Major Theories Research Articles

The significance of the ego in “The Ego and the Id” and its unfulfilled promise

ABSTRACT It is not well known that The Ego and the Id, where Freud presented his second model of the mind, and introduced a new role for the Ego, was ignored by many of the major theorists that followed. I will attempt to demonstrate the importance of this new view of the ego for clinical psychoanalysis, and what has been lost by its being ignored.

Anatomy of Mode-1 Internal Solitary Waves Derived From Seaglider Observations in the Northern South China Sea

Abstract Observations from a Seaglider, two pressure-sensor-equipped inverted echo sounders (PIESs), and a thermistor chain (T-chain) mooring were used to determine the waveform and timing of internal solitary waves (ISWs) over the continental slope east of Dongsha Atoll. The Korteweg–de Vries (KdV) and Dubreil–Jacotin–Long (DJL) equations supplemented the data from repeated profiling by the glider at a fixed position (depth ∼1017 m) during 19–24 May 2019. The glider-recorded pressure perturbations were used to compute the rarely measured vertical velocity (w) with a static glider flight model. After removing the internal tide–caused vertical velocity, the w of the eight mode-1 ISWs ranged from −0.35 to 0.36 m s−1 with an uncertainty of ±0.005 m s−1 due to turbulent oscillations and measurement error. The horizontal velocity profiles, wave speeds, and amplitudes of the eight ISWs were further derived from the KdV and DJL equations using the glider-observed w and potential density profiles. The mean speed of the corresponding ISW from the PIES deployed at ∼2000 m depth to the T-chain moored at 500 m depth and the 19°C isotherm displacement computed from the T-chain were used to validate the waveform derived from KdV and DJL. The validation suggests that the DJL equation provides reasonably representative wave speed and amplitude for the eight ISWs compared to the KdV equation. Stand-alone glider data provide near-real-time hydrography and vertical velocities for mode-1 ISWs and are useful for characterizing the anatomy of ISWs and validating numerical simulations of these waves. Significance Statement Internal solitary waves (ISWs), which vertically displace isotherms by approximately 100 m, considerably affect nutrient pumping, turbulent mixing, acoustic propagation, underwater navigation, bedform generation, and engineering structures in the ocean. A complete understanding of their anatomy and dynamics has many applications, such as predicting the timing and position of mode-1 ISWs and evaluating their environmental impacts. To improve our understanding of these waves and validate the two major theories based on the Korteweg–de Vries (KdV) and Dubreil–Jacotin–Long (DJL) equations, the hydrography data collected from stand-alone, real-time profiling of an autonomous underwater vehicle (Seaglider) have proven to be useful in determining the waveform of these transbasin ISWs in deep water. The solutions to the DJL equation show good agreement with the properties of mode-1 ISWs obtained from the rare in situ data, whereas the solutions to the KdV equation underestimate these properties. Seaglider observations also provide in situ data to evaluate the performance of numerical simulations and forecasting of ISWs in the northern South China Sea.

Corporate Governance, Liquidity Risk, and Sustainable Growth Rate in the Nigerian Banking Industry

Purpose: The objective of this study was to investigate the impact of board independence, liquidity risk management, and other bank-specific factors on the sustainable growth rate of banks in a developing country. Theoretical framework: The study relied on two major theories: the Agency Theory, which explored the conflicts of interest between owners and managers, and the Resources-based View Theory (RBV), which examined how banks utilised unique resources to achieve competitive advantages and sustain growth. Design/methodology/approach: The study analysed panel data from twelve banks listed on the Nigerian Stock Exchange from 2008 to 2021. This study utilised the Feasible Generalised Least Squares (FGLS) regression technique, chosen for its effectiveness in addressing serial correlation and heteroskedasticity, to examine the effect of various factors on the sustainable growth rate. Findings: The study found that the sustainable growth rate (SGR) of banks was significantly affected by the interaction between corporate governance variables and factors such as liquidity risk, dividend payout ratio, bank size, asset quality, and operating margin. Additionally, board independence and bank performance may not be enough to ensure a bank’s resilience in volatile conditions. Research, Practical & Social implications: The study illuminated previously neglected factors that affect the sustainable growth rate of banks. Bank boards and policymakers can utilise these insights to enhance governance structures, risk management practices, and regulatory frameworks. This enhanced comprehension can contribute to a more stable financial system, improving public confidence and economic stability. Originality/value: This study addresses a notable research gap by examining the influence of board independence and bank-specific factors on the sustainable growth rate of banks. Prior research has predominantly focused on the non-financial services industry, leaving this area understudied.

Employers have a Duty of Beneficence to Design for Meaningful Work: A General Argument and Logistics Warehouses as a Case Study

Artificial intelligence-driven technology increasingly shapes work practices and, accordingly, employees’ opportunities for meaningful work (MW). In our paper, we identify five dimensions of MW: pursuing a purpose, social relationships, exercising skills and self-development, autonomy, self-esteem and recognition. Because MW is an important good, lacking opportunities for MW is a serious disadvantage. Therefore, we need to know to what extent employers have a duty to provide this good to their employees. We hold that employers have a duty of beneficence to design for opportunities for MW when implementing AI-technology in the workplace. We argue that this duty of beneficence is supported by the three major ethical theories, namely, Kantian ethics, consequentialism, and virtue ethics. We defend this duty against two objections, including the view that it is incompatible with the shareholder theory of the firm. We then employ the five dimensions of MW as our analytical lens to investigate how AI-based technological innovation in logistic warehouses has an impact, both positively and negatively, on MW, and illustrate that design for MW is feasible. We further support this practical feasibility with the help of insights from organizational psychology. We end by discussing how AI-based technology has an impact both on meaningful work (often seen as an aspirational goal) and decent work (generally seen as a matter of justice). Accordingly, ethical reflection on meaningful and decent work should become more integrated to do justice to how AI-technology inevitably shapes both simultaneously.

How Infallibilists Can Have It All

AbstractI advance a novel argument for an infallibilist theory of knowledge, according to which we know all and only those propositions that are certain for us. I argue that this theory lets us reconcile major extant theories of knowledge, in the following sense: for any of these theories, if we require that its central condition (evidential support, reliability, safety, etc.) obtains to a maximal degree, we get a theory of knowledge extensionally equivalent to infallibilism. As such, the infallibilist can affirm that, when their conditions are suitably interpreted, most post-Gettier theories of knowledge offer necessary and sufficient conditions for knowledge. The infallibilist can thus reconcile major theories of knowledge, and is in a better position to explain the intuitive appeal of these theories than the fallibilist who only accepts one of them, and rejects the rest.

Are infants conscious?

AbstractI argue that newborn infants are conscious. I propose a methodology for investigating infant consciousness and I present two approaches for determining whether newborns are conscious. First, I consider behavioral and neurobiological markers of consciousness.Second, I investigate the major theories of consciousness, including both philosophical and scientific theories, and I discuss what they predict about infant consciousness.

「현가궤범(絃歌軌範)」의 교육적 가치

This study raised the necessity of discussing the educational value of “HyeongaGwebeom” based on the fact that Yoo Jung-gyo(柳重敎, 1832-1893) completed “HyeongaGwebeom” in 1887 as an educational tool to teach and learn Do(道) and actually contributed to Hyeonga education in his Seosa (書社). Accordingly, the purpose of this study is to distinguish and examine the meaning of Hyeonga's behavior and purpose of performance in various literature of the Joseon Dynasty, and to rediscover the educational value of “HyungaGwebeom” by sequentially considering the background and basis for establishing its own status.
 To summarize the results of the discussion, first, "HyeongaGwebeom" is a comprehensive and substantive result of Yoo Jung-gyo's educational method, focusing on the educational values inherent in Hyunga(絃歌), including major music principles and theories essential for Hyunga education, picture materials including the production and performance of JaYanggeum(紫陽琴). This is interpreted as a further challenge directly implemented in real education by establishing an independent status for the performance of Hyunga(絃歌) and giving concreteness to the previous ideological and abstract meaning of Hyunga(絃歌). Second, "HyeongaGwebeom" was designed as a practical educational material for Ak(樂) used in narrative according to the Neo-Confucian thought system, and aims to realize the national virtue of completing social and national music through Hyeonga as an epic ritual. Third, "Hyunga Gwebeom" was in charge of securing specificity and practical educational functions such as inserting pictures of the production and performance methods of Jayanggeum to directly perform Hyunga's "Hyun" and "Ga," and making it easier to sing the lyrics of poetry and Yuljabo(律字譜).

Maximizing the degree powers of graphs with fixed size

For a graph G with degree sequence (d1,d2,…,dn) and a positive integer p, denote the degree power of G by ep(G)=∑i=1ndip. In this paper, we concentrate on the extremal problems of degree powers in graphs with fixed size. By the majorization theory, we firstly characterize the graphs with the maximum ep(G) among all connected graphs in G(n,m) where m≤2n−3. The second main result is about the graphs with forbidden cycles. Concretely, we determine the maximum ep(G) among all Cℓ-free graphs in G(m) and characterize the corresponding extremal graphs. An analogous result is obtained in non-bipartite graphs. Furthermore, we respectively give the sharp upper bounds on ep(G) in G(m) with respect to various graph parameters, such as clique number, chromatic number, girth, and circumference.

New Majorized Fractional Simpson Estimates

Fractional calculus has been a concept used to acquire new variants of some well-known integral inequalities. In this study, our primary goal is to develop majorized fractional Simpson’s type estimates by employing a differentiable function. Practicing majorization theory, we formulate a new auxiliary identity by utilizing fractional integral operators. In order to obtain new bounds, we employ the idea of convex functions on the Niezgoda–Jensen–Mercer inequality for majorized tuples, along with some fundamental inequalities including the Hölder, power mean, and Young inequalities. Some applications to the quadrature rule and examples for special functions are provided as well. Interestingly, the main findings are the generalizations of many known results in the existing literature.

Opting out or left out? The gendered determinants of marriage in South Korea

AbstractObjectiveThis study examines the determinants of marriage decline in South Korea, a representative case of the “demographic crisis” sweeping East Asia.BackgroundThe major theories accounting for marriage and family trends are for the most part based on Western cases. A complementing focus on non‐Western societies is likely to identify a more diverse range of processes governing marriage patterns in advanced capitalist societies.MethodThe study draws on the Korean Labor and Income Panel Study (KLIPS) to analyze a sample of 4201 unmarried individuals whose longitudinal data were organized into 55,989 person‐year records. Discrete‐time hazard models incorporating 23 waves of KLIPS data (1998–2020) identify the gendered determinants of marriage.ResultsSocioeconomic resources continue to positively impact men's marriage chances although income, relative to employment status and educational attainment, has become paramount for members of the younger 1980s cohort. Parental wealth, an important precondition for home purchases, also positively impacts the likelihood of marriage for men. Income and parental wealth have become important for women as well but unlike the documented “educational crossover” that has occurred elsewhere, high educational attainment remains negatively associated with marriage probability for Korean women.ConclusionThis study clarifies the scope conditions for arguments about the “shifting economic foundations of marriage,” while foregrounding the enduring legacy of extended‐family resources in strong familism societies. The results also lend empirical leverage to past studies highlighting the clear disincentives for marriage among highly educated women and provide a more comprehensive picture of why underprivileged men are being left out of Korea's marriage market.

Application of Item Response Theory as a Modern Statistical Tool to Test Item Development and Analysis

In the educational and psychological testing, there are two major theories through which tests can be developed, validated and ultimately used for assessing examinee’s performance. These are classical test theory (CTT) and item response theory (IRT) and their corresponding models. Item Response Theory (IRT) as a test theory came into existence to provide probabilistic approach to surmount some of the inherent limitations of the classical test theory and maximize objectivity in educational assessment. Item response theory (IRT) is a quantitative approach to testing the reliability and validity of an instrument based on its items. It has statistics for evaluating individual items from a quantitative perspective. The purpose of this paper is to describe in details, the application of item response theory in test item development and analysis. The reason for the application of IRT is to have test items that will yield a reasonable degree of reliability. The statistics used in this respect are – item difficulty parameter, which is a measure of the proportion of testees who responded to an item correctly; the item discrimination parameter, which is the measure of how well the items discriminate between examinees with high and low levels of knowledge or ability and pseudo-guessing parameter, which expresses the probability that an examinee with low ability can be able to get an item correctly. The acceptable range of values of the aforementioned parameters were also discussed.

Meta- analysis: Base of Major Social Science Theories

Meta-analytic techniques in social science analysis are becoming increasingly relevant today. In this article, we will present how a meta-analysis method can be a useful base for sociologists. Different methods for meta-analysis, unique "concept-driven" literature searches. However, this search strategy may limit the researcher's ability to fully exploit the substantial body of pertinent research in fields with high theoretical diversity, such as social science. We tend to adopt a "beat-driven" strategy, where repetitive searches and updated computerized search techniques are used to find more publications cross disciplinary. This measure-based search approach is typically illustrated by two meta-analyses that look at how various social factors affect the all-cause mortality rate. A trend like imperialism might be a jumble of different perspectives on what humanity means. Imperialism, both political and economic, is occasionally mentioned. Imperialism is not limited to historical methods, political or economic facets. Instead, imperialism may be a collection of various human endeavors. To reach a conclusion, systematic reviews and meta-analyses combine the findings of various studies. While meta-analyses of applied scientific discipline analysis may run into practical issues due to the nature of the analysis domain, they are particularly useful for combining evidence to inform policy. Data from secondary sources were used to write this article.

Bricolage and beyond: Bringing modern entrepreneurship theories to bear on policy entrepreneurship

AbstractWho makes policy change happen, and how? Public policy scholars now take more seriously the role of agency in the policy process, and in particular the role of policy entrepreneurship, a contested term built mostly from classical, economic conceptions of entrepreneurship from the mid‐20th century. In this study, we introduce policy scholars to modern theories of entrepreneurship from sociology and management scholarship, including cultural entrepreneurship, effectuation, bricolage, and entrepreneurial assembly. We show that theories connect more easily with major theories of the policy process more easily than classical theories do and argue policy scholars should make room for multiple policy entrepreneurship archetypes. We also give three examples—organizational imprinting, the small firm effect, and survivorship bias—of the readymade research agenda modern entrepreneurship theories offer to policy entrepreneurship scholars. Finally, we show how these theories help policy scholars build bridges to other political science subfields.

The “Proto-State”/ “Chiefdom” Controversy and the Study of the Origins of Chinese Civilization

“Proto-state” and “chiefdom” are two major theories used in exploring the origin of Chinese civilization. There is much debate about the relationship between the two and about their academic significance. In several respects, the questions answered by the two theories are distinctly different: the perspective of the one is emic, of the other etic, and their research paths are respectively humanistic and scientific. The chiefdom theory derives from anthropology; it is evolutionist and its theories are constructed by analogy. Its strong point lies in exploring the mechanisms of the development of social complexity, but when used in archaeological research, the logic employed is deductive reasoning. The proto-state theory comes from Chinese archaeology, and thus is historicist. Its strong point lies in understanding cultural meanings, and the research logic it employed is inductive reasoning. The two theories represent research paths that are complementary but not interchangeable. The purpose of exploring the origins of Chinese civilization is not only to find the truth of history, but also to understand and inherit its culture. Therefore, it is important to fully combine the two theories in building the discourse system of Chinese archaeology.

Exploring dominant processes for multi-month predictability of western Pacific precipitation using deep learning

Over the past half-century, there has been an increasing trend in the magnitude and duration of the Madden-Julian Oscillation (MJO) attributable to the significant warming trend in the Western Pacific (WP). The MJO, bridging weather and climate, influences global and regional climate through atmospheric teleconnections, and climate models can predict it for up to 4–5 weeks. In this study, we use deep learning (DL) methods to investigate the predictability of the MJO-related western Pacific precipitation on a multi-month time scale (5–9 weeks). We examine numerous potential predictors across the tropics, selected based on major MJO theories and mechanisms, to identify key factors for long-term MJO prediction. Our results show that DL-based useful potential predictability of the WP precipitation can be extended up to 6–7 weeks, with a correlation coefficient skill ranging from 0.60 to 0.65. Observational and heat map analysis suggest that cooling anomalies in the central Pacific play a crucial role in enhancing westerly anomalies over the Indian Ocean and warming in the WP, thereby strengthening the Walker circulation in the equatorial Pacific. In addition, the predictability of WP precipitation is higher in La Nina years than in El Nino or normal years, suggesting that mean cooling in the central Pacific may contribute to increased predictability of the MJO-related WP precipitation on the multi-month time scale. Additional model experiments using observed sea surface temperature (SST) anomalies over the central Pacific confirmed that these anomalies contribute to enhanced MJO-related convective anomalies over the WP. The study highlights that DL is a valuable tool not only for improving MJO-related WP prediction but also for efficiently exploring potential mechanisms linked to long-term predictability.

Этика буддизма в свете западных нормативных этических теорий: этика добродетели

In the last two decades, a comparative trend has developed within the discipline of Buddhist ethics in which scholars argue which of the major Western normative ethical theories is closest to early Buddhism: virtue ethics, consequentialism, or deontology. This article is devoted to the view of Buddhist ethics as a variant of virtue ethics. The article begins with a statement of the basic provisions of Buddhist ethics on which researchers rely when constructing the theory of Buddhist ethics. The purpose of this article is to show why the comparison of Buddhist ethics with the virtue ethics of Aristotle seems to be a successful and productive variant of the conceptualising Buddhist ethics, able to compete with the equally popular consequentialist approach. The work is mainly based on the consideration of the argumentation proposed by Damien Keown, a researcher who was the first to thoroughly approach the study of Buddhist ethics from a comparativist point of view, opening a wide field for discussion. Keown defends the view of Buddhist ethics as a variant of Aristotle’s virtue ethics and offers a critique of the consequentialist interpretation of the ethics of Buddhism. In conclusion, I propose the following solution to the comparative question: from my point of view, Theravada ethics is closest to virtue ethics in its basic positions. However, in Mahayana ethics, the features of consequentialism are more pronounced. Although comparative thinking is certainly interesting and productive, in the end I agree with the position that Buddhist ethics does not fit completely into any of the Western normative theories, but is an independent phenomenon.

ASPEK HUKUM GADAI (RAHN) DALAM PERSPEKTIF HUKUM ISLAM

Abstract: Background. Fiduciaryis one of the financing products available in financial institutions, where this financing agreement aims to make it easier for customers to obtain loans by fiduciary gold or other valuables that have resale value such as: land certificates or other building documents, Proof of Motor Vehicle Ownership (BPKB), and Employee Decree (SK), as collateral for the proposed loan and proof that he is able to make repayment at the agreed time. For this reason, in this practice the researcher will describe aspects of pawn law from an Islamic legal perspective. Methods. in this research, emphasizing the legal aspect of fiduciary, this research takes the form of library research (library), with data collection techniques through tracing major theories in literature studies related to fiduciary from an Islamic perspective. The analysis technique used is descriptive analysis, this technique begins by describing the data related to the pawn, then sorting it according to research needs, this pattern will be carried out repeatedly, to ensure the data obtained is in accordance with the research focus Results. Aspects of fiduciary law in an Islamic perspective include the basis for enforcement which is in accordance with Islamic principles, the pillars and conditions of fiduciary, control of collateral goods, binding of collateral goods, use of collateral goods, sale of collateral goods, destruction of collateral goods and expiry of collateral goods. In general, these legal aspects are stated in Islamic law in detail.

산업안전보건법상 신분범의 법인 처벌과 양벌규정에 대한 새로운 이해

In the case of a status offender with a status including a corporation, such as a “business owner” in the Occupational Safety and Health Act, there are many negatives on whether a natural person who is an employee of a corporation without a status can become a criminal subject under Joint Penalty Provisions. In addition, the negative theory states that natural people are not the subject of crime, so even corporations cannot be punished even if they are subject to Joint Penalty Provisions. On the other hand, the Supreme Court and some theories say that corporations can naturally be punished by the Joint Penalty Provisions, and that natural people can also be punished by viewing the phrase “in addition to punishing actors” in Joint Penalty Provisions. The Supreme Court's view conflicts with other precedents of the Constitutional Court and the Supreme Court on literary interpretation and is unconstitutional in violation of the principle of legality, while the majority theory raises concerns that both natural and legal persons cannot be punished.
 Considering the constitutional Principle of Legality, the explicit provisions of the law should be more important. Unless there is a separate provision that excludes a corporation from a criminal subject, it can be constitutionally and reasonably resolved by interpreting the law as it is and directly recognizing the criminal capacity of the corporation as it is in the Penalty Clause. The logical premise is that the starting line for discussing this issue already stipulates that “a corporation is defined as a criminal subject in the Penalty Clause” In addition, if the Constitutional Court and the Supreme Court's precedents say that a natural person should recognize the independent responsibility of a corporation based on Joint Penalty Provisions, it is not necessary to assert that laws or legal provisions other than Joint Penalty Provisions cannot be the basis for a corporation to become a criminal subject. This argument is new, but it can be seen as an argument to apply it to the Occupational Safety and Health Act, which has explicit regulations, because there is already a claim to recognize the criminal capacity of a corporation for administrative offenders.

Цветовая кодировка кубитных состояний

Difficulties in algorithmic simulation of natural thinking point to the inadequacy of information encodings used to this end. The promising approach to this problem represents information by the qubit states of quantum theory, structurally aligned with major theories of cognitive semantics. The paper develops this idea by linking qubit states with color as fundamental carrier of affective meaning. The approach builds on geometric affinity of Hilbert space of qubit states and color solids, used to establish precise one-to-one mapping between them. This is enabled by original decomposition of qubit in three non-orthogonal basis vectors corresponding to red, green, and blue colors. Real-valued coefficients of such decomposition are identical to the tomograms of the qubit state in the corresponding directions, related to ordinary Stokes parameters by rotational transform. Classical compositions of black, white and six main colors (red, green, blue, yellow, magenta and cyan) are then mapped to analogous superposition of the qubit states. Pure and mixed colors intuitively map to pure and mixed qubit states on the surface and in the volume of the Bloch ball, while grayscale is mapped to the diameter of the Bloch sphere. Herewith, the lightness of color corresponds to the probability of the qubit’s basis state «1», while saturation and hue encode coherence and phase of the qubit, respectively. The developed code identifies color as a bridge between quantum-theoretic formalism and qualitative regularities of the natural mind. This opens prospects for deeper integration of quantum informatics in semantic analysis of data, image processing, and the development of nature-like computational architectures.

Politically connected EMNCs in a (de)globalising world: A review and future research directions

Emerging market multinational corporations (EMNCs) have emerged as significant global players, driven by their home country political connections that present both opportunities and challenges. Despite the insights gained from current studies, we still lack a clear conceptualisation of diverse political connections and the distinctiveness of politically connected EMNCs. Our study conducts a comprehensive review to bridge those gaps. We identify and compare two types of political connections, delve into major theories and highlight their main focus, key arguments, mechanisms and outcome predictions. Consequently, we propose a context-mechanism-outcome framework across three contextual levels, emphasising theoretical convergence and divergence between politically connected EMNCs and advanced market multinational corporations (AMNCs). We also spotlight disruptions caused by deglobalisation and their implications for those EMNCs. We conclude by proposing an agenda to reorient future research on this important and timely topic, especially in light of the deglobalisation trends that are reshaping the international business landscape.