Mainstream Products Research Articles

Drive to Squeeze More Power From Tiny Packages, On-Chip Substrates Continues Unabated [From the Editor

The fervor for miniaturization continues in the power supply world. Power supply designers have kept pace with the demands of the market for more power from smaller packages with better efficiency, reliability, and speed. While keeping the cost low. Consequently, power integration, both in package and on-chip, has continued to evolve for more than a decade. The result is that power supply in package (PSiP) and power supply on-chip (PwrSoC) have become mainstream products, driven by traditional and emerging applications. Today, we are talking about hundreds of watts from a compact semiconductor package, as well monolithic semiconductor substrates.

Cloud Computing Revisited For E-Learning Systems with Some Improvements with Auditing

E-learning has brought great dynamics and parameters in the field of education and research. It has revolutionized the way learning has imparted to students. The perks of e-learning include consistency, scalability, cost cut down, in contrast to the traditional learning method. It is equally well-being and doing great in every field of learning. During this period of COvid-19 e-learning is developing and has completely taken over and administrated the education system. But along with the advancement of the field there comes the challenges. One would always keen to look up for the technology to make the learning process reliable, faster, easier to use, and can enhance with more interactive features.This is the spot where cloud computing stands with a bunch of its unmatchable capabilities. Cloud Computing refers to provide the computing assets on the internet which may include storage, servers, software systems, databases, online management systems, and online applications. Having a paradigm like Cloud Computing gives an edge for innovators and entrepreneurs to design and develop their mainstream projects and products with ease.This paper provides an insight into how Cloud Computing has the potential and can be the primary driver of e-learning. How the field of e-learning can benefit from this revolutionary technology. This research discusses the cloud services, architecture nature as a service for the e-learning environment. Further, the comprehensive converses about the impact of Cloud Computing on e-learning along with the security fears and features can potentially get the most out of the combination of both fields with the introduction of auditing of the system .

EMI shielding leadless package solution for automotive

As components get closer together and more devices are integrated into a package, electromagnetic interference (EMI) is one of the most common concerns to be addressed. EMI shielding is not a new topic and its technology has widely been applied to consumer/communication products. However, mainstream products for the automotive market have no clear solution yet. Although leadframe packages, such as Microleadframe® (MLF®)/QFN, are extremely popular for automotive, it is hard to apply EMI technology at the package level because the leads are exposed at the side.In this paper, EMI shielding technology that can be applied to leadframe packages has been studied with the routable MLF (rtMLF®) package. A package structure and layout that give full EMI shielding coverage including the leads is proposed. The shield effectiveness was compared by simulation tests between MLF and RtMLF packages. Also, actual samples were manufactured that confirmed the process and revealed no abnormalities in the conformal shield layer.

Research on Quality Evaluation of Product Interactive Aging Design Based on Kano Model.

At present, China's population aging presents the characteristics of large base, fast aging process, and old age, but the research and development of product aging design in China is relatively late, which brings additional pressure to the daily life of the elderly. In such an environment, higher requirements are put forward for product aging design and service provision. Only products or services that timely meet the personalized and diversified needs of different customers can attract customers and improve customer satisfaction. How to design aging products with satisfactory appearance and humanized function is the focus of current research. Based on the product quality division of Kano model, this paper summarizes the domestic mainstream products and their functions. The designed questionnaire data are summarized; reliability and validity analysis, as well as descriptive statistical analysis, is performed on this basis for the constructed product service quality evaluation system. The service quality indicators are divided into three categories according to the Kano model: overall one-dimensional quality, charm quality, and necessary quality.

Preparation of Cu2SnS3 thin film by sol-gel dip coating

Cu2SnS3 (CTS), an environmentally friendly semiconductor material that has little impact on the human body, was developed as an alternative material to silicon-based solar cells, which are currently the mainstream product in the solar cell market. In this study, by adopting the sol-gel dip coating method, a CTS thin film was produced at low cost without using a vacuum process for use as a solar cell light absorption layer. CTS thin films were prepared while varying the annealing temperature and the amount of α-cyclodextrin added, and the results were compared by different evaluation methods. In addition, the samples to which α-cyclodextrin was added showed peaks due to CTS at (112) and (220) in all the samples. The crystallinity was not found to depend on the amount of α-cyclodextrin added.

BIOINSECTICIDES AS FUTURE MAINSTREAM PEST CONTROL AGENTS: OPPORTUNITIES AND CHALLENGES

<List> <ListItem><ItemContent> •Wide use of botanical insecticides is limited by the availability of certain plants. </ItemContent></ListItem> <ListItem><ItemContent> •Studies are needed to improve RNAi efficiency and to assess their safety risk. </ItemContent></ListItem> <ListItem><ItemContent> •Microbial insecticides are promising, but they only control a narrow range of pests. </ItemContent></ListItem> <ListItem><ItemContent> •Multitarget approach should be a promising strategy in future pest control. </ItemContent></ListItem> <ListItem><ItemContent> •Nanoformulation could enhance stability and control the release of bioinsecticides. </ItemContent></ListItem></List> Bioinsecticides are naturally-occurring substances from different sources that control insect pests. Ideal bioinsecticides should have low toxicity to non-target organisms. They should also be easily degraded in sewage treatment works and natural environments, highly effective in small quantities and affect target pests only. Public concerns about possible side-effects of synthetic pesticides have accelerated bioinsecticide research and development. However, to develop bioinsecticides into mainstream products, their high production costs, short shelf-life and often uncertain modes of action need to be considered. This review summarizes current progress on bioinsecticides which are categorized as biochemical insecticides and their derivatives, plant-incorporated protectants, and microbial bioinsecticides. The current constraints that prevent bioinsecticides from being widely used are discussed and future research directions are proposed.

The Present Situation and Reflection on the Development of Chinese Medical Cosmetology Industry

This paper takes medical beauty as the research object. Firstly, the development history of medical beauty industry in the world and in China is sorted out. On this basis, the functional classification of medical beauty technology products is carried out according to the development status of medical beauty technology products, and the three most popular mainstream products, namely, fruit acid skin rejuvenation, injection therapy and photoelectric technology, are emphatically discussed. Finally, this paper analyzes the future development direction of China's medical and beauty industry based on the data of consumer attitude changes, and proposes that practitioners in the medical and beauty industry should help customers establish a correct aesthetic concept, explore, find and adhere to the unique beauty of each individual.

Construction of Collagen Methacrylamide Microspheres to Modify Nonwoven Polyamide Fibers Based on Click Chemistry

Using waste leather collagen, collagen microspheres with “–CH═CH2” (CMAs) were prepared using the emulsification cross-linking method and then incorporated into a nonwoven polyamide fiber material with the “thiol–ene” click chemistry method to obtain modified nonwoven polyamide fibers (PA-CMAs). Experiments showed that for a CMA concentration of 6 wt %, initiator concentration of 0.008 wt %, and irradiation time of 5 h, the grafting rate can reach 25.83%. Scanning electron microscope (SEM) and X-ray photoelectron spectrometer (XPS) are used to confirm the successful grafting of CMAs onto nonwoven PA materials. The stability and fastness test was used to show that PA-CMAs have good stability with acid, alkali, organic solvent resistance, and rubbing resistance. The contrast test indicated that the moisture absorption and permeability of PA-CMAs were better than those of nonwoven polyamide/polyurethane (PA/PU), which is a synthetic leather-based material considered as one of the mainstream products. In addition, PA-CMAs maintained the original softness and elastoplasticity of PA.

Life Cycle Assessment of Functional Food: Improving Sustainability in the Biotechnology Industry through Transparency

With the advancement of biotechnology, consumers are demanding more scientifically advanced products as well as being more concerned with the environmental impact of products. A life cycle carbon footprint assessment is an important tool in reaching net-zero carbon production goals. This paper presents the greenhouse gas emissions of functional foods by highlighting TCI Co., Ltd. as a case study. TCI conducted life cycle assessments (LCAs) on two mainstream products that utilize common manufacturing processes to examine their carbon footprint and gain a better understanding of their environmental impact. The main finding shows that while the manufacturing stage accounts for around 20–30% of emissions, the raw material stage accounts for 70–80% for both products. This suggests that TCI needs to work closely with its suppliers to ensure a low emissions supply chain and to achieve its net-zero target. Not only do these LCAs allow TCI to increase the products’ transparency, but they can also be offered as a reference to other businesses producing similar products. Sharing of knowledge and practices in the biotechnology industry benefits the entire ecosystem and improves corporate sustainability.

How much is a picture worth? Online review picture background and its impact on purchase intention

This study examines the impact of online review picture background and its interplay with product type and review features (e.g., star rating, texts) on consumers' purchase intention. Consumers make inferences about the reviewers' socioeconomic status (SES) from the background of online review pictures. Drawing on the social comparison literature, we find that the review picture background reflecting low SES triggers a stigma effect (threat to self-evaluation) for a mainstream (high-end) product, leading to decreased (enhanced) purchase intention. In addition, the stigma effect for a mainstream product is accentuated when there are multiple low-SES pictures, and when one low-SES picture is coupled with a positive (vs. negative), fit-oriented (vs. quality-oriented) textual review. However, the enhancing effect of one low-SES background picture for a high-end product continues to hold even when it is presented with multiple high-SES background pictures; the effect is reversed when there are multiple low-SES pictures.

G-CAS: Greedy Algorithm-Based Security Event Correlation System for Critical Infrastructure Network

The attacks on the critical infrastructure network have increased sharply, and the strict management measures of the critical infrastructure network have caused its correlation analysis technology for security events to be relatively backward; this makes the critical infrastructure network’s security situation more severe. Currently, there is no common correlation analysis technology for the critical infrastructure network, and most technologies focus on expanding the dimension of data analysis, but with less attention to the optimization of analysis performance. The analysis performance does not meet the practical environment, and real-time analysis is even more impossible; as a result, the efficiency of security threat detection is greatly declined. To solve this issue, we propose the greedy tree algorithm, a correlation analysis approach based on the greedy algorithm, which optimizes event analysis steps and significantly improves the performance, so the real-time correlation analysis can be realized. We first verify the performance of the algorithm through formalization, and then the G-CAS (Greedy Correlation Analysis System) is implemented based on this algorithm and is applied in a real critical infrastructure network, which outperformed the current mainstream products.

Comprehensive error analysis of satellite precipitation estimates based on Fengyun-2 and GPM over Chinese mainland

The spatial-temporal error characteristics of four mainstream satellite precipitation products developed by China and United States, respectively, including the Fengyun-based (FY-2F and FY-2G) and the GPM-based (IMERG-Late and IMERG-Final) over Chinese mainland were comprehensively analyzed from January 2018 to December 2019. In general, both IMERG-Final and FY-2G perform better at the hourly and daily scales. While the FY-2F product has the relatively worst performance with lowest correlation coefficient (CC) and highest root mean square error (RMSE) values. In particular, FY-2F has considerable total bias and missed precipitation errors in summer when compared to other three precipitation products. As for winter, the IMERG product suites exhibit significantly overestimation in north-central region of China, while an opposite underestimation occurred in the Fengyun products. Among the four precipitation estimates, IMERG-Final and FY-2G have the lowest normalized-RMSE (NRMSE) at the elevation range of 100–300 m and 300–500 m at daily scale, respectively. The performance at the hourly scale was found to be similar for IMERG-Final and IMERG-Late, but both of which are slightly superior to FY-2G across the elevation ranges. In terms of the detectability for different rain intensities, the IMERG products performed best at higher rain rates, while the Fengyun-based precipitation estimates are superior to IMERG at relatively lower rain ones. The assessment results reported here will provide some valuable feedbacks for algorithm developers of Fengyun products, and enable data users to further understand the error characteristics and potential deficiencies of Fengyun precipitation estimates.

The Application of Silica-Based Aerogel Board on the Fire Resistance and Thermal Insulation Performance Enhancement of Existing External Wall System Retrofit

Due to the need of good thermal performance, external wall insulation (EWI) is usually made of materials that are not fire resistant and sometimes flammable. That restricts its application to a particular circumstance such as limited building height. Hence, a material with good thermal insulation and fire resistance performance would allow EWI to be more widely applied. This paper introduces a novel material: a silica-based aerogel porous board, which differs itself from mainstream products available in the market because of its outstanding properties, such as low density, high surface area, low thermal conductivity and superhydrophobicity. Herein, its thermal insulation and fire-resistant performance were tested and compared with commercial products. The cone calorimeter analysis results indicated that the aerogel porous board could improve the fire resistance performance. Moreover, the evaluation of thermal insulation performance suggested that the application of an aerogel porous board on the external stone wall of existing buildings can decrease the U-value by 60%. Through the detailed insight into the case-study, it is quite clear that the carbon impact of building stock could be greatly reduced by means of a coherent set of building envelope retrofitting actions based on this innovative heat insulation material, without compromising the fire safety.

GaN Outperforms Silicon, Enters Mainstream [Expert View

How does one define ‘mainstream’? In the case of gallium nitride (GaN) power semiconductor technology, we believe that since you can now buy a sleek, 65 W mobile charger using GaN for under $25 on Amazon, it is reasonable to assume that it has been fully accepted by the consumer markets, which—almost by definition—makes it a mainstream product. While the benefits of GaN have been discussed regularly at conferences such as IEEE APEC and PCIM for well over a decade, until relatively recently it was positioned as a solution for an exotic corner of the market that leveraged the speed of GaN devices. As size and efficiency demands become mainstream, GaN is now becoming an excellent solution for power applications.

Passivated Emitter and Rear Cell Silicon Solar Cells with a Front Polysilicon Passivating Contacted Selective Emitter

p‐Type silicon solar cells with a structure of passivated emitter and rear cell (PERC) are a mainstream product of the photovoltaic (PV) industry. Because of its low cost, PERC technology will continue to be dominant for a long time. One of the key features to improve PERC solar cell performance is the use of a selective emitter (SE), which is now mainly realized by laser doping (LD). However, SE by LD still cannot perfectly resolve recombination underneath the front metallized area. The use of a tunnel oxide passivated contact (TOPCon) can dramatically reduce recombination at the metallized area. With the help of an organic mask and etching by texturing solution, the TOPCon SE structure on PERC cells is realized. An average efficiency of 22.65% is reached on 6 in., commercial grade p‐type Czochralski wafers. The average open‐circuit voltage of PERC cells with TOPCon SE is 14.6 mV higher than LD SE. However, the short‐circuit current is lowered by parasitic absorption of polysilicon of alignment margins, which makes cell efficiency of the two SE structures almost the same. With improved alignment precision, TOPCon SE will provide an increase in efficiency.

Consumer attitude towards green products: revisiting the profile of green consumers using segmentation approach

PurposeOver the last few decades, there has been a substantial increase in environmentally conscious consumers' willingness to switch their preferences from mainstream products to green products. Hence, it becomes essential for academicians and marketers to understand the notion, attributes and a comprehensive profile of green consumers. Since consumer attitude towards green products is not widely studied in developing countries, the present study aims at exploring the profile of green consumers in India (Punjab State) based on the same in the Indian context.Design/methodology/approachThe study used the survey method, and a sample of 400 respondents was selected from the Punjab State of India. Initially, principal component analysis was employed to reduce the dimensions. Following this, cluster analysis was applied to segment consumer market in distinctive segments. Results of cluster analysis were validated with discriminant analysis and finally, differences amongst the segments of green and non-green consumers were examined to build on the profile of green consumers.FindingsThe study segmented the consumer market based on consumer attitude towards green products. Results of the study revealed four distinct segments. “Dynamic Green”, the largest cluster, presents truly green consumers who exhibit a positive attitude towards green products. Finally, the study highlighted the attitudinal profile of green and non-green consumers and differences amongst the segments were explained.Research limitations/implicationsSimilar study should be conducted in other developing/developed countries. Furthermore, cross-cultural studies can be undertaken to contrast consumer attitude towards green products. The study may also be extended to probe the connection between consumers' attitude and actual behaviour towards green products.Originality/valueThe study examined the role of consumer attitude towards green products in identifying the distinct segment of green consumers and determining different configurations of consumer characteristics to build on the profile of green consumers.

Re-framing documentary’s victims: documentary and collective victimhood at Indian media collective Chalchitra Abhiyan

ABSTRACT What do we learn about documentary forms, practices and relations when marginalised communities adapt documentary filmmaking to revise their historical conditions? The use of documentary filmmaking by Indian media collective Chalchitra Abhiyan responds to three historical circumstances: socially marginalised groups’ under-representation in media industries, their misrepresentation in mainstream media products and the systematic deployment of mainstream traditional and new media forms to promote religion-based constructions of Indian national identity. In this media ecology, community use of documentary functions for social transformation, through representation and the relationships, methods and practices defined by the needs and goals of otherwise marginalised communities (such as Dalits and Muslims) who use media for functions of visibility and counter-representation. Examining media production and circulation together with the arena of social relations, I contend that ‘embedded aesthetics’ of documentary in this setting involves a representational focus on the collective in agentive processes that use documentary to recognise, deconstruct and reinterpret an accepted victimhood into a form of resistance (Ginsburg, Faye. 1994. ‘Embedded Aesthetics: Creating a Discursive Space for Indigenous Media.’ Cultural Anthropology 9 (3): 365–82). Critiquing individualist social relations of mainstream media, concrete documentary practices re-organise digital and physical modes of media production and circulation by reference social and cultural functions, connecting filmmaking to lived histories of discrimination and possibilities of collective resistance.

In vivo Evaluation of Fibrous Collagen Dura Substitutes.

Dura substitutes are applied in duraplasty to repair lost or damaged dura. Collagen-based dura substitutes are mainstream products in both the US and Chinese markets. In this study, dura substitute devices with potential dura regeneration ability are evaluated. The dura substitutes are composed of fibrous type I collagen that were purified from bovine tendon. Physical and chemical characterization demonstrated that the tested dura substitute has desirable porous scaffolding structures and is composed of highly purified type I collagen. The collagen dura substitutes were further investigated in vivo with a rabbit model for 6 months to evaluate their safety and performance to repair and regenerate dura. No inflammation or infection was observed during the course of in vivo study. The integration of the collagen dura substitutes with surrounding tissue was normal as compared to native tissue. The macroscopic and microscopic histological assessments of the sampled animal tissue showed that the damaged dura were regenerated. The collagen dura substitutes were resorbed between 3 and 6 months along with newly regenerated dura. Both tissue adhesion and dura repair was the worst in blank control group as compared to those in the collagen dura substitutes. Taken together, regenerative collagen dura substitutes demonstrated with suitable physicochemical properties. The in vivo evaluation in a rabbit model further demonstrated the safety and performance of such substitutes for dura repair and regeneration.

Nostalgia-Driven Design and Digitalization of Brand Spokes-Characters for Generation Z

Generation Z, as the first generation growing up in the environment of globalization, has emerged as a new important consumer group worldwide. Compared with other generations, members of Generation Z possess some notable characteristics such as lower brand loyalty and less interest in mainstream products. Meanwhile, they also display a strong tendency to nostalgia, which has been a widelyused theme in marketing and proved to enhance consumers' brand attitudes and purchasing intentions. Based on the unique preferences and needs of Generation Z, this study explored the innovative strategy of nostalgia-driven design of brand spokes-characters and related digitalization, which are popular design elements in brand promotion and advertising. Through a multi-method qualitative approach (including user interviews, creative exercises, and content analysis), it provided important consumer insights into the attitudes of Generation Z on brand spokes-characters that can trigger nostalgia, as well as their preferences for design strategies focusing on two types of nostalgia, i.e., personal nostalgia and historical nostalgia. Given the special preference of Generation Z for story-based brand spokes-characters, this study also emphasized the value of advanced digital media technology for creating truly nostalgic story scenes that could continue to impress consumers. Such findings have formed an important basis for ongoing quantitative studies that further examine the effectiveness of nostalgia-driven design for Generation Z.

Evaluation of Four New Land Surface Temperature (LST) Products in the U.S. Corn Belt: ECOSTRESS, GOES-R, Landsat, and Sentinel-3

Asa critical indicator of crop water stress, land surface temperature (LST) has been widely used in agricultural applications for monitoring and quantifying crop stress and crop water use. Given the availability of several newly operational satellite LST products in recent years and an increasing demand for reliable LST for agricultural applications, a systematic and thorough study of evaluation of different satellite LST products for croplands is highly needed. This article, thus, evaluated both the new satellite LST products including ECOsystem Spaceborne Thermal Radiometer on the International Space Station (ECOSTRESS), GOES-R, Landsat Provisional and Sentinel-3, and several mainstream LST products including MODIS Land Surface Temperature/Emissivity product (MOD11A1 and MYD11A1), MODIS/Aqua Land Surface Temperature/3-Band Emissivity product (MYD21A1), and VIIRS/NPP Land Surface Temperature and Emissivity LST (VNP21A1), for agricultural landscapes in the U.S. Corn Belt. The evaluation was benchmarked on in situ measurements from 11 SURFRAD or eddy covariance sites in the growing seasons of 2018 and 2019. Results showed that the nighttime and daytime biases of all LST products on different sites were generally within ±2 °C and ±3 °C, respectively. Regarding the daytime LST, the highest agreement with ground observations was achieved by ECOSTRESS with an overall absolute bias MYD11A1 a MOD11A1 (0.37/day) > Sentinel-3 (0.26/day) > Landsat Provisional (0.12/day) > ECOSTRESS (0.07/day). Holistically considering factors of bias, RMSE, spatial resolution and cloud-free data availability of different LST products, MOD11A1, and MYD11A1 are relatively appropriate for agriculture-related applications.