Malaysian Palm Oil Research Articles

ACCEPTANCE LEVEL OF INDEPENDENT OIL PALM SMALLHOLDERS IN MALAYSIA TOWARDS EXTENSION SERVICES

Abstract: The main objective of the extension group is to disseminate the oil palm technologies to the independent oil palm smallholders (ISH). However, since the beginning of the establishment of the extension group in the Malaysian Palm Oil Board (MPOB) in 2002, there is no clear information on the acceptance level of ISH toward extension service activities by this group. Therefore, the main objectives of this study are to determine the perception and attitude of ISH toward the extension service activities by extension group and to identify the association between the level of perception and attitude of ISH toward extension activities with ISH personal profile and farm background. Based on the total population in the study area, the number of samples to be selected in this study is 384 respondents. Interview administrated questionnaires were employed to obtain the relevant data. The study revealed that the total average mean of respondents’ perception and attitude towards extension service activities is 3.99 which belongs to the category of high score range (3.67 – 5.00). Therefore, it shows that ISH has a positive perception and attitude towards extension service which can lead to the high acceptance level of extension service activities by extension group among ISH. Other than that, based on the chi-square analysis, it shows that different demographic profiles significantly influence the level of perception & attitude of ISH toward extension activities. The findings of this study will assist the extension group in MPOB to re-strategize and further improve its extension service while contributing to future studies.

Performance evaluation of waste palm oil fiber reinforced stone matrix asphalt mixtures using traditional and sequential mixing processes

Asphalt pavement in tropical countries like Malaysia faces severe distresses. Thus, the use of more resistant and stable asphalt mixtures on the surface layer like stone matrix asphalt concrete (SMAC) is encouraged. The performance-related properties of asphaltic concrete are highly influenced by the mixing process and the asphalt mixtures homogeneity and segregation are pivotal issues affecting asphaltic concrete production. Malaysian palm oil industry generates a large amount of waste palm fiber (WPOF) which are largely discarded. This study investigates the feasibility of utilizing WPOF as a stabilizer in SMAC and evaluates the influence of two different mixing processes (traditional and sequential) on its properties The SMAC mixtures were reinforced with various content of WPOF, 0–0.6% by weight of the total mix and evaluated for volumetric and mechanical properties. Several standard laboratory test methods were used to examine the mixtures: Marshall properties, drain down test, Cantabro, stiffness modulus, moisture damage test. The study revealed sequential mixing as a more viable mixing alternative for SMAC, as it shows lower drain down, air void, and optimum bitumen content with higher Marshall stability and voids in mineral aggregate values. While for the mechanical properties the sequential mixing shows higher moisture resistances, stiffness modulus, and less Cantabro loss for all mixture’s types compared to the convention blends. It was observed that the optimum WPOF dosage is 0.3% for both mixing processes, Though, the sequential mixing shows improved mechanical properties. These improved properties are probably due to improving coating and proper dispersion of mixing materials during the mixing process. In conclusion, utilizing WPOF as stabilizers improve SMAC mixtures properties whereas, the sequential process produces better properties even at marginally lower OBC and mixing time.

Knowledge Level on Bagworm in Oil Palm and its Control Using Integrated Pest Management (IPM) Practices Among Independent Oil Palm Smallholders in Johor

Bagworm (Psychidae) and nettle caterpillars (Limacodidae) are among the major insect pests of oil palm in Malaysia. Bagworm from the species Metisa plana is the most destructive insect pests compared to nettle caterpillar in oil palm plantations. Outbreaks of bagworms were frequently occurred in various areas own by independent oil palm smallholders in Johor. At present, no scientific study has been conducted to indicate the level of knowledge among the independent oil palm smallholders on bagworm and its control, especially using the Integrated Pest Management (IPM) practices. Therefore, this study was conducted to determine knowledge level on bagworm and its control using IPM among 313 independent smallholders in three infestation areas in Johor, which are Mukim Chaah Bahru, Mukim Chaah, Mukim Paloh and Mukim Chamek. Data were collected by interview guided with a questionnaire consisting 23 questions regarding bagworm and its IPM practices. Most of the respondents are more than 51 years (61.1%), with 77.7% males and 22.3% females. They are mostly having primary (47.1%) and secondary (47.5%) school qualifications. This study found that most of the respondents have a basic understanding of bagworm in oil palm and its control measures using IPM practices, but their knowledge is still at a low level. Correlation analysis showed a significant relationship between the level of knowledge on bagworm and its control methods with race, education level and field management experience among the respondents. Therefore, more focus should be given by extension agents to enhance smallholder knowledge on bagworm management, especially in the potential and affected areas in Johor.

Palm-based Oleochemicals in Non-Food Applications: Meeting the Environmental Regulatory Challenges

The oleochemical manufacturing is one of the industrial sectors that contributed significantly to the economic growth of the country. Palm oil (PO) and palm kernel oil (PKO) have been utilised as feedstocks for production of the five basic oleochemicals, namely fatty acid, methyl ester, fatty alcohol, fatty amine and glycerol. These basic oleochemicals could be used without further treatment or they could be processed further for the purpose of purification and improving functionality, and then formulated with other ingredients into finished products. The industries, however, are challenged with the growing concern on safety, toxicity and eco-toxicity level, biodegradability profile and hence marketability of the products and new technologies developed. While Malaysian Palm Oil Board (MPOB)’s R & D focused on developing various oleochemicals derivatives, the method to assess the environmental impact of the production of these products are also being looked into together with process feasibility and technology viability study. With a complete entity comprises of laboratories, facilities and expertise, MPOB can now assist Malaysian manufacturers/exporters to establish a complete dataset on biodegradation, ecotoxicity and life cycle assessment (LCA) to facilitate the market access of their products and ensure conformation to regulation set by importing countries.

The potential of biomass waste in Malaysian palm oil industry: A case study of Boustead Plantation Berhad

The oil palm industry is known as the primary producer of biomass in Malaysia. The massive production of oil palm biomass has resulted in a significant waste disposal problem. This study aims to assess the potential of waste derived from oil palm plantations and processing mills to be transformed into value-added products for various applications. The study was conducted on three oil palm estates managed by Boustead Rimba Nilai Berhad using data on the generation rates of fresh fruit bunches (FFB), crude palm oil (CPO), and oil palm biomass waste from 2018 to 2020. The availability of FFB, CPO, empty fruit bunches (EFB) and excess fibers, and palm oil mill effluents (POME) in 2030 was predicted using a forecasting approach, with trend analysis as the tool of choice. From 2018 to 2020, the output of FFB, EFB and excess fibers, as well as POME grew by 16%, 14%, 23%, and 14% respectively. Based on trend analysis, the projection of FFB, CPO, EFB and excess fibers, and POME outputs in 2030 is expected to be 80%, 56%, 92%, and 56% respectively, which are greater than the figures recorded in 2020. The state of the palm oil industry in Malaysia was described in this study and also highlighted the potential of oil palm biomass in various industries and as a source of green energy. Oil palm biomass can be commercialized in a wide range of value-added products.

Study of Bio-Waste Anaerobic Digestion and its Membrane Purification Technologies in Oversea: I. Malaysian Biogas Scale-up Case

The palm oil mill industry in Malaysian generates 100 million ton of palm oil mill effluent (POME) and EFB (empty fruit bunch) as byproducts annually. This study identified the location, capacity and technology of biogas refinery plants for the production of biogas from the byproducts of the Malaysian palm oil mill plant. This study investigated the production of biogas via the anaerobic co-digestion of EFB under mesophilic anaerobic condition. The results revealed that subjecting EFB to an alkaline pretreatment method enabled a high-concentration methane yield. The raw biogas obtained from the anaerobic co-digestion of POME and EFB at 1.013 bar contained 61% CH₄, 33.5% CO₂ and 180 ppm H₂S and was produced at rate of 51 - 68㎥/h. The utilization of biomethane as a bio-CNG gas has been unexplored: hence, this study investigated the purification of POME biogas into bio-CNG gas. The pretreatment of raw biogas using chelate-iron (EDTA-iron solution) process, which is the most promising technique for the removal of 99% H₂S, was employed in this study. A pilot-scale separation plant with a capacity of 20㎥/hr that utilize cellulosic spiral wound membrane (MTR, USA) for upgrading biogas to CNG fuel quality was constructed and operated at the biogas plant. The result contained 99.1% CH₄, 1.8% CO₂, 0.004% H₂O and 0.9 ppm H₂S. These results indicate that the energy contents of biogas can be significantly enhanced by upgrading it to CNG fuel.

Impact of El Niño on Oil Palm Yield in Malaysia

Oil palm crop yield is sensitive to heat and drought. Therefore, El Niño events affect oil palm production, resulting in price fluctuations of crude palm oil due to global supply shortage. This study developed a new Fresh Fruit Bunch Index (FFBI) model based on the monthly oil palm fresh fruit bunch (FFB) yield data, which correlates directly with the Oceanic Niño Index (ONI) to model the impact of past El Niño events in Malaysia in terms of production and economic losses. FFBI is derived from Malaysian monthly FFB yields from January 1986 to July 2021 in the same way ONI is derived from monthly sea surface temperatures (SST). With FFBI model, the Malaysian oil palm yields are better correlated with ONI and have higher predictive ability. The descriptive and inferential statistical assessments show that the newly proposed FFBI time series model (adjusted R-squared = 0.9312 and residual median = 0.0051) has a better monthly oil palm yield predictive ability than the FFB model (adjusted R-squared = 0.8274 and residual median = 0.0077). The FFBI model also revealed an oil palm under yield concern of the Malaysian oil palm industry in the next thirty-month forecasted period from July 2021 to December 2023.

RISK OF AIR POLLUTION FROM INDUSTRIALIZATION TOWARDS HEALTH: A COMPARATIVE RISK ASSESSMENT

ABSTRACT Palm oil mills generate large quantities of waste and by-products which consequently cause air pollution. Previous studies had investigated about the exposures of different types of air pollution toward certain age groups such as children, as well as targeting specific diseases. In this article, the assessment on the posed risk of air pollution in Sepang, Malaysia palm oil mills toward health are being investigated. In particular, we study the particulate matter of PM2.5 and PM10, in which exposures toward these fine particles may cause toxic effects in blood and other illnesses such as cancer that may lead to mortality. Our aim is to estimate the number of premature deaths in Malaysia due to all causes of ambient air pollutants and avoidable mortality rate using the comparative risk assessment framework. We also quantified the relative risk and attributable fraction by adopting the framework of air pollution health-risk assessment. Our findings estimated that there would be around 5692 for PM10 and 9287 for PM2.5 premature deaths in Malaysia due to all causes of ambient air pollutants. However, with the decrease in 20% of the pollutant’s concentration, there would be an avoidable mortality of 18.75% or 1067 and 17.98% or 1670 due to PM10 and PM2.5, respectively. This model can be extended into more detail assessment of each contributing particles for air pollution, as well as to water pollution.

Isolation, identification and pathogenicity of fungi associated with leaf blotches in Tenera x Tenera (TxT) variety of oil palm in Malaysia

Isolation, identification and pathogenicity of fungi associated with leaf blotches in Tenera x Tenera (TxT) variety of oil palm in Malaysia

Impact of Malaysian palm oil on sustainable development goals: co-benefits and trade-offs across mitigation strategies.

Palm oil (PO) is an important source of livelihood, but unsustainable practices and widespread consumption may threaten human and planetary health. We reviewed 234 articles and summarized evidence on the impact of PO on health, social and economic aspects, environment, and biodiversity in the Malaysian context, and discuss mitigation strategies based on the sustainable development goals (SDGs). The evidence on health impact of PO is equivocal, with knowledge gaps on whether moderate consumption elevates risk for chronic diseases, but the benefits of phytonutrients (SDG2) and sensory characteristics of PO seem offset by its high proportion of saturated fat (SDG3). While PO contributes to economic growth (SDG9, 12), poverty alleviation (SDG1, 8, 10), enhanced food security (SDG2), alternative energy (SDG9), and long-term employment opportunities (SDG1), human rights issues and inequities attributed to PO production persist (SDG8). Environmental impacts arise through large-scale expansion of monoculture plantations associated with increased greenhouse gas emissions (SDG13), especially from converted carbon-rich peat lands, which can cause forest fires and annual trans-boundary haze; changes in microclimate properties and soil nutrient content (SDG6, 13); increased sedimentation and change of hydrological properties of streams near slopes (SDG6); and increased human wildlife conflicts, increase of invasive species occurrence, and reduced biodiversity (SDG14, 15). Practices such as biological pest control, circular waste management, multi-cropping and certification may mitigate negative impacts on environmental SDGs, without hampering progress of socioeconomic SDGs. While strategies focusing on improving practices within and surrounding plantations offer co-benefits for socioeconomic, environment and biodiversity-related SDGs, several challenges in achieving scalable solutions must be addressed to ensure holistic sustainability of PO in Malaysia for various stakeholders.Supplementary InformationThe online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s11625-021-01052-4.

Estimation of the Company Value of Palm Oil Production İn Malaysian Listed Companies: The Panel Data Model Approach

The production of crude palm oil in Malaysia fluctuated from 1.2 million tonnes in 2010 to 1.8 million tonnes in 2018. For the domestic consumption of crude palm oil in Malaysia increase gradually between 2.2 million tonnes in 2010 and 3.6 million tonnes in 2018. Besides that, Malaysia was one of the major oil exporters among the 10 countries of the Association of South East Asian Nations (ASEAN) and the exports of palm oil constituted about 90% of Malaysia's palm oil production. The exports of palm oil in Malaysia fluctuated from 1.3 million tonnes in 2010 to 1.4 million tonnes in 2018 whereas the imports of Malaysia's crude palm oil also fluctuated significantly from 121,300 tonnes in 2010 to 108,600 tonnes in 2018. Recently, there were many accusations on palm oil in Malaysia due to the environmental unfriendly product by the European Parliament and decided to ban palm oil biofuel by 2020. This will have negative impact on the company value (company's share price) by reduction in the revenue for the palm oil production companies. Moreover, palm oil was one of the most important agricultural commodities in the world and it was also the fourth-largest contributor to the Malaysian economy. Malaysia's palm oil industry has been a prominent industry that created economic growth and development. Therefore, this research was very important because the world's palm oil production was growing every year, driven largely by the growth of the European Union's biofuel markets and food demand in India and China (Clay, 2013). The palm oil industry facing the another challenging issue was to demonstrate its commitment to sustainable palm oil production. To overcome this issue, many agricultural food industries were promoting certified sustainable palm oil (CSPO) as proof of sustainability in the palm oil supply chain and achieved the buyer's demand (May, 2012). This situation has raised uncertainty to investigate the determinants of the company value in Malaysia's palm oil industry. Furthermore, there are many researchers had done the research over the past few decades, so there are many different perspectives on the determinants of company value in the palm oil industry in Malaysia. Keywords: Environmental Accounting (EA), Environmental Performance (EP), Information Disclosure (IN), Company Value (CV), Malaysian Selected Palm Oil Listed Companies.

Impact of Human Capital and Innovation towards Total Factor Productivity (TFP): A Case of Manufacturing Sector in Palm Oil Industry in Malaysia

Malaysian oil palm sector has contributed to the growth of gross domestic product (KDNK) by 37.9%, of manpower by a total of 40%, and of the total employment of agriculture sector by 22.1 million people in 2018 (DOSM, 2019). Furthermore, the exports performance shows that the palm oil production has increased from 180 thousand tons metric in 1965 to 27.86 million tons metric in 2019 (MPOB, 2019). The major importers of Malaysian palm oil include India, China, Pakistan, and the Netherlands. In 2016, India was the biggest importer (19.9 %), followed by China (10.1 %), Pakistan (6.4%) and Netherlands (5.5%). In addition to that, many oils are categorized according to the sources of oil and fat saturation which is produced globally (OWA, 2016). Palm oil register percent high by 28.0% compared with the oil other like oil bean soy (24.0 %), oil rapeseed (13.0 %) and spring sun (7.0 %), even more than the oils and fats from sources animals that only 25.0% only (OA, 2016). Although palm oil- based industries in Malaysia depend on inputs, especially human capital and technology to determine the overall performance and productivity, the sector is yet to use technology that depends on low-skilled workers. Thus, to improve the industries, the study was conducted to analyze the effects of the workers skills and technology on the total factor productivity (TFP). Keywords: Human Capital, Productivity, Palm Oil, Data Envelopment Analysis, Panel Data

GHG analysis of the production of crude palm oil considering the conversion of agricultural wastes to by-products

The oils and fats world production are predominantly championed by two (2) main oils which are palm oil and soybean oil. Even though these commodities are categorized as oils, these crops are basically agricultural crops which generate abundant wastes along their supply chain. The oil palm supply chain churns out huge amounts of biomass and water wastes. Greenhouse gas (GHG) analysis was conducted for four (4) different pathways practiced by the Malaysian oil palm industry which analyses the GHG emissions of these pathways and also included the recycling of the wastes. The GHG emissions from for land use change (LUC) from logged over forest, oil palm fresh fruit bunch production and biogas were 2095, 618, 916 kg CO 2 eq/kg CPO respectively. The recycling of pressed mesocarp fiber (PMF) and palm kernel shell (PKS) as fuel displaced 2.5 kWh/kg PMF and 3.6 kWh/kg PKS of fossil energy giving a GHG reduction of 1.5 kg CO 2 eq /kg PMF and 2.2 kg CO 2 eq/kg PKS, respectively. The empty fruit bunch (EFB) applied at the plantations for mulching as fertilizer substitute gave a GHG savings of 3.3 kg CO 2 eq/t EFB. EFB used as boiler fuel displaced 2.0 kWh/ kg EFB of electricity with a GHG savings of 1.1 kg CO 2 eq /t EFB. Palm oil mill effluent (POME), wastewater of the milling process emits biogas during the anaerobic treatment, when captured and utilized as energy, displaces 2.7 kWh/m 3 biogas of non-renewable energy with GHG savings of 13.4 kg CO 2 eq/m 3 biogas. Pathway one (1) with LUC from logged over forest, biogas emissions and biomass utilization as fuels and fertilizer substitute showed the worst environmental performance while pathway 4 with no LUC, biogas capture and utilization of biomass as fuels showed the best environmental performance to produce crude palm oil.

A Review of Key Sustainability Issues in Malaysian Palm Oil Industry

The palm oil industry has contributed enormously to the economic growth of developing countries in the tropics, including Malaysia. Despite the industry being a development tool for emerging economies, the oil palm crop is inundated with allegations of its unsustainable plantation practices and viewed as environmentally detrimental and socially adverse. These negative perceptions are amplified through anti-palm oil campaigns and protectionist trade regulations in developed countries, particularly in the European Union (EU). This situation, if further exacerbated, could potentially affect the export of palm oil and the industry as a whole. As such, this article provides a critical review of the key sustainability issues faced by the Malaysian palm oil industry as the second biggest exporter of palm oil to the global market. The various insights and the interpretations of sustainability are contested according to the contexts and the interests of the countries involved. Hence, palm oil is constantly exposed to bias masked by non-tariff barriers from consumer countries to protect their domestically produced vegetable oils. This could constrain the commodity competitiveness in the international market. As issues on palm oil sustainability continue to evolve, policymakers at key stakeholder agencies need to devise strategies to manage global disruption in the palm oil trade.

Flavonoid Composition and Pharmacological Properties of Elaeis guineensis Jacq. Leaf Extracts: A Systematic Review.

The oil palm tree (Elaeis guineensis Jacq.) originates from West and Central Africa, and it is cultivated in Malaysia for its oil-producing fruits. Malaysia is the world’s second largest palm oil producer and the world’s largest exporter to date. Consequently, the Malaysian oil palm industry constantly generates a huge amount of biomass with the major contributor being the leaves. A large percentage of these leaves remain underutilized, making them a promising source of raw materials that can be converted into value-added products. The present review summarizes and discusses the flavonoid composition, total phenolic and flavonoid content, and the in vitro and in vivo pharmacological properties exhibited by the extracts of the leaves of E. guineensis. The purpose of this systematic review is to highlight the potential of valorizing the leaf extracts of the oil palm tree as pharmaceutical and cosmeceutical agents.

Symbolic or substantive change? How a Malaysian palm oil company managed sustainability issues in words and deeds

PurposeThis paper aims to explore how a Malaysian palm oil company responded to the pressure for change towards sustainability in their sustainability reporting of negative incidents and in actual sustainability practices.Design/methodology/approachThe study used qualitative methodology through an interpretive case study of a palm company. The study gathered primary and secondary data via semi-structured interviews with key organisational members and non-governmental organisations (NGOs), informal conversations, focus groups, document/annual report content analyses and observations. Symbolic and substantive management was used as the theoretical lens to explain the findings.FindingsAfter experiencing a series of negative events regarding their social and environmental performance, the case company responded by using selective disclosure and a symbolic/legitimising strategy to address the majority of recurring negative events. In actual practice, the company changed structurally but policy-implementation gaps remain despite these changes. Strategically, the company changed in terms of its expansion policy but remained unchanged in traceability issues. The increased awareness of sustainability in the company’s culture appeared to suffer in favour of profit and cost/efficiency considerations that remain prominent. Both substantive and symbolic changes were found in both reports and practice but were more inclined to be symbolic.Practical implicationsThe study provides guidelines for companies changing towards sustainability in both practice and reporting, in their effort to contribute to sustainable development goals.Originality/valueThe study provides evidence of symbolic and substantive changes as complementing activities instead of a dichotomy, which was mostly assumed in previous literature and suggests companies adopt a combination of these depending on the severity of sustainability-related issues, level of scrutiny and cost/efficiency considerations.

Barriers and Benefits Arising from the Adoption of Sustainable Certification for Smallholder Oil Palm Producers in Malaysia: A Systematic Review of Literature

Malaysia is the world’s second largest producer of palm oil, which, not unexpectedly, is one of the largest contributors to the country’s GDP. However, the Malaysian palm oil industry faces numerous issues, including a boycott for imports into the European Union (EU) on the basis that Malaysia does not allegedly practice good agriculture, fails to meet sustainability standards and exploits labor rights. To overcome the situation, the Government of Malaysia is strongly committed to implementing good agricultural practices that meet international sustainability standards through sustainable certification. To facilitate the adoption of sustainable certification by smallholder palm oil producers, through a comprehensive review of the literature, this study seeks to identify the social, environmental and economic benefits derived from sustainable certification.

Effect of Utilisation of Nano POFA on Performance of Self-Consolidating High-Performance Concrete (SCHPC)

Malaysia's palm oil industry plays a significant role in the country's economy. However, a large amount of palm oil fuel ash (POFA), a by-product of this industry, may negatively affect the environment and human health. Hence, this study hypothesized that POFA might be re-used in the form of replacement in concrete to lessen the risk to the environment or human health. Self-consolidating high-performance concrete (SCHPC) has been innovating progressively over the years. In this paper, SCHPC is innovated by utilising nano POFA (NaPOFA) to improve its performance. The POFA performance greatly improved when the particle size is reduced because the finer forms of POFA react effectively with the other constituent materials to produce stronger concrete. Hence this paper presents the experiment of the effect of utilisation of NaPOFA as a replacement to cement ranging between 0% and 10% to produce a self-consolidating high-performance concrete with good workability. The tests conducted were the flow table and compression test. The specimen used in the compression tests were 50 mm concrete cubes, tested in 1, 3, 7, 14, and 28 days. It was found that the inclusion of 1% POFA as a replacement to cement in concrete produced the highest compressive strength, 73.31 MPa, on the 28th day of testing. It was also found that its workability was as good as the control concrete. Thus, the utilisation of POFA could be considered environmental-friendly since it can be used as cement replacement and enhance the performance in terms of workability and strength.

A Review of the In-Field Transporting Machines Currently Used in Oil Palm Plantations in Malaysia

This paper focuses on the in-field transporting machines currently used in oil palm plantations in Malaysia. It highlights the field conditions, the capacity of the machines and the time of completion of the transporting process which help to identify the determinants of the development of agricultural mechanization in Malaysian oil palm plantations. Understanding of the issues will help facilitate the elimination of weaknesses and defects prior to the manufacturing or modification stage. This will assist designers and manufacturers in the development and production of improved and more efficient field transportation equipment.

Impacts of and adaptation to climate change on the oil palm in Malaysia: a systematic review.

The interaction and the interplay of climate change with oil palm production in the Southeast Asia region are of serious concern. This particularly applies in Malaysia due to its rank as the second largest palm oil producer in the world. The anthropogenic activities and the agroecological practices in oil palm plantation, including excessive use of fertilisers, bush fire due to land clearing, and cultivation on peatland, have exacerbated the effects of climate change featuring extreme events, drought, flooding, heatwave, as well as infestation of pest and diseases. These adverse impacts on oil palm production highlight the significance of deploying effective adaptation strategies. The study aims to examine the impact of climate change on oil palm production and identify the farmers’ adaptation strategies to the impacts of climate change in Malaysia. This study was conducted a comprehensive review of the articles published from 2000 to 2021 in the contexts of climate change and oil palm production in Malaysia. The review shows that climate change has a range of impacts on the oil palm production in Malaysia. As a result, several adaptation options were identified, such as breeding of hybrid varieties that are tolerant and resistant to heat; sustainable management of soil; pit and tranches to enhance water management in plantation areas; minimal use of fertilisers, herbicides, and pesticides; zero burning; and minimum tillage. The reviewed studies recommended the following to mitigate the adverse impacts of climate change: sustainable national policy on climate change, conservation of the existing carbon stock, effective management of tropical rainforest biodiversity, afforestation for carbon sequestration, and reduction in greenhouse gas (GHG) emission.