Major Source Of Protein Research Articles

Group 3 Innate Lymphoid Cells Program a Distinct Subset of IL-22BP-Producing Dendritic Cells Demarcating Solitary Intestinal Lymphoid Tissues

Solitary intestinal lymphoid tissues such as cryptopatches (CPs) and isolated lymphoid follicles (ILFs) constitute steady-state activation hubs containing group 3 innate lymphoid cells (ILC3) that continuously produce interleukin (IL)-22. The outer surface of CPs and ILFs is demarcated by a poorly characterized population of CD11c+ cells. Using genome-wide single-cell transcriptional profiling of intestinal mononuclear phagocytes and multidimensional flow cytometry, we found that CP- and ILF-associated CD11c+ cells were a transcriptionally distinct subset of intestinal cDCs, which we term CIA-DCs. CIA-DCs required programming by CP- and ILF-resident CCR6+ ILC3 via lymphotoxin-β receptor signaling in cDCs. CIA-DCs differentially expressed genes associated with immunoregulation and were the major cellular source of IL-22 binding protein (IL-22BP) at steady state. Mice lacking CIA-DC-derived IL-22BP exhibited diminished expression of epithelial lipid transporters, reduced lipid resorption, and changes in body fat homeostasis. Our findings provide insight into the design principles of an immunoregulatory checkpoint controlling nutrient absorption.

Reducing Meat Perishability through Pullulan Active Packaging

The provision of safe products from the meat industry has been considered as the major source of protein for maintaining human health. Meat-borne outbreaks are mainly due to Salmonella typhimurium (S. typhimurium), Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus), Escherichia coli (E. coli), and Clostridium perfringens (C. perfringens), reducing the shelf life and consumer demands. A variety of vulnerable substances, including cholesterol oxidation products (COPs), are generated by the oxidation of meat induced by the microbial infestations. The use of certain biodegradable active packaging, including pullulan active packaging, is being focused by the meat industry due to their safety, stability, and negligible health risks. The potential of pullulan active packaging, incorporated with silver nanoparticles and essential oils, against E. coli, S. typhimurium, Mycoplasma, and other bacterial species is exclusive. Similarly, maintenance of organoleptic properties of meat with nominal oxidative rancidity and limited human health issues can be acquired by pullulan active packaging.

A Comparison of the Composition and Contamination of Soybean Cultivated in Europe and Limitation of Raw Soy Seed Content in Weaned Pigs' Diets.

Simple SummarySoy is the major source of protein in animal feeds worldwide. In Europe, only GMO-free varieties may be cultivated. Their chemical composition, contamination by fungi and yeast and the acceptable level in the diet of pigs have not been fully determined yet. This work comprised extensive analyses, both chemical (the composition of amino acids and anti-nutritional factors) and microbiological, also including mycotoxins. Moreover, digestibility and performance parameters were studied in 48 male post-weaning piglets for 28 days using diets, in which soybean meal was replaced by 0%, 5%, 10%, 15%, 20% and 25% soybean seed addition. The chemical composition of soybean seeds differed in terms of crude protein, ether extract, neutral detergent fibre and antinutrient contents. Seeds were also contaminated (but to varying intensity, which may have been influenced by the weather conditions during the seed harvest period) with fungi, yeast and mycotoxins, mainly zearalenone and deoxynivalenol. The digestibility coefficients of crude protein and dry matter in the diet were similar. Pigs‘ performance parameters were reduced strongly with increasing amounts of raw seeds in their diets, so a 5% of raw soy seed supplementation in pigs’ diet is recommended.The aim of this study was to compare the chemical composition of European soy seeds. A mycological and toxigenic screening was carried out on 18 varieties of soy seeds harvested in Poland. Moreover, the level of soybean meal (SBM) substitution by raw soybean seeds was analysed in terms of its effect on young pigs’ performance (body weight gain, feed intake, feed utilisation) along with apparent total tract digestibility (ATTD) of dry matter and crude protein in the diets. In a 28-day trial, 48 male pigs were tested using a marker method with TiO2. In their diets, SBM was replaced by soy seeds in the amounts of 0%, 5%, 10%, 15%, 20% and 25%. In the last 3 days of the experiment, samples of excreta from each animal separately were collected three times per day. The chemical composition of soybean seeds differed in terms of their contents of crude protein, ether extract, neutral detergent fibre and raffinose family oligosaccharides, as well as the trypsin inhibitor activity. Seeds were also contaminated with fungi, yeast and mycotoxins, mainly zearalenone and deoxynivalenol. The ATTD of crude protein ranged from 70.6% to 77.6% and that of dry matter from 93.5% to 94.6%, with no differences between the groups being found (p > 0.05). Pigs’ performance parameters were reduced strongly with increasing amounts of raw seeds in the diets (p < 0.05). The results indicate that only a 5% addition of raw soy seeds in pigs‘ diet is recommended.

Multi-omics strategies and prospects to enhance seed quality and nutritional traits in pigeonpea

Food and nutritional security are an essential goals for the entire global population during climate change scenarios. These twin challenges can be addressed by expanding the global cropping system by promoting grain and legume crops, especially pulses in India. Legume seeds are known as “meat for vegetarian diets”. Ever-increasing pigeonpea consumption as a major source of protein necessitates the improvement of varieties for more efficient production. Pigeonpea is an important legume crop with high protein content and nutritional attributes for more than a billion people living in South Asia. This hardy legume has a considerable potential positive impact on the lives of poor farmers as compared to other legumes, due to better productivity under extreme environmental conditions such as heat, drought and low soil fertility. However, pigeonpea productivity is still low for decades because of sparse utilization of landraces and wild pigeonpea germplasm as genetic and genomic resources. Recent advances in next-generation sequencing, together with other “omics” technologies have significantly reinforced pigeonpea research. Despite the remarkable progress in these technologies, the analysis and mining of existing seed genomics data are still challenging due to the complexity of genetic inheritance, metabolic partitioning, and developmental regulations. The integration of “omics tools” is an effective strategy to discover critical regulators of various seed traits. To utilize its potential, a coordinated and comprehensive evaluation of germplasm is required. Identification of potential genes/alleles governing complex traits of seed quality and nutritional content such as seed weight, seed size, seed color, total protein content, amino acid, antioxidant, resistant starch and disease resistance are essential in genomic selection for quality trait improvement of pigeonpea. Therefore, we need to understand these complex genetic architectures of qualitative and quantitative traits in pigeonpea for the development of nutrient-dense varieties for value addition. It helps in reducing malnutrition, protein, energy, and amino acid deficiency in food and feed related problems that are common in the majority of the population and more specific to developing countries. In this review, a comprehensive discussion on recent advances in “omics” approaches, their use in pigeonpea seed quality, and nutritional trait investigations are presented along with the available databases and technological platforms and their applicability in the improvement of pigeonpea. This article highlights the catalog of important available resources to improve the knowledge base and its future utilization in pigeonpea crop improvement programs.

Distance sampling of duikers in the rainforest: Dealing with transect avoidance.

Bushmeat is a major source of protein and income in tropical regions but is often over-harvested. A better monitoring of bushmeat stocks could help achieve sustainability. We used a combination of simulations and transect survey data collected from blue duikers (Philantomba monticola) in the Lomako wildlife reserve, Democratic Republic of the Congo, to investigate the use of transect-based distance sampling to monitor bushmeat stocks. The comparison of dung piles and direct observations of duikers evidenced that animals avoided both the transects in the absence of observers, and the observers themselves. This type of behavioural response appeared common in a literature survey. It causes a negative bias in the estimates of population densities from the standard distance sampling methodology. This negative bias would lead to over-pessimistic predictions of population viability, especially if the behavioural response is more intense in the locations where the animals are hunted. In turn, this would lead to excessively conservative management recommendations. To correct for the effect of the behavioural response of the animals to either the transects or the observers, we recommend recording both the forward and perpendicular distances to the observers (2D distance sampling), not just the perpendicular distance. We also recommend multiple-observer protocols. As a cautionary note, we also demonstrate a scenario where the intensity of the behavioural response is too high to reliably estimate the abundance of the population. As a perspective, we outline the general principles of a local stakeholder-based program combining distance sampling with less intensive types of ecological indicators to monitor wildlife populations.

EFFECT OF TRYPTOPHAN SUPPLEMENTATION ON GROWTH PERFORMANCE OF MEAT TYPE BIRDS: A REVIEW

The requirement of animal protein is increasing with the population growth of the world. To fulfil this requirement, poultry meat is the cheapest and major source of animal protein. However, growth of broiler birds is being maximized by supplementing various nutrients from both artificial and natural source. One of the major nutrient for optimizing broiler growth performance are amino acids. Amino acids play a major role in meat type bird’s growth as they are the building blocks of protein synthesis and regulate different metabolic pathways. These metabolic pathways increases the digestion and absorption of nutrients. The purpose of this review is to insight the effect of tryptophan on production parameters and metabolic pathways involved in the synthesis of serotonin. On the basis of this review, we can conclude that tryptophan level of 0.20% during the starter phase and 0.15% during the finisher phase is mandatory to maintain optimum growth performance. However, tryptophan level of 0.20% is sole precursor for the synthesis of serotonin that is a neuromediator. Serotonin is involved in the dietary choice of broiler bird, improving gastrointestinal motility and intestinal secretion. Therefore, it is concluded that optimum level of tryptophan should be maintained in diet either by natural or synthetic source to optimize the growth performance and metabolic activities.

Replacement of Soybean Meal with Heat-Treated Canola Meal in Finishing Diets of Meatmaster Lambs: Physiological and Meat Quality Responses.

Simple SummaryThe use of soybeans as a dietary protein source in ruminant diets is environmentally, economically and socially unsustainable. It is for this reason that canola meal (CM) has emerged as a more sustainable alternative protein source to soybean meal (SBM). However, expeller CM is quickly broken down in the rumen resulting in inefficient utilization by rumen microbes, while a small rumen bypass protein fraction means that few of the essential amino acids in CM reach the small intestine. Consequently, the utility of CM protein as an alternative to soybean protein for high-producing ruminants is lower, requiring pre-feeding treatments such as heating to enhance its feed value. This study investigated whether heat treatment could improve the feed value of CM protein sufficiently to partially (50%) or completely substitute SBM in finishing diets of Meatmaster lambs. The results showed that while CM can completely replace SBM in diets of lambs without compromising growth performance and meat quality, heat treatment of CM did not offer any additional benefits.The study investigated whether heat treatment (190 °C for 90 min) could improve the quality of expeller canola meal (CM) protein in finishing diets of Meatmaster lambs. Five isonitrogenous and isoenergetic diets were formulated by partially (50%) or completely replacing SBM as the major protein source with untreated or heat-treated CM in a commercial lamb finishing diet. Diets were randomly allocated to 40 lambs (24.73 ± 1.311 kg; 4.5 months old) for 77 days. No dietary differences were observed for growth performance, carcass characteristics and meat quality. Diets had no effect (p > 0.05) on blood parameters, except for hemoglobin and aspartate aminotransferase (AST). Lambs that were fed the control diet had higher hemoglobin concentration compared with lambs on CM-containing diets. The highest AST value was observed when SBM was completely replaced with untreated CM (159.88 IU/L), while complete replacement with heat-treated CM resulted in the lowest AST value (103.25 IU/L). All lambs had a body condition score of 3 at slaughter. It was concluded that heat treatment did not improve the protein value of CM. However, CM inclusion promoted similar growth performance and meat quality parameters in lambs as SBM. Untreated CM can be used to completely substitute SBM in finishing diets of Meatmaster lambs.

Optimization of kanamycin concentration for screening of primary transformants in pigeonpea

Pigeonpea is an important pulse crop which is widely cultivated throughout the tropical and sub-tropical regions. It is the major source of protein for the people with vegetarian diet. Major constraint in pigeonpea is the attack by pod borer. Conventional plant breeding techniques have limitations to develop resistance to the pest due to non-availability of resistance in the available germplasm. Therefore genetic engineering tools can be employed to transfer foreign genes into pigeonpea to impart pod borer resistance. Development of a reliable regeneration system coupled with efficient transformation has been a major limitation in developing transgenic pigeonpea with useful genes. In planta is an alternative approach to obtain transformed plants in short duration without involving tissue culture regeneration. However major limitations with this approach is screen more number of seeds to identify putative transformants which is time consuming and expensive. Therefore the present investigation was carried out to optimize the concentration of kanamycin for quick identification of putative transformants carrying cry1Ac and npt II using sand based assay. Seeds of Asha and BSMR736 were soaked in different concentrations of kanamycin (10-100, 200, 300, 400 and 500 ppm) for 5hrs and later sown in sand based medium. There was no effect of kanamycin on seedling growth up to 60 ppm and decrease in survival percentage in both the genotypes beyond this concentration. There was significant differences in growth of the seedlings in terms of shoot and root length at 100 ppm and beyond. Therefore this concentration was used to screen seeds of 32 primary transformants carrying cry1Ac and npt II and subjected to gene specific PCR analysis to confirm the usability of simple screening on kanamycin based sand medium for the identification of true transgenic plants. However some discrepancies between the growth inhibition and PCR results were observed.

Yeast as major protein‐rich ingredient in aquafeeds: a review of the implications for aquaculture production

AbstractSustainability concerns associated with protein sources and currently used fishmeal and plant‐based meal have necessitated the quests for novel sustainable ingredients for use in aquafeeds. Yeasts have been proposed as sustainable ingredients particularly because of their potential to valorise non‐food lignocellulosic biomass into valuable protein resources. Prior to now, extensive studies exist on the role of yeast cell wall components in modulating health responses of fish. However, research on its use as a major protein source in fish diets is still in its infancy. The current review collates, synthesises and discusses the prospects of five major yeast species as future protein ingredients with respect to their nutritional adequacy in fish. Nutritional quality of Saccharomyces cerevisiae, Cyberlindnera jadinii, Kluyveromyces marxianus, Blastobotrys adeninivorans and Wickerhamomyces anomalus and their use as replacement for fishmeal and soy protein in the diets of Atlantic salmon and rainbow trout are discussed based on three protein quality indices: chemical score, essential amino acid index and ideal protein concept based on the first limiting amino acids, methionine. The crude protein contents of yeast (40–55%) are lower than that of fishmeal, but comparable with soya bean meal. Compared to fishmeal, the different yeast species have favourable amino acid profiles, except for methionine, lysine, arginine and phenylalanine which are the frequently limiting essential amino acids in Atlantic salmon and rainbow trout. This review also presents future area of research and emphasise the need for large‐scale production of yeast at competitive price to constitute a feasible replacement for fishmeal and soy protein in aquaculture.

Soybean and wild soybean genetic diversity for new functional food resources, focusing on tocopherol, lutein, and saponin

Soybean has been a major protein source for people in East and Southeast Asia. It contains numerous secondary metabolites that are useful for human and animal health, such as isoflavones, polyphenols, tocopherols, lutein, carotenoids, and saponins. Isoflavones are the most popular nutraceutical compounds of soybean. Several soybean varieties having high isoflavones have been developed and utilized as functional food resources. Tocopherols, lutein, and saponins are also antioxidants present in soybean seeds. Tocopherols are known as vitamin E, whereas lutein has potential to prevent age-related macular degeneration. DDMP saponins in soybean is reported to inhibit HIV infection in vitro and prevent colon cancer. Screening of soybean germplasm showed that soybean holds a large genetic diversity of content and composition of tocopherols, lutein and saponins that can be utilized to breed new soybean cultivars. In addition, the wild counterpart of soybean (wild soybean) can also be source of genetic variations useful for soybean breeding. This review will summarize studies on genetic diversity of tocopherols, lutein, and saponins found in soybean and wild soybean.

Genetic Variability and Association Analysis for Various Agro Morphological Traits in Lentil (Lens culinaris M.)

Background: Lentil is an oldest domesticated grain legume in the world. It is cultivated during winter season in India which is a major source of protein (28%) for human consumption. The present study was undertaken to study association analysis of grain yield with other quantitative traits and to estimate direct and indirect effects of various traits on grain yield.Methods: The experiment was carried out using 53 advance breeding lines of lentil in a Randomized Complete Block Design and replicated thrice.Result: The investigation revealed that days to 50% flowering, days to 75% maturity, plant height, pods/plant, biological yield/plant and grain yield/plant have significant differences and wide range of variations during both the year.Pods/plant exhibited high genotypic coefficient of variation, heritability and genetic advance signifying the effects of additive gene effect. Pods/plant and biological yield/plant showed positive and significant correlations with grain yield /plant and also have positive direct effects on grain yield. Therefore, this investigation suggested that pods/plant and biological yield/plant may be focused during selection for genetic gain in lentil.

Abstract 3471: Total red meat, unprocessed red meat, processed meat and risk of breast cancer - a pooled analysis of 23 cohort studies

Abstract Background: The relationship between red meat consumption and breast cancer has been evaluated in several epidemiological studies, yet there has been no clear scientific consensus. Further, few studies have comprehensively investigated the effect of substituting other major protein sources for red meat on the risk of breast cancer. Thus, we combined data from large cohort studies to examine the associations between total red meat, unprocessed red meat, and processed meat intake and breast cancer risk, as well as the effects of substituting alternative protein sources for red and processed meat on breast cancer risk. Methods: This study included 23 prospective cohort studies with over 1 million women among whom 46,176 (28,870 estrogen receptor (ER) positive; 6,354 ER negative) breast cancer cases were diagnosed during follow-up. Using harmonized participant-level data, study-specific hazard ratios (HR) and 95% confidence intervals (CI) were calculated using Cox proportional hazards regression. Consumption of each protein source was analyzed as calories consumed per day and the various sources were modeled as continuous variables simultaneously in multivariable-adjusted models. The difference in beta coefficients between two protein sources was used to estimate substitution effects. The study-specific estimates were pooled using a random-effects model. Results: Median consumption of total red meat (63 - 336 kcal/day), unprocessed red meat (42 - 300 kcal/day), and processed meat (11 - 90 kcal/day) varied substantially across studies. Total red meat, unprocessed red meat, and processed meat intakes were not significantly associated with risk of breast cancer when holding intake of other protein sources constant. Significant inverse associations were observed when substituting 200kcal/day of red meat with an energy-equivalent amount of mature beans (legumes) (pooled HR = 0.92, 95%CI: 0.87-0.98) and dairy products (pooled HR = 0.96 (95% CI: 0.94-0.99). There were no statistically significant substitution effects for chicken, seafood, and nuts. Results were similar for unprocessed red meat. For processed meat, the substitution effects were generally in the same direction, but weaker due to use of a lower increment (50kcal/day, an amount more representative of the quantity of processed meat consumed in these studies). However, a marginally significant higher risk of breast cancer was observed when substituting egg intake for processed meat (pooled HR = 1.10, 95% CI: 1.00-1.21). No significant differences in any of these associations were observed between the ER subtypes. Conclusions: Although we found that total red meat and unprocessed red meat were not associated with breast cancer risk, substituting their consumption with mature beans or dairy products was associated with a significantly lower risk of breast cancer. No significant associations were shown for processed meat. Citation Format: You Wu, Walter C. Willett, Stephanie A. Smith-Warner. Total red meat, unprocessed red meat, processed meat and risk of breast cancer - a pooled analysis of 23 cohort studies [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research 2020; 2020 Apr 27-28 and Jun 22-24. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2020;80(16 Suppl):Abstract nr 3471.

Additional Income Generation from Cultivation of Summer Mungbean in Rice-Wheat System of Haryana

Background: Mungbean [Vigna radiata (L.) Wilczek], also known as green gram is cultivated on area of 4.75 million ha in kharif and rabi/ spring seasons as monocrop or intercrop in India. It serves as a major source of dietary protein for the vast majority of vegetarian people in the country. Mungbean contributed 10.03 per cent of total pulses production (23.40 million tonnes) in the country with productivity level of 494 kg ha-1 in 2018-19. The pulses cultivation in Haryana is almost eliminated in kharif season owing to deviation of area towards cotton, cluster bean and pearlmillet because of low profitability. However, the new window opens for cultivation of mungbean in rice-wheat cropping system in summer season to generate additional farm income and to improve soil health. The area under summer mungbean in state was around 64 thousand ha with the production of 50 thousand tonnes and the average productivity of 780 kg/ha during 2017-18. Although rice-wheat system provides better farm returns, but it has imposed threat to soil health, availability and contamination of ground water, weed and biotic stress management. Methods: The data pertains to costs and returns from summer mungbean cultivation was gathered from 60 mungbean cultivators of Hisar, Kurukshetra and Panipat districts of Haryana having adequate irrigation water availability adopting personal interaction approach in 2018-19. Simple budgeting technique was employed to draw practical implications which ultimately help to take favourable policy decisions for enhancing acreage of summer mungbean. Result: The inquiry profound that mungbean cultivation in summer season particularly in rice-wheat was established as additional income generation farm enterprise. The net benefits accrued from short duration varieties of mungbean over variable cost was Rs. 31831 ha-1 with time span of 60-70 days by utilizing fallow land in summer season. The B-C ratio toiled considering expenses incurred on variable resources with value of 2.99 divulges economic viability of mungbean cultivation in the study area. It is imperative from results that cultivation of short duration cultivars of mungbean is viable option to enhance farm income, restoration of diminishing soil fertility owing to adoption of continuous rice-wheat rotation by inherent characteristics of converting atmospheric nitrogen. Distinctive efforts are essential to evolve mungbean cultivars suitable to prevailing cropping system in Haryana and assure market procurement. The exploration of mungbean cultivation will reduce dependency on import and improve net availability of pulses in India.

Impact of COVID-19 pandemic on household consumption pattern of dairy products in India

Besides other things, the effect of COVID-19 pandemic is evident in income and consumption pattern of the households. Income loss, fear of infection and movement restrictions has not only altered the amount and pattern of spending but has also changed the shopping behaviour of the consumers. In the case of food commodities, dairy products seem to be more susceptible to such changes owing to their perishability and comparatively higher income elasticity. But, contrary to this expectation, there were speculations that household dairy consumption in India might have increased during lockdown due to more number of meals at home and immunity boosting qualities of milk. Any change in dairy consumption in India has a direct bearing on household nutritional security as it acts as a major source of protein for a large proportion of population. Thus, the present study attempts to capture the impact of COVID-19 pandemic on household consumption pattern of dairy products across geographical regions, household locations and income class on the basis of a pan-India survey covering around 1000 households. The results revealed that there was a significant decline in the household consumption of milk, paneer, butter and ice-cream during lockdown whereas no significant change was observed in the consumption of ghee, curd and buttermilk. The fall in demand was comparatively higher in the urban households, milk deficit zones and among the lowest income class. Moreover, a shift was also observed towards packaged products and online delivery services.

Ecosystem-based fisheries management and the precautionary approach in the Indian Ocean regional fisheries management organisations

The Indian Ocean hosts a wide range of living resources including fish stocks. Marine resources contribute significantly to economies and livelihoods, and seafood is a major source of protein in Indian Ocean nations. Fisheries resources in the Indian Ocean have started showing symptoms of depletion. Several regional fisheries management organisations (RFMOs) have been established for sustainable management of the fisheries resources in the Indian Ocean region. These RFMOs were created at different times with various particular mandates, and in some cases prior to the emergence of contemporary scientific concepts and legal approaches to marine environmental governance. In this article, eight such RFMOs are studied to determine the implementation of ecosystem-based fisheries management (EBFM) and the precautionary approach (PA), which are now widely accepted norms of fisheries management and international law. This article argues that there is a mismatch between the legal and governance frameworks, and the fisheries science and management.

Study on Effect of Extraction Techniques and Seed Coat on Proteomic Distribution and Cheese Production from Soybean Milk.

Soybean-based food products are a major source of protein. In the present study, proteins in soybean milk from seeds of the cultivar Bunya (Glycine max) were extracted using the cheesecloth and the centrifuge methods. The milk was produced through mechanical crushing of both whole and split seeds in water. Following separation by either the cheesecloth or centrifuge, proteins were isolated from the soybean milk by using thiourea/urea solubilisation and then separated them using two-dimensional polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. The isolated proteins were identified by mass spectrometry. A total of 97 spots were identified including 49 that displayed different abundances. Of the two separation techniques, centrifuge separation gave higher protein extraction and more intense protein spots than cheesecloth separation. Eleven of the β-subunits of β-conglycinin, three of the α-subunits of β-conglycinin, and four of the mutant glycinin showed different levels of abundances between separation techniques, which might be related to subsequent cheese quality. Notably, split-seed soybean milk has less allergenic proteins with four α-subunits of β-conglycinin compared to whole-seed milk with eight of those proteins. The sensory evaluation showed that the cheese produced from split-soybean milk received higher consumer preferences compared to that of whole seed, which could be explained by their proteomic differences. The demonstrated reference map for whole and split-seed soybean milk could be further utilized in the research related to soybean cheesemaking.

STUDY ON THE GENOTYPIC AND PHENOTYPIC RESISTANCE OF TETRACYCLINE ANTIBIOTIC IN ESCHERICHIA COLI STRAINS ISOLATED FROM FREE RANGING CHICKENS OF ANHUI PROVINCE, CHINA

Poultry industry is growing day by day and it is a major and cheap source of animal protein for human beings. Various bacteria cause serious illness and variety of diseases in poultry birds. The use of tetracycline antibiotics has been increased 4 times in recent years to treat such diseases, leading to the development of drug resistant bacteria in veterinary medicine. This study was conducted to evaluate the resistance profile of tetracycline in avian Escherichia coli strains isolated from free ranging chickens of Anhui province, China. For this purpose, disk diffusion method was used to examine the antimicrobial susceptibility of Escherichia coli strains (n=203) against tetracycline, minocycline, and doxycycline. However, PCR analysis was utilized for detection of the tetracycline resistant genes; tetA, tetB, tetC, tetG and tetM. The overall frequency of phenotypic resistance was 29.1%, which was highest to tetracycline (14.3%), followed by minocycline (6.9%), and doxycycline (7.9%). Whereas the genotypic resistance rate was 24.1%, which include 10.3%, 7.9%, 4.4%, 1.0% and 0.5% resistance rate of tetA, tetG, tetC, tetA + tetC + tetG, and tetA + tetC genes, respectively. Conversely, no isolates were positive for the tetB and tetM genes. The rate of phenotypic resistance (29.1%) was almost in line with genotypic resistance rate (24.1%). Our study demonstrates that chickens are not important contributors to bacterial resistance in an extensive farming system. As such, restrictions on the use of antibiotics could prevent the emergence of resistant pathogens. Furthermore, this is first study of the occurrence of antibiotic resistant E. coli strains in free ranging chickens of Anhui province, China.

Growth performance and feed conversion of Ruspolia differens on plant‐based by‐product diets

AbstractThe use of food industry by‐products in insect feeds has gained increasing attention recently. However, the understanding of how well the economically valuable edible insect Ruspolia differens (Serville) (Orthoptera: Tettigoniidae) can grow and develop with plant‐based by‐product feeds is currently lacking. It is important to determine the nutritional requirements, especially protein demand, of this species before developing artificial feeds for mass‐rearing. We reared R. differens with four control diets and 12 plant‐based by‐product diets in which the major protein source came from food industry by‐products, including potato‐protein, barley mash, barley feed, turnip rape, a mix of broad bean and pea, and a mix of potato, carrot, and apple. We asked whether the performance (development time, survival, and weight), feed conversion, and fatty acid composition and content differed among diet treatments. Furthermore, the 12 experimental by‐product diets were designed to reach six protein levels. We found that R. differens can be reared with various by‐product diets, but development time, survival, and weight differed among diets. Barley feed, barley mash, and potato protein diets seem to be good options for rearing, and potato glycoalkaloids do not affect the performance of R. differens. Individuals fed on the various by‐product diets also differed in their fatty acid composition and content. Increasing protein levels in diet up to 17% enhanced growth, development time, and survival, but no further enhancements were seen when fed diets with protein levels higher than this. The high protein levels decreased feed conversion rate. Our results can be valuable for designing feeds for insect mass‐rearing technology. The use of food industry by‐products in the diets for R. differens could increase the re‐use of local resources and enhance circular economy.

Lysine and methionine supplementation in high soy protein content diets for silvery-black porgy (Sparidentex hasta) juveniles.

A two-month feeding trial was conducted to evaluate the effect of partial replacement of fish meal (FM) by soybean protein (SP) alone or in combination with lysine (Lys) and methionine (Met) supplementation in practical diets for silvery-black porgy juveniles (16.7±0.1 g). Seven isoproteic (ca. 50% crude protein) and isoenergetic (ca. 22.4 MJ kg-1) diets were formulated in which 45% (SP45), 60% (SP60) and 75% (SP75) of FM protein were replaced by SP and the control diet (FM) was prepared with FM as the major source of protein. In SP45+, SP60+ and SP75+ diets, 45 to 75% of FM was replaced by SP with supplementing blends of Lys and Met. Growth performance, feed utilization, and protein and lipid digestibility decreased with increasing dietary SP levels (p<0.05). Fish fed SP75 had the highest whole body lipid content, but with the lowest whole body arginine, lysine, histidine, phenylalanine and taurine concentrations (p<0.05). Supplementing Lys and Met in SP based diets did not improve growth performance, suggesting that the anti-nutritional factors in soybean protein products rather than Met and Lys deficiency might limit FM substitution with SP in silvery-black porgy juveniles.

Cardiac Fibrosis and Cardiac Fibroblast Lineage-Tracing: Recent Advances.

Cardiac fibrosis is a common pathological change associated with cardiac injuries and diseases. Even though the accumulation of collagens and other extracellular matrix (ECM) proteins may have some protective effects in certain situations, prolonged fibrosis usually negatively affects cardiac function and often leads to deleterious consequences. While the development of cardiac fibrosis involves several cell types, the major source of ECM proteins is cardiac fibroblast. The high plasticity of cardiac fibroblasts enables them to quickly change their behaviors in response to injury and transition between several differentiation states. However, the study of cardiac fibroblasts in vivo was very difficult due to the lack of specific research tools. The development of cardiac fibroblast lineage-tracing mouse lines has greatly promoted cardiac fibrosis research. In this article, we review the recent cardiac fibroblast lineage-tracing studies exploring the origin of cardiac fibroblasts and their complicated roles in cardiac fibrosis, and briefly discuss the translational potential of basic cardiac fibroblast researches.