Major Amounts Research Articles

Osint Automation Application

The amount of information produced by today's digital age is immense, and a major amount of it is available publicly, meaning that anybody can access it at any time, from anywhere on the Internet. In this way, Open-Source Intelligence (OSINT) is a branch of intelligence that gathers, analyses, and combines information from multiple sources across the entire cyberspace to provide information. In fact, because of recent technological developments, OSINT is receiving greater attention at an incredible rate, providing all the relevant information that eventually helps organizations or even individuals fight against cyber threats and cybercrime. This paper's objective is to outline the most recent advancements in OSINT technologies, which are now addressing data breaches and dispersed organizational responsibilities. We are building a web application that collects and processes publicly available information in an effective and efficient manner for providing insight into possible data leaks, vulnerability or any other sensitive Information using OSINT Framework.

Contesting patriarchy: Employment and gender roles of East Asian middle-class marriage migrants in Taiwan

ABSTRACT Studies of trans-local marriages in Taiwan focused on Mainland Chinese and Southeast Asian women married to Taiwanese men, documenting how they had joined the lower rungs of the work force, and shouldered a major amount of family responsibilities that included reproductive roles. They were projected in literature and the media as subjugated women and objects of commodified marriages and exploitation. In contrast, marriage migration of middle-class women was seldom studied. This paper explores East Asian middle-class marriage migrants’ embodied experiences in their work and family roles, exposing them to the patriarchal structures and unequal power relations that exist in Taiwan. Twenty in-depth interviews were conducted from 2019 to 2021 on participants from Greater China (Mainland China, Hong Kong, and Macau), Korea, Japan, and Singapore. Advanced education, professional performance, and feminist consciousness have empowered these women to become agents of change in the family and the workplace and shall benefit Taiwan’s economy in the long run as highly skilled human resources.

A Study on Benefits, Challenges and Factors Impressing Customer Relationship Management (CRM) W.R.T. Private Commercial Banks at Bengaluru

Purpose: The main end of the present paper is to know whether the socio-economic characteristics impress on the CRM and to know the benefits of CRM, factors driving CRM, and challenges faced by the private commercial banks at the time of implementation of CRM. The presence of severe competition where the competitive struggle to claim a larger share and to attract major amount of customers, forces the banking companies to install CRM strategies and to fetch better results. It has been felt as a process aimed at collecting customer data, find profile of customers and use the knowledge of the customers in a particular marketing activities (Anu Putney et al. 2013) CRM is the strongest and most efficient approach in maintaining and treating close relationship with customers (Angumuthu, 2015). CRM is a management approach that seeks to create, develop and widen relationship with customers in order to derive maximum customer value, profits and shareholders value (Mallika Srinivastava, 2012). Approach: A designed questionnaire was steered as schedule in order to avoid any unexpected delay, incompleteness and non-response. Respondents were approached while they are in the bank premises either before or after their bank work, in a natural setting. A total of 217 questionnaires were in the hand and out of 217, only 200 were usable one and the remaining discarded forming 92% success rate. Chi-square, contingency co-efficient, Kendall’s co-efficient concordance weighted average, Garrett ranking technique was performed to analyse and present the data. Findings: The study revealed about the presence of favourable socio-economic characteristics revealing a significant and high relationship between the characteristics and CRM except bank at different branches which showed less significant and low degree and benefits include protection of data privacy, enhanced productivity and boosted sales. Further, the study also reveals about the factors like advanced technology, customer centric approach and safety factors driving CRM in private commercial banks. The challenges faced at the time of implementation of CRM includes choosing the right CRM, data security and time and cost of implementation of software.

Review of fluorine removal methods from aqueous solutions

Introduction. The high-quality water conditioning problem does not disappear from the agenda of chemists, biologists, and ecologists. Fluoride content is an important water quality indicator, as fluoride can have both positive and negative effects on the human body. The purpose of this work is a critical review of methods for removing fluorine compounds from natural surface and underground waters, and from wastewater. An analysis of 77 modern scientific articles was performed, the advantages and disadvantages of such methods as precipitation and co-precipitation, methods using semipermeable membranes, dialysis and electrocoagulation, ion exchange and sorption methods were determined.
 Results and discussion. It was determined that the precipitation and co-precipitation methods use of chemical reagents, so they are quite expensive, and the sediments formed in the defluoridation process are subject to disposal. Membrane methods do not require the chemicals addition, are highly efficient and easy to control, but at the same time, defluoridation removes other ions that are present in water and are important indicators of the drinking water quality. A significant disadvantage of membrane methods is that a major amount of brine is formed during the treatment process, which also creates a disposal problem. Dialysis and electrocoagulation methods have the advantages and disadvantages of electrochemical methods: they provide high quality water, but this is accompanied by increased electricity consumption, the use of limited service life electrodes. Along with the high degree of water defluoridation, ion exchange methods are characterized by high cost, as well as significant water consumption for such technological processes as loosening, regeneration and washing of ion-exchange resins. An additional problem is the flushing and rinsing wastewater disposal. Sorptive fluoride removal is the most promising and widely used method. The main advantages include the method simplicity, non-deficiency and availability of sorbents. Effective sorbents are natural minerals, foremost, clinoptilolite, nepheline, low-quality phosphorites and apatites, glauconite, basalt tuffs, which are abundant in the subsoil of Ukraine. Unlike other methods, the spent materials are easily disposed of, or can be used as additives in the production of silicate materials, for example, bricks.
 Conclusions. Promising fluoride removal methods are sorption methods using natural mineral and modified sorbents.

Texture analysis for skin cancer diagnosis using dermoscopic images

This paper provides a foundation to examine the dermoscopic images for skin cancer diagnosis. A dermoscopic image will often include textured areas that make up a major amount of the image. It is conceivable to organize and categorize such textures according to whether they are related with artifacts or if they reflect biological structure. Given the connection between structure, disease, and texture, it seems likely that quantitative measurements of texture might make it possible to characterize the tissues included inside a dermoscopic image. It has been shown that texture is a valuable characteristic for the characterization of skin cancer in dermoscopic images. The proposed system is comprised of two stages: the first is the extraction of information or features from dermoscopic images, and the second is the categorization of those images using a decision tree classifier. Based on the findings, it is possible to draw the conclusion that the extracted features have kept all of the information presents in the dermoscopic image that provides an overall accuracy of 98.89%

Graphite supported heteropolyacid as a regenerable catalyst in the dehydration of 1-butanol to butenes

1-butanol dehydration reaction has recently emerged as a sustainable route to produce butenes which can be further oligomerized to be applied as jet fuel. However, the high catalyst deactivation rates observed during this reaction due to coke deposition is still a pending matter. As promising catalysts for this reaction, we have supported two heteropolyacids (HPA), i.e. H4SiW12O40 (STA) and H3PW12O40 (TPA), on two commercial carbon materials: an activated carbon (AC) and a high surface area graphite (HSAG). Aiming to evaluate the role of HPA-support interactions, the STA was also dispersed over metallic oxides of different acidic nature, namely SiO2, Al2O3 and ZrO2. An exhaustive physicochemical characterization revealed that after the HPA dispersion thorough the support, the Keggin structure was maintained and an increase in the amount and strength of acid sites was provoked, but in different degree according to the HPA type and support’s nature. While the TPA-based catalysts developed less quantity of total acid sites, but higher strength than their STA-carbon counterparts, the STA/AC and TPA/AC samples exhibited a slight major amount of acid sites than STA/HSAG and TPA/HSAG. The HPA-support interactions have ultimately modulated to some extent the activity, selectivity, stability and regeneration ability of the synthesized catalysts, when applied in the gas phase butanol dehydration reaction at 275 °C. The higher STA decomposition temperature prompted by the graphitic support, among other factors, allowed the total regeneration of the highly active (39 mmolBuOH∙min−1∙ga.p) and n-butenes selective (>98 %) STA/HSAG catalyst by means of combustion of carbon deposits at 400 °C.

Anti-Oxidative, Anti-Apoptotic, and M2 Polarized DSPC Liposome Nanoparticles for Selective Treatment of Atherosclerosis.

Oxidative stress is one of the main pathogenic factors of atherosclerosis. However, no antioxidants have brought positive effects on the treatment of atherosclerosis. To selectively treat atherosclerosis, various means such as antioxidation, anti-apoptosis, and M2 polarization are used. The ultimate goal is that multiple regulatory pathways can help to treat atherosclerosis. In this study, Simvastatin (SIM) as a model drug, EGCG as an antioxidant agent, and distearyl phosphatidylcholine (DSPC) as major carriers were used to make liposome nanoparticles (SE-LNPs). The cytotoxicity, phagocytosis, antioxidant, and anti-apoptotic properties of nanoparticles were tested in vitro. ApoE-/- atherosclerotic mice were treated with nanoparticles. The changes of aortic Oil red staining, blood lipid, HE, and Masson sections of the aortic root were observed. SE-LNPs exhibited a sustained release profile, potentially enabling the accumulation of the majority amount of drugs at the atherosclerotic plaque. The phagocytosis effect was stronger in RAW. The anti-oxidative and anti-apoptotic effects of the formulation were verified in vitro. SE-LNPs promoted the polarization of M2 macrophages. The therapeutic effect of SE-LNPs was assessed in the ApoE-/- mice model of atherosclerosis. SE-LNPs reduced reactive oxygen species and lipids in vivo. The results of Oil red staining, blood lipid, HE, and Masson sections of the aortic root showed the recovery of the focus. Studies have shown that SE-LNPs could resist oxidation, and apoptosis, promote M2 polarization, and reduce blood lipids and lesions, which is a reliable and selective treatment for atherosclerosis.

N14 The satisfaction of IBD patients’ nursing care in biological therapy. Observational study

Abstract Background Inflammatory Bowel Disease (IBD) management requires a multidisciplinary team, in which nurses have a pivotal role. Although patient care is the main focus of all clinical actions, satisfaction with healthcare professionals is an aspect of growing importance that has been related to positive clinical outcomes. In this setting, evaluating the satisfaction of the nursing provided could be a pivotal component for the satisfaction of the patient, particularly in the IBD unit, where patients in intravenous (iv) biological therapy spend a major amount of time compared to non-complicated acute hospitalization. The aim of the study is to measure the overall quality of nursing care perceived by IBD patients receiving biological therapy. Furthermore, the opinion of loyal and non-loyal patients was measured at the IBD center as a secondary objective Methods Cross-sectional observational study to assess nursing satisfaction through the Newcastel Satisfaction Nursing Scale (NSNS). The instrument consists of two separate scales: the Scale of Nursing Care Experiences ("A") and the Scale of Nursing Satisfaction ("B"). The patient who is followed by the center, at the time of administering the questionnaire, for a period of more than 12 months, will be considered in the arm long follow-up while all patients treated at the center for a period ranging from 0 to 12 months, in those short follow-up. The study protocol was approved by the Ethics Committee. Results Two hundred and thirty-four in biological therapy, questionnaires were administered, of these, with an excellent response rate, 200 (86.2%). The result was an overall level of satisfaction compared to the first scale "A", equal to 88.4%, while for the second scale "B" the total result was 90.7%. By analyzing the satisfaction of nursing care received, differentiating the patient between short and long follow-up, the results seem to confirm how the patient in the long follow-up positively affects satisfaction, significantly in the first scale "A" 90.5% vs 82.9% p = 0.0002 and in the second scale "B" 92.5% vs 86% p = 0.0001. The lowest average satisfaction scores were recorded in the doctor-nurse ratio and in the communicative aspects, while the highest scores are related to the empathic components and professional competence of nursing. Conclusion In conclusion, the level of satisfaction of patients in biological therapy is high and this seems to increase significantly with time and with patient loyalty to the center (Fig. 1). Further research projects could aim to fill gaps in knowledge and validate scales of assessment of nursing skills in the field of IBD, including by structuring studies with a control cohort.

Isolation and Growth Characterization of an Acrylamide-degrading Bacillus sp. strain UPM2021n Isolated from the Juru River

Polyacrylamide, in which acrylamide is the primary component, degrades back into acrylamide over time. Major amounts of acrylamide can be found in soil. The bioremediation strategy of using microbes to break down acrylamide is gaining popularity in many parts of the world. Several acrylamide-degrading bacteria have been isolated from sediment from the Juru River’s bank. The best isolate was a bacterium identified tentatively as Bacillus sp. strain UPM2021n based on cultural, colony morphology and biochemical tests. According to early studies, ideal growth parameters included a pH range of 6.5 and 7.0 and a temperature range of 25 to 35 degrees Celsius. Both glucose and sucrose performed at a similar level in supporting the growth of this bacterium on acrylamide as the sole nitrogen source. The highest growth occurs in between 300 and 500 mg/L of acrylamide, resulting in a growth of nearly 7.7 log CFU/mL with a nett growth of about 4 Log CFU/mL as compared to the control. Growth was nearly tolerated at the highest concentrations tested, which was 1500 mg/L and growth completely ceased at higher concentrations Toxic heavy metals tested such as mercury, copper, chromium, and cadmium showed that mercury strongly hampered growth on acrylamide whilst other metal ions such as copper, lead, cadmium, and chromium showed from 30 to 60% inhibition. The relatively high tolerance of acrylamide makes this bacterium suitable for remediation of soil contaminated with acrylamide whilst its sensitivity to heavy metals chiefly mercury means metal-chelating or sequestering compounds must be added to soil contaminated with both acrylamide and heavy metals.

Short Communication: Evaluation of Intestinal Release of Butyric Acid from Sodium Butyrate Protected by Salts of Medium-Chain Fatty Acids in Broiler Chickens.

Butyric acid has received great attention as a feed additive to maintain or increase the gut integrity and health of broiler chickens. Particularly, the protection of butyrate is under research to allow slow intestinal release of butyric acid and to promote its beneficial effects throughout the intestine. This study evaluated in vivo the intestinal release of butyric acid from sodium butyrate protected by salts of medium-chain fatty acid in broilers. Brilliant blue was used as an inert marker, so it was included in the feed additive that broilers ingested for two days. The gastrointestinal tract was then colored in blue from jejunum and backward. Considering the digesta color of the broilers non-supplemented as blank, it allowed quantification of the amount of brilliant blue, and consequently, butyric acid delivered in the intestine from the protected feed additive. Few traces of butyric acid were released in the duodenum and proximal jejunum, whereas the major amount (45.9%) was delivered in the distal ileum (p < 0.001). These results suggest that this in vivo approach allows for evaluation of the intestinal delivery of butyric acid supplemented as protected sodium butyrate by medium-chain fatty acids, showing a gradual intestinal release of butyric acid in broiler chickens.

Antioxidant Properties, Total Phenolic Content and LC-MS/MS Analysis of Mentha Pulegium, Lepidium Draba and Centaurea Solstitialis

The Mentha pulegium, Lepidiıum draba and Centaurea solstitialis have traditionally been used in different cultures for the treatment of various diseases. We investigated the total phenolic content analysis, chemical compositions and antioxidant activities of different solvent extracts such as acetone, methanol and n-hexane obtained from the aerial parts of Mentha pulegium, Lepidiıum draba and Centaurea. The amount of total phenolic substance was determined as gallic acid equivalent determine. Also, the LC-MS/MS technique was used to determine the phenolic profiles of each extract. Finally, antioxidant activities of three extracts were determined by DPPH and ABTS methods. The highest total phenolic content for acetone, n-hexane and methanol extracts was found as 99 507, 46 305, and 18 227 μg GAE mL-1 in Centaurea solstitialis plant, respectively. While the major component rosmarinic acid amount in the acetone extract of Mentha pulegium was 128 195 μg analyte g-1 extract, this amount was determined as 780 383 μg analyte g-1 extract in the methanolic extract. The highest DPPH radical scavenging activity was found in the acetone and methanolic extracts of Mentha pulegium as 77% and 79%, respectively. ABTS radical scavenging activity was also found to be 98% and 94% for Mentha pulegium in acetone and methanol extracts, respectively. The antioxidant capacity of the extracts is related to the total amount of phenolic substances.

Biogenic silica in the Posidonia oceanica “matte”, a tool to discover past dynamics of the sponge community

The skeleton of most Porifera species consists of siliceous spicules that, after the sponge death, persist for a long time in the sediment. The reduced suspension occurring within the meadows of the seagrass Posidonia oceanica makes these habitats a stable deposit for sponge spicules. Spicules trapped into the network of rhizomes progressively buried, named “matte”, represent a sedimentary sequence interpretable on a temporal scale. By means of a vertical corer we collected samples of sediment at 0.5, 1, 1.5 and 2 m depth along the matte profile in order to quantify the amount of biogenic silica used to assess past dynamics of the sponge community in four P. oceanica meadows of the Ligurian sea. The content in biogenic silica was determined by spectrophotometric analysis of the sediments. While at Prelo Bay the values are constant in the core sample, a general decreasing trend with depth was observed in the meadows of Punta Pedale, while in the site of Punta Manara the major amount of silica was found deeper in the matte. The temporal variations of sponge abundance were probably due to historical anthropogenic factors. In the meadow of Bergeggi, BSi concentrations, significantly lower compared to all other sites, were likely caused from inputs from the close Savona harbor and strong bottom currents avoiding spicule deposition.

Analysis of Soil Nitrate Ion Selective Electrode (ISE) Sensor Using Arduino UNO

The ecological concern over soil and groundwater pollution caused by agricultural activities has led to the growing interestin precision agriculture. One of the most common types of fertilizer is the nitrogen fertilizer which needed in major amount for plant growth. Over fertilization will contaminate soil and groundwater which can have adverse effect on environment and human health.The main purpose of this research is to measure soil nitrate concentration using nitrate ion-selective electrode (ISE) sensor and Arduino programmable microcontroller. The optimum soil-to-water ratio and the effect of soil solution clarity will be investigated. Standard sampling procedures was conducted at oil palm plantation area, Felda Bukit Goh, Pahang, Malaysia. Validation of the results were carried out in the laboratory. The recorded data indicated accurate readings for Nitrate ISE Arduino wasR² = 0.84. The soil-to-water ratio of 1:2.5 was observed as an optimal proportion ISE analysis. A clear soil solution was crucial for maintaining the accuracy of ISE sensor, to avoid declining of 46.2% accuracy.These results could assist researchers and farmers to accurately monitor the concentrations of soil nitrate on the field effectively as well as an insight to ISE sensor with Arduino technologies.

Pore-infillings Characteristics of Siliceous Rocks in Nadanhada Terrane

In order to reveal the mineral filling sequence and fluid action process in the dissolution pores of the bedded siliceous rocks in the Dongrong Formation of the Sanjiang Basin, the petrological characteristics, geochemical analysis and testing methods were comprehensively applied to research, and the databases of major amount and rare earth elements of siliceous rocks were established, and the sedimentary environment, origin and source of siliceous materials were systematically judged again. The results show that the siliceous rocks of the Nadanhada terrane exposed in the Sanjiang Basin are biogenic. On the basis of early metasomatic microbial dolomite, the layered siliceous rocks have experienced six stages (three fluid properties) of fluid filling, including magnesium rich hydrothermal fluid, siliceous hydrothermal fluid, asphalt and siliceous hydrothermal fluid. Siliceous rock cavity filling material is the product of fluid rock coupling under different temperatures, concentrations and reaction systems under the control of different tectonic movements and hydrocarbon maturation.

Major Allergen Content in Allergen Immunotherapy Products: The Limited Value of Numbers.

The prevalence of allergic disorders has increased drastically over the last 50 years to the extent that they can be considered epidemic. At present, allergen-specific immunotherapy (AIT) is the only therapy that targets the underlying cause of allergic disorders, and evidence of its superiority is based on data accumulated from clinical trials and observational studies demonstrating efficacy and safety. However, several aspects remain unresolved, such as harmonization and standardization of manufacturing and quantification procedures across manufacturers, homogeneous reporting of strength, and the establishment of international reference standards for many allergens. This article discusses issues related to the measurement of major allergen content in AIT extracts, raising the question of whether comparison of products from different manufacturers is an appropriate basis for selecting a specific AIT product. Allergen standardization in immunotherapy products is critical for ensuring quality and, thereby, safety and efficacy. However, lack of harmonization in manufacturing processes, allergen quantification (methodologies and references), national regulatory differences, clinical practice, and labeling shows that the comparison of AIT products based solely on major allergen amounts is not rational and, in fact, impossible. Moreover, when rating the information given for a specific product, it is necessary to take into account further inherent characteristics of products and their application in clinical practice, such as the state of extract modification, addition of adjuvant or adjuvant system, route of administration (sublingual/ subcutaneous), and cumulative dose as per posology (including the volume per administration). Finally, only convincing clinical data can serve as the basis for product-specific evaluation and cross-product comparability of individual products.

Effect of insulation thickness on energy saving in cold regions of Türkiye

In the countries procuring a major amount of their energy from abroad, using of the energy effectively and ensuring the energy-saving become gradually more important. In this study, considering the climatic and meteorological conditions of Van province, optimum insulation thickness, payback period, and energy-saving values were analyzed for three insulation materials (rock wool, polyurethane, XPS) and five energy sources (imported coal, fuel oil, LPG, natural gas and electricity) on wall models built with pumice and aerated concrete. The optimum insulation thickness was calculated using the interest and inflation rates. The calculations were made by making use of the lifecycle cost analysis (LCCA). Insulation thickness that should be applied depending on the wall elements used in buildings can vary. Thus, examining the wall models, insulation materials and energy sources were examined, and the optimum insulation thicknesses, annual savings, and payback periods were found to be 3-15.6 mm, 30-63%, and 1.4-5.8 years, respectively, in the present study.

Near dry turning of EN8 and EN31 steel: multi-objective optimization using grey relational analysis

Steel is the most commonly employed material in various engineering applications, and their successful machining demands finding the optimized set of machining parameters along with appropriate cooling strategies. Moreover, the significance of process parameter optimization is progressively perceived in the wake of expensive CNC machine adaptation on the shop floor for machining. Further, a competent cooling strategy is essential with a minimal amount of coolant to obtain the best quality products. In the present work, the optimization of process parameters for Near Dry Turning (NDT) of two steel grades, EN8 and EN31, was done. NDT utilizes a minimal coolant with a major amount of compressed air. For competent cooling, Al2O3 nanofluid as coolant was used with compressed air. Speed, feed, and depth of cut were taken as the machining parameters for the turning process. Two response variables, the surface roughness of machined specimen and cutting zone temperature, were considered for the analysis. Three levels of each turning parameter were chosen, and the Taguchi L9 orthogonal array was adopted for the experimentation. The optimized turning parameter was found through the Grey Relational Analysis (GRA). Further, the applicability of compressed air was also presented to achieve sustainable and green machining to eliminate the negative impact on environmental footprints. For this purpose, results at the obtained optimized set of parameters were compared with plain base fluid and compressed dry air as coolants. The reduction in surface roughness of ∼12.3% and ∼14.6% for EN8 and EN31 steel were observed using nanofluid in near dry turning. Similarly, the reduction in cutting zone temperature was ∼7% in both cases. These results show the significance of process parameter optimization and the applicability of nanofluid in near dry turning of steels.

Characterization and biological evaluation of Crataegus azarolus fruit polysaccharides

The polysaccharide obtained from Crataegus azarolus fruit, by water extraction followed by ethanol precipitation and fractionation using copper complex, shows physiological activities: prebiotic and antioxidant. The total acid hydrolysis shows that the polysaccharide consists of galactose, glucose, mannose and rhamnose. The employed physico-chemical techniques of the polysaccharide sequences approach (FT-IR, MALDI-TOF-MS spectrometry, 1H and 13C NMR) indicate that it is a Galactoglucomannan, the main chain consists of major amounts of β-(1→4)-linked glucose and mannose residues with monosaccharide branches of α-(1→6) galactose and O-acetyl substituents. The properties of this new glucomannan suggest that it could find an application as a prebiotic in the food industry.

E-waste in Information and Communication Technology Sector: Existing scenario, management schemes and initiatives

The expeditious developments in technology along with the demand for a high-standard living have resulted in massive production of electronic gadgets, which eventually lead to the generation of huge quantities of obsolescence. With the exponential expanding output of computer hardware, efficient disposal of the electronic waste (E-waste) generated by the Information and Communication Technology (ICT) sector has become a serious concern. The ICT sector generates a major amount of E-waste, but its management strategies are not well defined. The present study explored the current status, challenges, and initiatives faced by the ICT sector in handling E-waste. Thereby, a framework of use case diagram has been put forth to develop a web-based model for recycling companies for solving E-waste recycling issues. This review also described the management strategies adopted by various ICT and electronic companies that have faced the challenge to mitigate the problems associated with E-waste.

A Wear Sensor Based on Nanocrystalline Diamond Multilayer Films: A Mini Review

Major amounts of industrial wear parts, e.g. machining tools, are working under extreme wear load, especially abrasive. This short article reviews the development and fabrication of a well-performing nanodiamond-based multilayer wear sensor system consisting of alternating conductive and non-conductive films. Meanwhile, the deposition and characterization of such highly conductive nanocrystalline diamond films without dopant are also introduced.