughness properties. A commercial maleic anhydride grafted polypropylene (MAPP) compatibilizer at 5 wt.% was incorporated into the PP40/WF60 formulation. The strength, stiffness and toughness properties were improved significantly in the presence of MAPP. The morphology of the composites was studied by scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The improvement of the fibre-matrix adhesion between the WF and PP matrix as revealed by SEM is believed to be one of the major reasons for the improved mechanical properties.

Rheological behaviour of cork-polymer composites for injection moulding

The incorporation of cork in synthetic polymers has become an effective approach to develop new sustainable materials. Cork-polypropylene composites (CPC) filled with three different cork granulometries were studied. Rheological analyses were performed to assess the processability of these CPC and a set of experiments was conducted keeping the same matrix/cork weight ratio, varying the cork granulometric distribution. The effect of three different cork granulometries, temperature and the effect of a coupling agent, polypropylene graft maleic anhydride (PPgMA), were analysed. All composites exhibited non-Newtonian, pseudoplastic behaviour. Related to neat PP, cork incorporation led to a viscosity increase. This increase is more significant in the CPC with the lowest powder cork granulometry used. On the other side, the addition of PPgMA resulted on a decrease of CPC viscosity. The experimental results were fitted to Cross-WLF Model through a viscosity master curve obtained by the time–temperature superposition principle (TTSP). This study showed that cork can be considered on the development of sustainable materials for injection moulding technology.

木質フィラーを用いたプラスチック複合材料の機械的特性評価

The purpose of this study is to investigate the effect of wood particle size on mechanical properties of wood plastic composites (WPC). The target of this study was wood flour of 100 μm or less. Wood chips which were manufactured from cedars and cypresses were employed as the feedstocks. Wood flour was finally prepared by wet milling. Then the average size of wood flour was adjusted to three types (approximately 30 μm, 60 μm and 140 μm) by changing the milling time. Their wood flour was kneaded with polypropylene and maleic anhydride grafted polypropylene (MAPP). Then weight fraction of wood flour and MAPP was 10%. The tensile test specimens were prepared by injection molding. Mechanical properties of the composites were evaluated with the uni-axial tensile test. The results indicated that elastic modulus and strength decrease as the wood particle size becomes smaller. We employed multiscale finite element method based on homogenization in order to understand the influence of microstructural factors on elastic modulus of the WPC. The computation indicated that the wood particle size dependence of elastic modulus is caused by mechanical property change of matrix.

Impact of Surface Modification and Nanoparticle on Sisal Fiber Reinforced Polypropylene Nanocomposites

The use of plant fibers, polymer, and nanoparticles for composite has gained global attention, especially in the packaging, automobile, aviation, building, and construction industries. Nanocomposites materials are currently in use as a replacement for traditional materials due to their superior properties, such as high strength-to-weight ratio, cost effectiveness, and environmental friendliness. Sisal fiber (SF) was treated with 5% NaOH for 2 hours at 70°C. A mixed blend of sisal fiber and recycled polypropylene (rPP) was produced at four different fiber loadings: 10, 20, 30, and 40 wt.%, while nanoclay was added at 1, 3, and 5 wt.%. Maleic anhydride grafted polypropylene (MAPP) was used as the compatibilizer for all composites prepared except the untreated sisal fibers. The characterization results showed that the fiber treatment, addition of MAPP, and nanoclay improved the mechanical properties and thermal stability and reduced water absorption of the SF/rPP nanocomposites. The tensile strength, tensile modulus, and impact strength increased by 32.80, 37.62, and 5.48%, respectively, when compared to the untreated SF/rPP composites. Water absorption was reduced due to the treatment of fiber and the incorporation of MAPP and nanoclay.

Use of black locust/poplar wood as filler in thermoplastic composites

Wood plastic composites (WPCs) were produced from different mixtures (up to 45% by weight) of poplar (Populus alba L.) and pruning branches of black locust (Robinia pseudoacacia) wood flours, polypropylene (53 wt.%), and maleic anhydride-grafted polypropylene (2 wt.%). Weight loss, flexural strength (MOR), flexural modulus (MOE), notched impact strength (IS), water absorption (WA), and thickness swelling (TS) of WPCs after 24 h of immersion in distilled water were determined before and after incubation with white-rot fungus (Trametes versicolor) for 7 weeks. The MOR and MOE increased with an increase in poplar wood in the WPC. The notched IS decreased with an increase in black locust wood and poplar wood in the WPC. The weight loss in WPCs exposed to white-rot fungus was minimal for WPCs with a high amount of black locust pruning branch flour. The MOR and MOE declined after incubation with fungus. Fungal decay had a significant influence on the notched IS. Furthermore, the results indicated that the WA and TS of white-rotted WPCs for all the WPC formulations were significantly higher than those of unrotted WPCs.

Study on Water Resistance of Polydopamine Treatment Wood Flour/Polypropylene Composites

This paper aims to investigate the water absorption of wood flour/polypropylene composites and its effects on dimensional stability and crystallization properties. Wood-plastic composites (WPCs) makes using polydopamine modified wood flour (WF-D), virgin polypropylene, maleic anhydride-grafted polypropylene (MA) and antioxidant, by using hot-pressing moulding. Water absorption (WA), thickness swelling (TS) and failure of flexural properties of the composites have studied for a range of immersion times. It is found that the WA and TS have increased with WF content and immersion time. The water absorption and thickness swelling of WPCs are 0.85% and 0.99%, respectively, after 8 days immersion. With the prolonging of immersion time, the impact strength, flexural strength and flexural modulus of WPCs increase first and then decrease. The impact strength decreases from 3.32 kJ/m2 to 2.94 kJ/m2, the retention rate is 88.55%; the flexural strength and flexural modulus by 68.58 Mpa and 3.92 Gpa, respectively. WPCs crystallization and thermal properties decrease slightly. Microstructures of the composites are examined to understand the mechanisms for the wood-plastic interaction which affects the water absorption and thickness swelling. Our work demonstrates that using polydopamine treatment wood flour for preparing WPCs can be an efficient way to improve the water resistance of WPCs.

Preparation of a novel waterborne adhesive and its peel strength between leather and polypropylene substrates

Polypropylene (PP) is widely used in many industrial applications, including the preparation of interior parts for automotive vehicles. However, the poor adhesion between PP and PP or leather is problematic. In addition, adhesives that contain organic solvents could emit hazardous gases inside a vehicle if used for interior parts. Therefore, waterborne adhesives are required to bond leather to PP. While waterborne adhesives prepared with 2-hydroxyethylmethacrylate- grafted styrene-butadiene rubber (SBR-g-HEMA) have shown good peel strengths (3.0 kgf/2.5 cm2), its long curing time (2 days at 80 °C) greatly reduces the production rate. In this study, we prepared a novel waterborne adhesive composed of SBR modified with PP-grafted maleic anhydride (PP-g-MAH). This adhesive exhibited a higher peel strength (3.6 kgf/2.5 cm2) than that of pre-existing adhesives after curing for only 15 min at 80 °C. Furthermore, this adhesive exhibited a similar peel strength (2.78 kgf/2.5 cm2) when cured for 15 min at 70 °C.

Performance evaluation for composites based on recycled polypropylene using principal component analysis and cluster analysis

It is more economic and environmental-friendly to use recycled plastics in manufacturing, especially under the context of circular economy. Since there are many which formulae exist which improve the different properties of recycled plastics, there is a need to develop decision support tools for evaluating the materials based on multiple properties. In this study, principal component analysis (PCA) was used as a decision support tool to evaluate the performance of plastic composites based on multiple properties. Cluster analysis (CA) was used for classify those properties. The base materials were polypropylene (PP), including a virgin PP (vPP) which is currently used in automobile industry and recycled PP (rPP) recovered from mixed scrap plastics. Two primary fillers were talcum powder (talc) and glass fibre (GF) which are commonly used in the composites for manufacturing industry, maleic anhydride grafted polypropylene (MAPP) was used as compatibiliser. Two vPP-based industrial composites for making automobile parts were used as comparatives. The materials were blended using a twin screw extruder, pelletized, and injected moulded into ISO standard sample specimens for ISO standard mechanical tests. The properties tested were tensile strength, yield strength, flexural modulus, flexural strength, and impact strength. The experimental results revealed that both virgin and recycled plastics are improved by the addition of fillers, and some properties of recycled plastics are better than those of industrial composites. Based on the experimental results, the multiple tested mechanical properties and the composites were classified by CA. Evaluation was performed by PCA, and the scores of some rPP based composites are higher than vPP based composites and industrial materials.

Material compuesto de matriz polipropileno (PP) y fibra de cedro: influencia del compatibilizante PP-g-MA

Debido a que la fuerza de los compuestos de madera y plástico (CMP) se basa en la interacción fibra-matriz, se ha estudiado la influencia del agente compatibilizante al modificar la matriz plástica con diferentes proporciones de polipropileno injertado con anhídrido maléico (PP-g-MA). Por lo tanto, se evaluaron las propiedades térmicas y mecánicas de una nueva serie de CMP con 20% de fibra mediante la técnica de inyección. Cabe mencionar que en la etapa previa al proceso de inyección, estos materiales fueron mezclados en una extrusora de doble husillo co-rotante, en condiciones suaves debido a que se logró disminuir en un 50% el tiempo de residencia de la fibra con respecto al polímero. Los resultados de los análisis termogravimétricos obtenidos de los productos extruidos de CMP presentaron una temperatura de degradación con valores intermedios de T10 ~295 °C respecto a los componentes de partida (Fibra, PP). Los productos finales presentaron una pérdida de ~3.4% asociada al segundo proceso térmico que sufrió el material. El análisis mecánico presentó un aumento en la resistencia a la tensión del 20.3% en el nuevo CMP, mientras que la resistencia a la flexión alcanzó un 46.2%. En el análisis micro-estructural de los productos finales se observó la incorporación de la fibra en la matriz mediante microscopia electrónica de barrido. Finalmente, se determinó la relación óptima de la mezcla para lograr un incremento significativo en las propiedades mecánicas.

Investigation of the mechanism and effectiveness of cationic polymer as a compatibilizer in microfibrillated cellulose-reinforced polyolefins

The reinforcement effect of microfibrillated cellulose (MFC) in high-density polyethylene (HDPE) was investigated by mechanical, thermal, and rheological analysis. The reinforcement effect using both maleic-anhydride-grafted polypropylene (MAPP) and cationic polymer using primary amine (CPPA) as coupling agents in MFC-reinforced polypropylene (PP) has been reported in our previous study (Suzuki et al. in Cellulose 21:507–518, 2014. doi: 10.1007/s10570-013-0143-9 ). The combined use of MAPP and CPPA showed a greater reinforcement effect in the MFC-reinforced HDPE composite than in MFC-reinforced PP. The tensile modulus of MFC-reinforced HDPE was about 22 % higher than that of MFC-reinforced PP. Rheological analysis showed that there was a drastic improvement in the interaction between MFC and HDPE using CPPA and MAPP. The storage modulus of the MFC/HDPE composite in the melt state using MAPP and CPPA as coupling reagents was about three times higher than that without the coupling reagents. Furthermore, differential scanning calorimetry analysis suggested that a chemical reaction occurred between MAPP and CPPA. In addition, the thermal properties of MFC-reinforced HDPE were remarkably improved using MAPP and CPPA: the coefficient of thermal expansion of the composite decreased from 237.2 (HDPE) to 57.1 ppm/K (MFC/HDPE/MAPP/CPPA) and the heat distortion temperature under 0.45 MPa load improved from 67.4 (HDPE) to 116.7 °C (MFC/HDPE/MAPP/CPPA).