Major Theories Research Articles

Major Models and Theories of Cryptocurrency Technology Adoption: A Theoretical Review

A review of a selected theories that influence the adoption of technology will serve as the objective of this paper. In this work, we attempt to discover traits that might improve the possibility of acceptance and ongoing usage of technology such as cryptocurrency adoption. More specifically, we focused on Rogers' Innovation Diffusion Theory (IDT, Theory of Technology Acceptance (TAT), and Technology Acceptance Model. (TAM)/TAM2/TAM3, Theory of Reasoned Action (TRA), Unified Theory of Acceptance and Use of Technology (UTAUT), and Theory of Planned Behaviour (TPB). When researching the tendency of individuals to adopt certain technologies, researchers draw from a wide variety of conceptual frameworks and analytical approaches. In this review, social psychology and its applied notions have been utilised most frequently. As a primary theoretical foundation, the theories centre on people's intentions to engage in a specific behaviour (i.e., adopt and utilise ICT), which is the emphasis of the theories. Research on the adoption and usage of information and communication technologies has made extensive use of both the Theory of Reasoned Action (TRA) and the Theory of Planned Behaviour (TPB). They are two of the key intention-based theories, which means they give the core theoretical underpinnings for other adoption theories, such as the Technology Acceptance Model (TAM) and the Enhanced Technology Acceptance Model. Both the transpersonal relationship analysis and the transpersonal behaviour analysis begin with the fundamental premise that individuals deliberately choose whether or not they will engage in a certain behaviour. In this sense, the adoption and usage intentions are typically seen of as a primary outcome variable that is influenced by a variety of independent variables. This is because of the way that they are typically studied. In the following, we will discuss significant theories regarding the adoption of technology.

Review and Prospect of Research on Enterprise Resource Based Theory and Enterprise Core Competence Theory

The concept of enterprise capability and the origin of the theory of enterprise capability both began before and after the first industrial revolution and gradually improved with the continuous development of economy and enterprises. The theory of enterprise capability covers a wide range of contents, among which the theory of enterprise resource base and the theory of enterprise core capability have always been the focus of academic research. Based on the brief introduction of the connotation of enterprise capability theory and the four major capability theories, the text will conduct in-depth research on enterprise resource-based theory and enterprise core capability theory. This paper mainly expounds the enterprise resource-based theory from two aspects: theoretical review and theoretical evolution.

Can Utilitarianism Make Sense of ‘Political Obligation’?

Despite utilitarianism’s status as one of the major ethical theories, historically it has largely been dismissed by theorists concerned with political obligation. The primary goal of this paper is to respond to the structural objections that have been leveled against utilitarian accounts of political obligation. In the process of responding to these objections I fi rst offer a sketch of a general account of “obligations” which the utilitarian can endorse. Secondly, I argue that anti-utilitarian theorists have missed an important ethical distinction between “derivative” and “nonderivative” moral principles. The failure to make this distinction, as it relates to ‘political obligation,’ has not only brought about the categorical dismissal of utilitarian accounts it has also muddied the terms and goals of the debate generally.

Nursing theories in the care of stroke patients: a scoping review.

to map and synthesize nursing theories and conceptual frameworks that have been applied in the practice of nursing care for stroke patients in hospital settings. a scoping review was conducted in October 2022 using the MEDLINE (accessed via PubMed), CINAHL, Scielo, and Web of Science databases, following The Joanna Briggs Institute guidelines. nine studies incorporated six nursing theories and three conceptual frameworks, which were employed to enhance stroke patient care. The objective of these theories and conceptual frameworks was to facilitate the identification of the patient's psychobiological, psychosocial, and psychospiritual needs, elucidate the nurse's role and expand their perspective on rehabilitation, and acknowledge the survivor's process of transition. this mapping exercise identified major nursing theories, middle-range theories, and conceptual frameworks applied to the care of stroke patients.

Pathogenesis of Endometriosis: Focus on Adenogenesis-related Factors.

Endometriosis can be defined as the presence of the endometrium outside the uterine cavity. It affects approximately 10% of women of reproductive age and causes infertility, chronic pain, and deterioration of the quality of life. Since the identification of the disease, various pathogenetic mechanisms have been proposed, such as retrograde menstruation, coelomic metaplasia, hormonal imbalance, stem cell involvement, and alterations in epigenetic regulation. However, the underlying pathogenesis of endometriosis remains inadequately understood. Elucidation of the precise mechanism of the development and progression of endometriosis is crucial for effective treatment. This review presents the major pathogenetic theories of endometriosis based on current research studies with a major focus on the potential role of uterine factors.

Ethiopia's Criminal Law Evolution from the Perspectives of Major Legal Theories: An Overview

Ethiopia's Criminal Law Evolution from the Perspectives of Major Legal Theories: An Overview

Unified inequalities of the $ {\mathfrak{q}} $-Trapezium-Jensen-Mercer type that incorporate majorization theory with applications

<abstract><p>The objective of this paper is to explore novel unified continuous and discrete versions of the Trapezium-Jensen-Mercer (TJM) inequality, incorporating the concept of convex mapping within the framework of $ {\mathfrak{q}} $-calculus, and utilizing majorized tuples as a tool. To accomplish this goal, we establish two fundamental lemmas that utilize the $ _{{\varsigma_{1}}}{\mathfrak{q}} $ and $ ^{{{\varsigma_{2}}}}{\mathfrak{q}} $ differentiability of mappings, which are critical in obtaining new left and right side estimations of the midpoint $ {\mathfrak{q}} $-TJM inequality in conjunction with convex mappings. Our findings are significant in a way that they unify and improve upon existing results. We provide evidence of the validity and comprehensibility of our outcomes by presenting various applications to means, numerical examples, and graphical illustrations.</p></abstract>

Fear-potentiated startle reveals diminished threat extinction in pathological anxiety.

Major theories propose that perturbed threat learning is central to pathological anxiety, but empirical support is inconsistent. Failures to detect associations with anxiety may reflect limitations in quantifying conditioned responses to anticipated threat, and hinder translation of theory into empirical work. In prior work, we could not detect threat-specific anxiety effects on states of conditioned threat using psychophysiology in a large sample of patients and healthy comparisons. Here, we examine the utility of an alternative fear potentiated startle (FPS) scoring in revealing associations between anxiety and threat conditioning and extinction in this dataset. Secondary analyses further explored associations among conditioned threat responses, subcortical morphometry, and treatment outcomes. Youths and adults with anxiety disorders and healthy comparisons (n=306; 178 female participants; 8-50years) previously completed a well-validated differential threat learning paradigm. FPS and skin conductance response (SCR) quantified psychophysiological responses during threat conditioning and extinction. In this report, we examined normalizing raw FPS scores to intertrial intervals (ITI) to address challenges in more common approaches to FPS scoring which could mask group effects. Secondary analyses examined associations between FPS and subcortical morphometry and with response to exposure-based cognitive behavioral therapy in a subsample of patients. Patients and comparisons showed comparable differential threat conditioning using FPS and SCR. While SCR suggested comparable extinction between groups, FPS revealed stronger retention of threat contingency during extinction in individuals with anxiety disorders. Extinction indexed with FPS was not associated with age, morphometry, or anxiety treatment outcome. ITI-normalized FPS may have utility in detecting difficulties in extinguishing conditioned threat responses in anxiety. These findings provide support for extinction theories of anxiety and encourage continued research on aberrant extinction in pathological anxiety.

초등영어 말하기 수행평가 프로파일 차트 개발 및 활용 분석

The purpose of this study aims to develop a profile chart for speaking performance assessment and implement it in primary English classes. Considering some major theories and principles regarding speaking assessment which are performance assessment and learning-oriented assessment, as well as the teaching and assessment context of primary English teaching, a profile chart of speaking performance assessment was developed. To conduct the research, 24 primary school teachers participated and some of them used the chart and then shared their experiences in using the chart in their English classes. Through this process, the profile chart was revised and confirmed. According to the results of the study, the participating teachers were all satisfied with using the speaking assessment profile chart for in-class assessment. Teachers responded that the chart could be used for assessment purposes as expected, that it could be used within the scheduled time frame in the classroom, and that it was relatively easy to record and manage. They also responded that in consideration of the characteristics of the speaking activity for each class period and the number of students who could be assessed at one class period, another customized chart form should be developed. Other issues for further investigation and examination were suggested in the last part of the study.

Ethiopia’s Criminal Law Evolution from the Perspectives of Major Legal Theories: An Overview

This article reviews the various theories of law applied throughout the modern development of the Ethiopian system of rules from a criminal law perspective. As is elsewhere, the initial influences mainly relate to the natural law theory. Later, positivisation evolved as part of the modernisation of law. Further, as part of the modernisation of society, the social theory of law evolved. With the PMAC coming to power, the Marxist theory of law crept in. The excessive connection between law and politics glamoured the instrumentality of the law. This got prominence in the post-2005 election in Ethiopia. The theories of law are abstracted from the manner the laws were designed, or the way they are implemented. The discussion looks into the difference between the statutes and the application of criminal law. Further, it shows that legal theory has a method aspect. I finally argue for the pragmatic instrumentality of the law.

제임스 피시킨의 숙의민주주의 이론의 보완적 시도

James S. Fishkin is one of the major theorists who have intensively studied on the problem of deliberation from the beginning of the theory of deliberative democracy. Theory of citizen-led deliberative democracy could be understood as the latest type of democracy in his typology of democracy. But, his theory of deliberative democracy involves some internal limitations. For example, the analyses of both the role of political representation in the history of Western democracies and changes in its character are not sufficiently reflected in Fishkin’s theory of democracy. Especially, the connection from elite deliberation to civic-led deliberation does not seem to be smooth. From this viewpoint, this study aims to complement Fishkin’s theory of deliberative democracy by examining representation, deliberation, and political equality suggested by Edmund Burke and John Stuart Mill. This attempt is expected to contribute to strengthen the historical, empirical, and theoretical foundations on the function of representation and the main agents of deliberation which are needed for the elaboration of Fishkin's theory of deliberative democracy.

Social Gerontology Theory

This paper presents a review of social theories of aging including early theories based on role, disengagement, activity, and continuity, and more recent theories based on modernization, feminism, gerotranscendence, and interactionism. The elements, assumptions and possible biases, and strengths and weaknesses of each major theory are discussed. Since gerontology is multidisciplinary, the variety of theoretical perspectives can be viewed as a strength of this particular field. Similarly, the theories have foci representing micro and macro approaches, functional and conflict approaches, social structural and social psychological approaches, and historical and economic approaches. The possibility of Euro-centric and male-centric biases of theory should not be ignored. Cross-cultural research can further contribute to refining and strengthening the social gerontology knowledge base and its value informing a wider diversity of areas, including public health and medicine.

In search of the collaborative advantage of public‐private partnerships: A comparative analysis of Dutch transport infrastructure projects

AbstractThe theory of collaborative advantage is a major theory rationalizing the role of Public‐Private Partnerships (PPPs). However, the evidence for the theory in the case of PPPs is weak: the literature lacks studies that compared the actual performance and collaboration of PPPs to that of traditionally procured public projects. The aim of this article is to test the theory of a collaborative advantage of PPPs, focusing on three common performance indicators: time, cost, and perceived project performance. Data were collected on Dutch transport infrastructure projects. PPPs were compared to traditionally procured projects with non‐parametric tests and robust regression using weighted least squares estimator. It was found that PPPs have better cost performance but that this performance advantage cannot be attributed to collaboration. Therefore, it is concluded that no evidence was found for the theory of a collaborative advantage of PPPs.

What Causes Seizures in Neurocysticercosis?

Neurocysticercosis (NCC) is the most prevalent parasitic infection of the central nervous system. It is caused by the presence of larvae of the cestode Taenia solium in the brain. The most common symptom of NCC is seizures, and it is widely considered the world's leading cause of preventable epilepsy. Despite the prevalence and impact of NCC, a thorough, mechanistic understanding of seizure generation is still lacking. In this review, we address the question "What causes seizures in NCC?" by summarizing and discussing the major theories that seek to explain the seizurogenic and epileptogenic processes in this disorder. In addition, we highlight the potential for recent advances in disease modeling to help accelerate progress in this area.

Locating Liberalisms in Southeast Asia: An Introductory Essay

ABSTRACT This Introduction argues that Southeast Asian liberalisms have often been misrecognised – or even ignored – by scholars because liberals in the region do not conform to the expectations of ‘benchmark’ liberalism of the West. It points to efforts by liberal actors to promote a viable political discourse or to defend a liberal minimum in hostile environments, often leading localised pragmatic liberalisms to travel far from the ideals of benchmark liberalism. In seeking to advance the study of liberalism in Southeast Asian Studies it introduces the work of two major theorists, Duncan Bell and Michael Freeden, whose distinctive approaches offer an opportunity to think of liberalism in ways that enable its identification in Southeast Asian locations. It then provides brief summaries of each of the papers, which offer comparative or country-level analysis, bringing into view historical and contemporary manifestations of liberalism in the region. It concludes with comments about possible research paths.

Can brands grow like conspiracy theories spread? Studying attitudes toward advertising and conspiracy beliefs

In a world where brands find increasing difficulties to communicate their message, in part due to the splitting consumer’s attention and in part due to the difficulty in having consumers believe their messages, we also notice everyday growth of conspiracy theories in many fields (politics, health, social relations, …) who seem to thrive and find it easier than ever to enter people’s lives and gather believers.
 Can marketing learn something from the success of major conspiracy theories and their facility in reaching people’s attention and earning their trust? Should it?
 Should marketing fear the success of conspiracy theories as they seem to result from decentralized and uncontrolled forms of communication and tribe creation?
 This paper sets out to acquire lessons from the success of Conspiracy Theories (CTs) that can be applied by SMEs and startups. For that purpose, a survey was used to collect primary data, using constructs that measure people’s conspiracy tendencies (generic conspiracy beliefs scale), their attitude toward advertising and their personality profile (Big Five Inventory – BFI).
 The data gathered was used to look for correlations. Are people with the more positive view of advertising more prone to believe in CTs? Is there some relation between BFI’s personality profiles and CT belief or negativistic views of advertising? Is there some relation between the information sources people prefer and their tendency to adopt conspiracy beliefs and/or more positive attitudes towards advertising?
 The results show a clear positive correlation between peoples’ conspiracy belief tendencies and their attitude towards ads. Conspiracy beliefs were modelled as a result of attitude towards ads, age, social class and belief in popular myths.
 These results provided hints for startups/SMEs marketing strategies, by suggesting that larger advertising budgets can be fought with strategies based on different communication channels (surely social networks) and messages centered on the most common script for conspiracy theories, “big corporations / big brother doesn’t want you to know this”.

Psychometric Validation of the German Adaptation of the Temporal Metacognition Scale

Abstract Temporal metacognition (TMC) is defined as the ability to consciously self-regulate cognitive focus on the past, the present, and the future by utilizing metacognitive skills, emotions, knowledge, and experience. TMC stems conceptually from the idea of a balanced time perspective — the ability to switch between time horizons — and it builds upon the major theories of metacognition. We validated the German version of the Temporal Metacognition Scale (TMCS) translated from the Polish original with n = 226 native German speakers. Confirmatory Factor Analysis supported the three-factor model obtained in the original Polish version with the following subscales: Metacognitive Temporal Control, Cognitive Reconstruction of the Past, and Goal-Oriented Metatemporal Interconnectedness. All three scales yielded acceptable internal consistency. Their correlations with the subscales of the Zimbardo Time Perspective Inventory, Deviation from the Balanced Time Perspective, and other conceptually related psychological constructs, such as personality traits, well-being, experiencing emotions, and other features of metacognition, provide evidence for the validity of the German version of the TMCS.

How Iran Overrides IAEA to Examine Iran's Nuclear Energy Development

In human life, weapons of mass destruction pose a threat to all. Since the era of war has ended, the international world has no longer felt the presence of weapons of mass destruction. The research question found by the author in this article is Iran's efforts to deal with the IAEA which implements a unilateral policy to conduct inspections of Iran's nuclear energy. In addition, the author also limits the discussion to only the efforts made by Iran in rejecting the IAEA's actions to examine nuclear development in Iran. Before discussing these points, the author will provide a discussion of the reasons why the IAEA wants to examine Iran's nuclear development first. With the limitations of this research, the author can describe the discussion specifically and get good results. Neoliberal Institutionalism as one of the major theories of International Relations is the main point of view used by the author to analyze the formulation of the problem. Basically, Iran did not accept the examination submitted by the IAEA because Iran found the fact that the IAEA allegedly leaked some Iranian nuclear secrets so that Iran had lost confidence in the IAEA.

The Perception of Islamic Nursing Ethics among Nurses in Pahang, Malaysia

Introduction: A recent international survey discovered that nurses face a wide variety of ethical dilemmas. The intrinsic value of human thought and reliability can still be argued in major nursing ethics theories, such as deontology and utilitarianism. A Muslim nurse must be versed in Islamic thought. The issue is the extent to which Islamic nursing ethics can be applied to nursing practice continues to be debated. This study aims to examine nurses’ perceptions in two government hospitals in Pahang, Malaysia, regarding Islamic nursing ethics. Method: Between February and March 2017, a self-administered questionnaire assessing the comprehension of Islamic nursing ethics was developed, validated, tested, and distributed to nurses at Pahang’s Tunku Ampuan Afzan Hospital and Sultan Haji Ahmad Shah Hospital (tertiary care hospitals). Convenience sampling was applied in this study.Results: The study collected complete data on 118 nurses. The frequency with which nurses encountered ethical dilemmas ranged from ‘daily’ to ‘yearly’. Only 24.6 per cent of nurses reported encountering ethical dilemmas in their work. 43.2 per cent of nurses responded that they are ‘moderately’ knowledgeable about the Islamic nursing ethics applicable to their work. Over half (69.5 per cent) of nurses scored at a moderate level, while 17.8 per cent perceived Islamic nursing ethics competently. Only 20.3 per cent of respondents believed that adherence to patients’ wishes is consistent with Islamic nursing ethics. Conclusion: Nursing and religious authorities should take more actions to develop the understanding and awareness of Islamic nursing ethics to make it understandable for all Muslim nurses.

Melancholia as psychalgia: the integration of psychophysiological theory and psychopathologic observation in the mid-19th century.

While sufferers of major depression to the present day sometimes describe their experience as "mental pain," limited attention has been given to one of the major etiologic theories of 19th century psychiatry: melancholia as psychalgia. I illustrate the development of this theory, which arose in the context of the early phases of the application of psychophysiology to mental illness, through German, French, and English psychiatric texts from the 1830-1870s. As clinical pathological correlation became a dominant paradigm in early 19th medicine, nervous diseases stood out as potential exceptions, sometimes demonstrating "pain without lesions" or neuralgia. Tic Douloureux was a paradigmatic example. The first descriptions of reflex actions in the spinal cord in the early 19th century resulted in a range of theories of reflexes in brain that expanded to include "ganglia" that could react to diverse complex social and mental stimuli, and whose actions could impact key mental functions including mood. Theories of neuralgia included a constitutional predisposition and an acute physical trauma producing a hypersensitivity so that normal stimuli (e.g., touch) were misinterpreted as excruciating pain. A parallel framework was conceptualized in the brain to produce psychalgia. A predisposition combined with a mental trauma could produce hypersensitivity in key brain ganglia. This psychophysiological framework explained how normal social and introspective experiences would, in melancholic patients, be interpreted in a distorted manner, reinforcing themes of inadequacy, failure, and worthlessness, and produce a sustained mood state of intense mental pain or psychalgia. I illustrate the development of this theory, which integrated brain and mind-based perspectives on mental illness, through the writings of four major 19th alienists: Guislain, Griesinger, Maudsley, and Krafft-Ebing.