Major Scholars Research Articles

The Shi‘a in Modern South Asia

The volume at hand brings together recent advances in and new avenues forthe study of both Ithna ‘Ashari and Isma‘ili Shi‘ism in South Asia. As FrancisRobinson notes in his introduction, the region’s roughly 60 million Shi‘aswere grossly neglected in scholarship until the mid-1980s. Since then, andparticularly from the turn of the twenty-first century onward, the situation haschanged significantly. Indeed, some of the most interesting and promising recentstudies of various historical and contemporary aspects of Shi‘ism in generalhave focused on those very communities. Justin Jones, one of the spearheadsof this development, has acted as co-editor of this important collectionof eight thematically highly diverse essays.After Robinson’s overview of the field’s existing literature and the volume’scontents, Sajjad Rizvi tackles a major desideratum in the study of IndianShi‘i scholarly history by closely examining the life and works of Sayyid DildarAli Nasirabadi (d. 1820). A major scholar of his day, as well as the founderof a scholarly dynasty and an instrumental figure in establishing the Usuli traditionin the Shi‘i state of Awadh, his figure and works have, surprisingly, onlyreceived attention in the context of Dildar Alis’s polemics against Shah Abdal-Aziz of Delhi (d. 1823) and his critique of Shi‘ism. Reviewing Ali’s severelycontested but lastingly influential intellectual attack on Akhbarism, Sufism,Sunnism, and philosophy, all expressed in the context of rising Shi‘ipower in late eighteenth-century Awadh, Rizvi aptly highlights the importanceof seriously considering major developments in the late pre-colonial periodin order to more fully understand the actual and supposed transformations thatSouth Asian Shi‘ism underwent during and beyond colonial rule. Needless tosay, this also holds true for the study of other Muslim communities of thenineteenth and twentieth centuries ...

Book Review: The Wisdom of the Liminal: Evolution and Other Animals in Human Becoming

The Wisdom of Liminal: Evolution and Other Animals in Human Becoming. By Celia Deane-Drummond. Grand Rapids, Mich.: Eerdmans Publishing, xii + 346 pp. $35.00 (paper).This is a remarkably comprehensive journey by one of major scholars of contemporary science-religion debate. Celia Deane-Drummond is currently Professor of Theology at Notre Dame, though some of this work can be traced back to her work at University of Chester (where she collaborated with David Clough) and to her leadership of a year's program at Princeton Center for Theological Inquiry (where she was influenced by Agustin Fuentes). The book is a mine of information for classes of final-year undergraduates and above, and for all researchers in theological anthropology, animal theology, and interface between evolution and theology.Deane-Drummond's interest is in liminal space between ourselves and other animals, and she brings to exploration of this space many compelling ingredients: her own scientific understandings, augmented by those of others, especially Fuentes; her (impressive) grasp of Aquinas and secondary literature on him; and her interest in theo-drama as a way of doing justice to dynamic, particular, intimate, more than a grandnarrative approach will tend to do. The latter, of course, goes back to her work on von Balthasar.On her way Deane-Drummond covers very important and muchcontested subject of evolutionary psychology of religion. Then comes a series of chapters on reason and cognition, freedom and agency, morality and virtue, and language and communication, together with work on niche construction and the drama of kinship. Each one of these chapters is a feast of learning and insight. Deane-Drummond s ability to enter into critical dialogue with such a range of thinkers is remarkable. In each chapter, Aquinas's thought is used as a kind of ground bass from which Deane-Drummond improvises. It is not at first evident why Aquinas is asked to serve this role, but I became persuaded that a pre-modem thinker of his stature can indeed be a very helpful starting point from which to consider contemporary contestations, especially given Aquinas's willingness to see traces of Trinity, and even a likeness of God, in creatures other than humans.Deane-Drummond's desire for an expansive account of what it means to bear image of God, understood in terms of performance in a drama shared with other creatures, seems absolutely right. …

Fourteen Years Later: The Capital Punishment System in California

Fourteen years ago, the Illinois Commission on Capital Punishment issued a Report recommending 85 reforms in the criminal justice system in that state to help minimize the possibility that an innocent person would be executed. The following year, this author conducted an empirical study, later published in the Santa Clara Law Review, to determine if California’s system was in need of the same reforms. The study concluded that over ninety-two percent of the same reforms were needed in California. In addition, the study showed that the California system had additional weaknesses beyond those of Illinois that also could lead to the execution of the innocent. This article is an effort, fourteen years later, to determine what has transpired in California during the last fourteen years. It will survey of the major scholarly and judicial work that has been published in the last fourteen years on the death penalty nationally and specifically with regard to California as well as on the progress, if any, to meet the unmet recommendations for the Illinois Commission. This article concludes that there has been much additional criticism of the failures of the criminal justice and death penalty systems in the country and specifically in California. Nevertheless, the empirical study demonstrates that no additional Recommendations of the Illinois Commission have been met in California in the last fourteen years. Illinois, itself, enacted significant reforms to meet at least some of the Illinois recommendations. Nevertheless, Illinois repealed its death penalty. California, despite no reforms, has not, as yet. The voters will have that option on November 8, 2016. By voting “Yes” on Proposition 62, the California death penalty would be repealed.

The Transformation of Antonio Gramsci: A Study in Retrieval

This paper is to present the essential ideas of Anotonio Gramsci about active or creative learning. When contemplating Gramsci’s views “On Education” an intriguing puzzle confronts the educator. In the literature on the topic Gramsci emerges as the hero with two faces, two heads facing in precisely opposite directions. Of the partisans commanding the two thought worlds, four can be singled out for mention here: Quentin Hoare, Henry Giroux, Paulo Friere, and E.D. Hirsch. Many of major scholars have misunderstood Gramsci because they seem to be biased from their own cultural backgrounds. The solution is quite simple. It is a question of techne, not of ideology. It follows that teaching of this form is always value neutral. It cannot have any purely ideological axe to grind for that is the very nature of a techne.

Introduction to the Special Issue The Political Economy of Agrarian Change: Essays in Appreciation of Henry Bernstein

This special issue presents five essays and an interview in appreciation of Henry Bernstein. The essays – by major scholars in the field of agrarian political economy – engage with different aspects of Bernstein's oeuvre: from direct critical reflections on his approach to the peasantry and the agrarian question through to arguments developed in connection to his work on commercial capitalism, landed property and the relationship between petty production and accumulation. This introduction briefly sets out some of the major aspects of Bernstein's distinctive editorial, pedagogical and theoretical contributions. It suggests that his most crucial and lasting contribution is in his absorption and ability to apply Marx's theory and method as a living theoretical and analytical approach to the study of agrarian political economy.

‘A Malay knight speaks the white man’s tongue’

ABSTRACTSasterawan Negara Professor Emeritus Muhammad Haji Salleh (b.1942) is a major Malay poet and literary scholar. Mainly educated in English and writing his early poetry largely in that language, he made a decision during his late twenties to write his further poetry only in Malay. His poetry now exists in English, Malay, a small number of Malay translations of his own works first published in English, and a much larger number of his own English translations of works that were first published in Malay. His scholarship has focused on the aesthetics of the classical Malay literary tradition, and he has recently published an English translation of the epic, the Hikayat Hang Tuah. This article is based on Anthony Pym’s proposal that ‘the central object’ of translation history should be ‘the human translator’ (1998: ix). It will study Muhammad’s development as a bilingual scholar, poet, translator and self-translator, working within specific literary and academic fields. As a translator, Muhammad has moved from a ‘formal’, literal, style of translation to a freer, more ‘dynamic’, style. Muhammad’s translations of his own poetry are freer in form but strict in the translation of content. His translation of the classical epic, the Hikayat Hang Tuah, follows the original patterns of phrasing but is free in its use of extended paraphrase and a mock-medieval English rhetoric.

Who Are These Emerging Markets Anyway?

To date there has been little to no widespread, universally accepted and theoretically driven examination of what an emerging market is and how best to capture its principle characteristics. Major international organizations, institutions and scholars, all approach classifying these countries utilizing a multitude of different perspectives. Applying institutional theory as a framework and drawing on research from multiple disciplines, this work develops a more nuanced reclassification of emerging markets. The application of this multidimensional and multidisciplinary framework results in eight categories of emerging markets and shows how political, economic, social, and cultural dimensions can contribute to the emergent status of a country. These findings also contribute to developing new boundary conditions for national contexts to be applied in future IB research.

Museums in China: The Politics of Representation after Mao by Marzia Varutti

Reviewed by: Museums in China: The Politics of Representation after Mao by Marzia Varutti Qiliang He, Phd Museums in China: The Politics of Representation after Mao. By Marzia Varutti. Woodbridge, Suffolk: Boydell Press, 2014. 190pp. £60.00 (cloth). Marzia Varutti’s Museums in China: The Politics of Representation after Mao fits well into the current scholarly trend of exploring the dramatic sociocultural transformations in post-Socialist China. In the past two decades, as the author shows, the number of museums has increased significantly (p. 1). The massive campaign of constructing or renovating museums, which is chiefly driven by the government at various levels, results from the Communist state’s eagerness to seek “a new discourse, a new vocabulary, a new rationale and, ultimately, new sources of political legitimation” following the collapse of the Socialist bloc in the early 1990s (p. 3). As a locus for displaying “cultural nationalism” and fostering a new narrative to mobilize the people in this post–Cold War era, museums took on special significance in the Chinese Communist Party’s effort to legitimize its regime, especially because the Communist ideology was no longer “the main cohesive force in Chinese society” (p. 2). As a consequence, museums in China stand out as an important topic of scholarly inquiry. In 2014 alone, at least two book-length studies on museums after Mao’s times were published.1 [End Page 385] The main argument of Varutti’s book is that museums in China “have played a crucial role in rooting political authority, instilling a sense of unity, creating a common identity and developing images of the national self” (p. 159). The book’s ten chapters center on the Communist Party’s politics of identity and memory. The first chapter is devoted to the discussion of “cultural heritage” in Ancient and Imperial China and its ties to political authority. Chapters 2 and 3 concern the development of museums in China, particularly after 1949, and different actors, such as the government, state-owned enterprises, and professionals, who contributed to the changes of museums. In chapters 4 through 8, the author investigates how museums help to shape a specific type of memory of China’s past and thereby construct a narrative of the Chinese nation that legitimizes the Communist Party regime. The final two chapters turn to the museums dedicated to China’s ethnic minorities in an attempt to show how the representation of other ethnic groups in China was conducive to the consolidation of a Chinese (Han-centrist) nationalism. The author makes some major scholarly contributions that will enable readers who are interested in culture and politics in post-Socialist China to better understand the Communist regime’s strategy for maintaining its political structure while ushering in a market economy. For example, the author traces the trajectory from visitors to “customers” (p. 160) to illustrate the altered nature of museums in China. But Varutti’s most intriguing observations concern “the tension between the remnants of Marxist and socialist ideology” and “the more recent renewed attention paid to ancient history” (p. 104). The two competing interpretations of China’s history—namely, that of the past “portrayed as a dark age of oppression” in Marxist evolutionist theory versus that of the glorification of China’s ancient culture, coexist uneasily in the museum system at present. Both, nevertheless, are in complicity with each other in justifying the Communist Party’s leadership. With all the illuminating observations Varutti makes, this book nevertheless raises some questions that she does not fully answer. First, while the author has visited over fifty museums nationwide, the vast majority of them are located in the economically and culturally developed areas in the East, such as Beijing, Shanghai, Jiangsu, and Zhejiang. The exceptions are those in Sichuan and Yunan, which help the author make sense of museums of the ethnic minorities. Therefore, the book fails to give a more balanced account of the thriving of museums in the whole country. I am particularly interested in the economically disadvantaged hinterland, where the impetus behind building museums was essentially the promotion of tourism. Therefore, economic considerations, besides the ideological factors, could well be another driving force of the museum boom in China in...

C. S. Lewis and the Art of Reading: The Uses of Scholarship and the Pleasures of the Text

AbstractC. S. Lewis was one of the major scholars of literature in the 20thcentury. His contribution to the art of reading deserves a re-consideration and is therefore reconstructed and analysed in this paper. Topcis that are highlighted in this connection are the types of literary scholarship most useful to a proper understanding of old texts, the types of readers that exist, the controversies in which Lewis engaged concerning the interpretation of Milton, the importance of philological knowledge for literary scholars as well as the pitfalls of literary criticism. In many respects, C. S. Lewis is at odds with currently fashionable approaches to literature-and thus provides a welcome challenge to dominant paradigms of reading texts.

Dress, body and self: research in the social psychology of dress

AbstractThe purpose of this research was to provide a critical review of key research areas within the social psychology of dress. The review addresses published research in two broad areas: (1) dress as a stimulus and its influence on (a) attributions by others, attributions about self, and on one's behavior and (2) relationships between dress, the body, and the self. We identify theoretical approaches used in conducting research in these areas, provide an abbreviated background of research in these areas highlighting key findings, and identify future research directions and possibilities. The subject matter presented features developing topics within the social psychology of dress and is useful for undergraduate students who want an overview of the content area. It is also useful for graduate students (1) who want to learn about the major scholars in these key areas of inquiry who have moved the field forward, or (2) who are looking for ideas for their own thesis or dissertation research. Finally, information in this paper is useful for professors who research or teach the social psychology of dress.

The Modern Theory of Regulation as an Inheritance of De Viti de Marco's Cooperative State

The aim of this article is to analyse the relationship between the thinking of a major public finance scholar in the Italian tradition, Antonio De Viti de Marco, and the foundations of the ‘new’ economic policy which, at the end of last century in most industrialised countries, generated a profound reorganization of markets, particularly those of Public Utilities (PU). Thus, we link the Monopolistic State (MS) and the Cooperative State (CS) configurations defined by De Viti with the views of state suggested by modern Political Economy theory. We argue that a pro-competitive PU regulation can be interpreted as a process of moving away from the main features of the MS to those of the CS. Finally, by following some of De Viti de Marco’s precise intuitions, we analyse the topic of enterprise ownership. In this exercise of economic analysis in retrospect we will not be looking at De Viti as a precursor, but we wish rather to emphasize the actuality of his main methodological approach to public finance.

English

Ilorin, the haven of Arabic and Islamic scholars, is multi-lingual and multi-ethnic community popularly known to some people as “GerinAlimi” (the town of Alimi) and to many others as “Ilorin Afonja” (Ilorin of Afonja); it has contributed and still contributing in no small measure to development of Arabic and Islamic studies not only in Yorubaland but also in Nigeria and beyond. As one of the Arabic and Islamic Centres in Yorubaland, Ilorin scholars have turned out numerous scholars who have occupied enviable positions in different spheres of human endeavours in different towns and cities in Yorubaland and West Africa. The paper aims at bringing into limelight the account of Ilorin as a great centre of Arabic and Islamic scholarship in Yorubaland. It delineates the various periods of the development of Arabic and Islamic learning in Yorubaland, explains the types of schools of Arabic and Islamic Studies in the area, the methods used in teaching in the schools and focuses on Shaykh Adam Abdullah Al-Iluri who had impacted greatly on Arabic and Islam in Yorubaland. It ends with a conclusion and recommendations. In carrying out this paper, the author has relied on history books, Arabic literary works and recent researches on the major scholars of Arabic and Islam. At the end, the reader would have been convinced as regards the tremendous role Ilorin scholars and in particular Shaykh Adam Abdullah Al-Iluri has played so far in Arabic and Islamic education in Yorubaland.   Key words: Yorubaland, Arabic and Islamic Studies, Ilorin, scholars, Quaran.

Abdulrazzak Patel. The Arab Nahḍah: The Making of the Intellectual and Humanist Movement.

Abdulrazzak Patel's The Arab Nahḍah: The Making of the Intellectual and Humanist Movement is an important work which will likely continue to gain recognition as a new classic within modern treatises on the Arab nahḍah. The author's main thesis is that the Arab nahḍah can neither be reduced to external forces nor downgraded to a movement that owes its raison d'être to an exclusive group of Westernized Christian scholars. Patel convincingly proves that one cannot simply pinpoint a moment in modern Arab history that marks its commencement. Rather than a European import, the nahḍah is shown to be the result of an accumulation of a complex array of forces at home and abroad. Context and sub-context, whether religious, secular, ideological, or nationalist, is elaborately interlaced in Patel's theoretical discussion of the nahḍah's complex imbrications. But the broader ambition of the book might be seen as a rechanneling of canonical conceptions of the nahḍah and a deconstruction of the so-called paradigm of decline in Arabic literature in the centuries prior to 1798. Quite appropriately, Patel voices serious reservations with major scholars, including Marshall Hodgson, Ehsan Yarshater, and to some extent Albert Hourani, who have either adopted or failed to deconstruct blanket views of the Arab nahḍah as an intellectual “awakening.” Drawing on the writings of Edward Said, Nehemiah Levitzion, Ussama Makdisi, Paul Oskar Kristeller, and Peter Gran, Patel calls for a larger humanistic de-provincialization and emancipation of the term nahḍah; often misrepresented as a proxy child of European modernity or the product of a handful of Arab scholars in ideological harmony with Western secularism. Indeed, Gran becomes Patel's maître à penser in rebuffing what the latter convincingly reveals to be a naïve underestimation of Egypt's thriving intellectual community after 1760. Patel is in agreement with both Gran and Ibrahim Abu-Rabiʾ's criticism of the stereotypical idea that the Arab nahḍah is a movement that primarily emerged at the hands of Levantine Christians who sympathized with and embraced European modernity and who were, because of their Christian dogma, supposedly immune to the ultra-traditional and conservative winds of nineteenth-century Wahhabism. Patel's work might also be seen as a response to the call sounded a decade ago for the study of world Renaissances and the de-centering of Europe as the sole origin of revivalist movements.

An Overview of the Interpretive Approaches to James 5.13-18

James 5.13-18 is a notoriously difficult passage, evidenced by the wide ranging viewpoints and interpretations related to the nature of the sickness and healing in the paragraph. In this article an attempt is made to summarize these various interpretations and to cite the major scholars who hold to these views. A clear, thorough overview of these positions will greatly facilitate discussions on this topic in future investigations.

Governing projects under complexity: theory and practice in project management

In this paper we argue that the fledgling field of project and program governance has the potential to make a major scholarly and practical contribution. One that not only has the potential to mainstream project management within the broader business and management field, but to also cement its place as a dominant voice in the successful governance of the strategic intentions of organizations, societies, and nations. With this argument in mind three themes organize present discussion in this issue of International Journal of Project Management: the first concerns how we should make sense of governance, something that is clarified through a review of the current state of play in the literature; the second theme comprises papers that report research conducted on governance in projects, using insights from surveys, case studies and other systematic forms of empirical observation. The third theme focuses on theoretical models of governance, ranging from distributed knowledge management and learning perspectives on project governance to systems engineering approaches. While we do not claim that this issue is exhaustive, we do believe it provides a sign post about the current state of play, and the potential future of governance in project and program management as a mainstream domain of research, theory and practice.

Working with Karl W. Deutsch: A life-changing experience on the professional and personal level

In tracing his 15-year relationship with Karl W. Deutsch, Andrei S. Markovits portrays the key intellectual agendas and major scholarly contributions that formed the core of Deutsch’s academic life. The article highlights how Deutsch’s personal life as well as his singularly impressive qualities shaped the originality and greatness of his intellectual contributions but also the profound humaneness of his quotidian life.

A Genealogy of ‘Globalization’: The Career of a Concept

‘Globalization’ is an extraordinary concept. It is a complicated concept that burst upon the world relatively recently, but soon became a household concern. It is a concept that was rarely used until the 1990s, but processes of globalization had been happening for centuries. This article follows the genealogy of the concept from its unlikely beginnings in the 1930s–1950s to the heated scholarly debates across the end of the twentieth century to the present. Before it became a buzz word, the concept of ‘globalization’ began to be used in the most unlikely fields: in education to describe the global life of the mind; in international relations to describe the extension of the European Common Market; and in journalism to describe how the ‘American Negro and his problem are taking on a global significance’. The article begins to answer the question ‘Through what lineages and processes did the concept of globalization become so important?’ Drawing on textual research and interviews with key originating figures in the field of global studies, the article attempts to get past the usual anecdotes about the formation and etymology of the concept that center on alleged inventors of the term or references to first use of ‘globalization’ various dictionaries. The article tracks the careers of major scholars in relation to the career of the concept.

The Interventions of Pietro da Cortona in the Crypt of Santa Maria in Via Lata in Rome, Studied through a Morphometric Three-Dimensional Survey

Twenty years after the last archaeological researches and surveys, a new investigation has been carried out on the basement in the church of Santa Maria in Via Lata in Rome. The study has employed three-dimensional surveys with laser scanning methodology and has focused both on archaeological and architectural issues. Indeed, the present layout of the basement derives from a XVII century remodelling of early Christian and medieval spaces planned by Pietro da Cortona. The architect gave a unique setting and composition to the underground spaces, different in shapes and building materials, thanks to the refinement of his baroque language. Though he worked in small spaces with static problems connected to the foundations and to the loads of the church rising above, and with poor lighting and extreme dampness, Pietro da Cortona put skilfully together “modern” elements with ancient or historical pre-existences. The study focuses on Berrettini’s design process through a three-dimensional analysis with CAD systems, starting from the new XVII century fa?ade and from the articulated distribution of routes that led to the intimate underground interiors. Metrical processing gave the possibility to improve the knowledge about room geometry and to confirm the interpretations put forward by major scholars such as Krautheimer and Cavazzi.

Scelle, Schmitt, Kelsen, Lauterpacht, and the Continuing Relevance of their Inter-War Debate on Normativity

The inter-war period of European and global history (1919–1939) fascinates by virtue of its uniqueness, the intensity of its developments, and the strategies of crisis managements it has witnessed within the League of Nations framework and beyond. The uniqueness of this period was mainly due to the fact that the identity and interests of major powers were split to a greater extent than held in common. In this time of major strategic and ideological divisions the uniform and consistent operation of positive international law as a major instrument for the preservation of peace was obviously challenged. The legal and political discourse of four major scholars of international law – Scelle, Schmitt, Kelsen and Lauterpacht – had to analytically tackle this challenge to the very viability of international law, the essence of its normativity, and its ability to make the difference in international affairs. As this contribution demonstrates, the complexity of this issue was not always given the similarly required complex attention, and grave implications followed both in legal and political terms. Viability of law in times of division is what requires that continuous attention is paid to the inter-war jurisprudential debate. The issues the four inter-war authors have focused upon retain their major significance in terms of the viability of international law in the post-Cold War international system. Three modern case-studies consequently illustrate the continuing relevance of the inter-war debate.

Iklim Organisasi: Lingkungan Kerja Manusiawi

Abstract: Organizational climate is a major concept of human relations for understanding human behavior under different environmental influences. The climate affects employees’ productivity as well as job satisfaction. The right climate serves as one of the most effective tools of the leader for motivating his subordinates. This article is a critical review of the concept of organizational climate and its theoretical models which were developed by major scholars. More importantly, it shows the way organizational climate leads to the emergence of organizational communication climate, which in turn leads to the concept of organizational culture.