Main Settlement Research Articles

Spatiotemporal clustering and correlates of childhood stunting in Ghana: Analysis of the fixed and nonlinear associative effects of socio-demographic and socio-ecological factors.

Childhood stunting remains a major public health issue in many low- and middle-income countries. In Ghana, the progress made is insufficient to reach the targets set by the 2025 World Health Assembly and the 2030 United Nations Sustainable Development Goals. Although studies have examined the socio-demographic determinants of childhood stunting, there has not been any systematic study to examine the spatial associative effects of the socio-demographic and socio-ecological factors at the district level, where health programmes are implemented and monitored. Bayesian geo-additive semiparametric regression technique was used to analyse five conservative rounds of Demographic and Health Surveys in Ghana, with socio-ecological covariates derived from the Demographic and Health Survey Program Geospatial Covariate datasets to examine the temporal trends in childhood stunting, the extent of geospatial clustering at the district level and their associative relationships with socio-demographic and socio-ecological factors. The findings show that childhood stunting in Ghana is not spatially randomly distributed but clustered. Clustering of high childhood stunting was observed amongst districts in the Upper West, Upper East, Northern, North East, Savannah, and Western North regions, whilst clustering of low childhood stunting was observed in districts in the Greater Accra, Volta, Bono and the Eastern regions. Whist socio-demographic factors were predominantly associated with clustering of districts with high childhood stunting, the socio-ecological factors were mainly associated with clustering of districts with low childhood stunting. The socio-ecological factors identified to have a nonlinear associative effect with childhood stunting were Insecticide Treated Net (ITN) coverage, nightlight composite, travel time to a main settlement and population density. The findings suggest that targeted interventions at the district level are essential to reducing childhood stunting in Ghana.

SPATIAL CHARACTERISTICS OF RUSSIAN PIONEERS’ SETTLEMENT SYSTEM IN SIBERIA OF THE 17TH — 18TH CENTURIES OF TOBOL RIVER BASIN IN THE CONTEXT OF LANDSCAPE (GIS OPTICS)

The paper studies the settlement system of the Russian population in the middle and lower reaches of Tobol and its tributaries, which was formed in the first century after the Russian conquest of Siberia. The issue of settlement was described in several works, but the landscape paradigms were mentioned only indirectly. The article aims to study the settlement structure of the pioneers and the autochthonous population in a spatial aspect. The features of the landscape and relief confinement of settlements were studied using the cartographic materials by S. U. Remezov. The authors evaluated not only “cartoids’ from the point of view of source study and geography, but also the mapping of the events and facts reflected in Remezov’s maps. Moreover, having used GIS (geographic information system), a mathematically distinguished “urban area” was indicated, in addition to the main characteristics and settlement patterns of Russian villages and autochthonous population's yurts. The source itself is characterized through analysis of working with specific geographic information.

Disaster risk perceptions and multinational cooperation in Barentsburg, Svalbard

Abstract Svalbard’s geographical positioning, environmental characteristics and multinational population make it conducive for considering informality and multinational cooperation in disaster risk reduction and response. Most research examining disaster risks and disasters for Svalbard has focused on Norwegian efforts in and for the main settlement of Longyearbyen, with none covering Svalbard’s second-largest settlement of Barentsburg. This paper addresses this gap by analysing how 21 Barentsburg residents deal with disasters. We conducted semi-structured interviews, visually aided by the revised PRISM (Pictorial Representation of Illness and Self Measure) tool, to examine interviewees’ disaster perceptions, sources for disaster-related information and learning, and formal and informal sources for dealing with disaster risks and disasters. Our findings suggest that, despite being risk-aware, Barentsburg interviewees consider the settlement, and Svalbard as a whole, to be safe. The explanation is their faith in the existing disaster-related mechanisms, made up of both local Russian entities and the Norwegian rescue services, especially Svalbard’s governor (Sysselmesteren). Interviewees rely significantly on Russian and Norwegian informal actors and relationships for disaster-related information. These findings suggest that alongside formal approaches, informality may play a significant role in dealing with disasters in Barentsburg, which itself might serve as a platform for international cooperation.

Câteva vase de cult de la Scânteia-Dealul Bodești/La nuci (jud. Iași) / Cult Vessels from Scânteia-Dealul Bodești/La Nuci (Iași County)

In the present study we presented some vessels and fragments of cult vessels (support vessels such as chorus, kernoi, rhyta) discovered at Scânteia, which along with numerous anthropomorphic and zoomorphic idols, as well as other pieces indicate the existence of a main settlement with a cult role.

FEATURES OF THE FORMATION OF THE KURDISH DIASPORA

The article will focus on one of the oldest peoples of Western Asia of autochthonous origin, whose reliable historical existence in this region exceeds two and a half millennia. About the people who finally completed their ethnic consolidation in the V-VI centuries, having clearly expressed ethno-national characteristics. The territory of the main settlement of the Kurdish ethnic group, the language in different dialect forms, its own mentality and anthropological and ethnic characteristics, a peculiar and rich culture. Currently, Kurdistan is politically divided between Turkey, Iran and Iraq, whose state borders, passing through the territory inhabited by Kurds, converge approximately in the center of Kurdistan. At the same time, the article also focuses on controversial issues.

Το Μεσαιωνικό Αγγελόκαστρο της Κορινθίας. Κάστρο-οικισμός, αγροτική οικονομία

Angelokastron is one of the castles in the Frankish castellania of Corinth, holding a strategic position in the mountainous area separating Corinthia from Argolida, on the route leading from Corinth to Epidaurus. The name is attested in catalogues of castles of the period pertaining to the end of the Middle Ages and the beginnings of Ottoman rule as well as in a cadastre of the feudal family of Acciaiuoli (1365), who possessed the Corinthian castellania during the second half of the 14th century. Angelokastro was part of a broader tax unit comprising the nearby castles of Πιάδα/Piada and Λιγουριό/Ligourio. Part of the agricultural production that belonged to the feudal overlord was collected and stored in these castles. During the late medieval and early Ottoman periods, Angelokastro was the main settlement of the peninsula that ends up in Cape Speiraio/Σπείραιο, suggesting that the center of the region mentioned above had moved from the area of Sofiko (where another important medieval castle thrived in the 12th and 13th centuries). Until the 1970s, Angelokastro remained an important settlement, second in size only to the most important village of Sofiko, within the administrative boundaries of the former municipality ofSolygia (Σολυγεία).

To østjyske smedjer fra middelalder og renæssance

Archaeological and archaeometallurgical investigations of two smithies in eastern Jutland – one Medieval, the other Early Modern
 Recent excavations undertaken by Vejle­Museerne have revealed remains of two smithies, one Medieval and the other Early Modern. Although the state of preservation, finds circumstances and methods of excavation were different and, in some ways, less than ideal, it proved possible to gain important and significant information from both.A farmhouse with two small outhouses was found adjacent to a substantial Medieval settlement at Kristinebjerg Øst, located southwest of Fredericia, between Taulov and Erritsø. The farm’s main house, which measured c. 26 x 6 m and was dated to c. AD 1250-1350, appeared to be located separately from the main settlement. The building contained clear traces of a smithy in its eastern part, and the working space was estimated to have been about 6 x 6 m. Numerous plano-convex pieces of slag were found, together with some iron objects. SEM analysis of the slag suggests that they represent the primary smithing of local iron blooms, and the smithy has even been interpreted as a specialist forge with the sole function of refining impure domestic iron. No iron bloomery slags or furnaces were, however, found adjacent to the smithy or within the entire excavation area. The term “local iron” must therefore be viewed in a larger perspective, i.e. derived from the northern and eastern parts of Jutland. (figs. 1-4)Traces of Medieval and Early Modern houses, two wells, some refuse pits and refuse layers were found in the village of Stouby, between Vejle and Juelsminde. Remains of a smithy were found, although the excavation was limited by an existing paved path, and it was therefore not possible to uncover the entire building. The smithy was 14C (AMS) dated to AD 1486-1573, while an adjacent refuse pit, A242, gave three rather different dates, namely AD 1415-1435, 1474-1521 and 1648-1664. The postholes of the smithy, A1, contained a large amount of hammerscale, both flat and spheroidal. Refuse pits, refuse layers and a well adjacent to the smithy contained a large number of plano-convex pieces of slag, as well as a smaller quantity of iron bars and debris. The content of soil samples from postholes and a refuse layer in the smithy, together with SEM EDX analysis of the slag, showed that refining of domestic iron, presumably from Jutland, had taken place, as well as hammer welding. Iron bars and nails ranged vastly in quality, from phosphorous-rich impure iron to iron of a better quality containing 0.1-0.2% carbon. None of the analysed pieces of iron were of domestic origin. They were mostly from Sweden or Norway, but a single iron bar may have originated from the Waloon area (Belgium). Mineral coal was also unexpectedly found in a refuse pit, A242, directly adjacent to the smithy. Coal is, by its very nature, an import in Denmark, and early archaeological evidence and mentions of it in the written sources are scarce in the 16th century. The Crown appears to have been ordering coal for use in the royal smithies by the late 1560s, and vast, regular imports from Germany and Britain are evident from the late 16th century onwards. The coal recovered from a refuse pit dated to the late 15th or early 16th century must therefore be considered quite an early find. The somewhat uncertain dating of the refuse pit could, however, render the find less significant (figs. 5-25).Excavations of Medieval and Early Modern smithies are quite rare occurrences in Denmark, but the preliminary results appear to suggest a tendency towards larger smithies, relative to those of the Iron Age and Viking Age. The data are, however, still too scant to enable secure validation of this theory. What the data do seem to confirm is that, from the 12th to the late 16th century, refining of impure, domestic iron blooms has been undertaken as one of the everyday tasks of a blacksmith, even if some almost pure, imported iron bars were also available. It has even been suggested that there is evidence of superficial carburisation or even case carburisation, but this must presently be viewed with scepticism. The investigations of the two smithies seem to prove that valid data and important information on the blacksmith’s craft can be gathered, even when the circumstances are far from ideal. If sufficient archaeometallurgical analyses are undertaken, smithies seem almost invariably to yield significant knowledge on the history of technology.

The Study of Connectivity and Network Degree toward Mitigation Strategy for Resilient Kampung in Indonesia (Case Study: Kampung Taman Sari, Bandung)

This study investigates the resilience of kampung settlement based on connectivity for developing mitigation strategy in urban context. Kampung Taman Sari, Bandung, is chosen as a case study of this paper. Kampung, the main urban settlement type of every city in Indonesia, is an informal settlement, with minimum urban services and facilities, therefore inhabitants who living there are more vulnerable in the response of disaster evacuation. This paper studies a deep understanding of the morphological configuration of Kampung based on connectivity and networks which define and show the degree of capability to prepare, respond, recover, and survive in the face of disaster. Depth map simulation and Space Syntax is used to analyze the degree of connectivity and network. The result shows the key relation of connectivity and accessibility of movement evacuation, not only for human movement but also rescue team, including the transportation.

Determining Long-Term Land Cover Dynamics in the South Baltic Coastal Zone from Historical Aerial Photographs

Coastal regions are dynamic environments that have been the main settlement destinations for human society development for centuries. Development by humans and environmental changes have resulted in intensive land cover transformation. However, detailed spatiotemporal analyses of such changes in the Polish Baltic coastal zone have not been given sufficient attention. The aim of the presented work is to fill this gap and, moreover, present a method for assessing indicators of changes in a coastal dune environment that could be an alternative for widely used morphological line indicators. To fulfill the main aim, spatial and temporal variations in the dune areas of the Pomeranian Bay coast (South Baltic Sea) were quantified using remote sensing data from the years 1938–2017, supervised classification, and a geographic information system post-classification change detection technique. Finally, a novel quantitative approach for coastal areas containing both sea and land surface sections was developed. The analysis revealed that for accumulative areas, a decrease in the land area occupied by water was typical, along with an increase in the surface area not covered by vegetation and a growth in the surface area occupied by vegetation. Furthermore, stabilized shores were subject to significant changes in tree cover area mainly at the expense of grass-covered terrains and simultaneous slight changes in the surface area occupied by water and the areas free of vegetation. The statistical analysis revealed six groups of characteristic shore evolutionary trends, of which three exhibited an erosive nature of changes. The methodology developed herein helps discover new possibilities for defining coastal zone dynamics and can be used as an alternative solution to methods only resorting to cross sections and line indicators. These results constitute an important step toward developing a predictive model of coastal land cover changes.

Bronze Age and Early Iron Age house and settlement development at Forsandmoen, south-western Norway

The ambition of this monograph is to analyse a limited number of topics regarding house types and thus social and economic change from the extensive material that came out of the archaeological excavation that took place at Forsandmoen (“Forsand plain”), Forsand municipality, Rogaland, Norway during the decade 1980–1990, as well as the years 1992, 1995 and 2007. The excavation was organised as an interdisciplinaryresearch project within archaeology, botany (palynological analysis from bogs and soils, macrofossil analysis) and phosphate analysis, conducted by staff from the Museum of Archaeology in Stavanger (as it was called until 2009, now part of the University of Stavanger). A large phosphate survey project had demarcaded a 20 ha settlement area, among which 9 ha were excavated using mechanical topsoil stripping to expose thehabitation traces at the top of the glaciofluvial outwash plain of Forsandmoen. A total of 248 houses could be identified by archaeological excavations, distributed among 17 house types. In addition, 26 partly excavated houses could not be classified into a type. The extensive house material comprises three types of longhouses, of which there are as many as 30–40 in number, as well as four other longhouse types, of which there are only 2–7 in number. There were nine other house types, comprising partly small dwelling houses and partly storage houses, of which there were 3–10 in number. Lastly, there are 63 of the smallest storage house, consisting of only four postholes in a square shape. A collection of 264 radiocarbon dates demonstrated that the settlement was established in the last part of the 15th century BC and faded out during the 7th–8th century AD, encompassing the Nordic Bronze Age and Early Iron Age. As a number of houses comprising four of the house types were excavated with the same methods in the same area by the same staff, it is a major goal of this monograph to analyse thoroughly the different featuresof the houses (postholes, wall remains, entrances, ditches, hearths, house-structure, find-distribution) and how they were combined and changed into the different house types through time. House material from different Norwegian areas as well as Sweden, Denmark, Germany and the Netherlands is included in comparative analyses to reveal connections within the Nordic area. Special attention has been given to theinterpretation of the location of activity areas in the dwelling and byre sections in the houses, as well as the life expectancy of the two main longhouse types. Based on these analyses, I have presented a synthesis in 13 phases of the development of the settlement from Bronze Age Period II to the Merovingian Period. This analysis shows that, from a restricted settlement consisting of one or two small farms in the Early BronzeAge, it increases slightly throughout the Late Bronze Age to 2–3 solitary farms to a significantly larger settlement consisting of 3–4 larger farms in the Pre-Roman Iron Age. From the beginning of the early Roman Iron Age, the settlement seems to increase to 8–9 even larger farms, and through the late Roman Iron Age, the settlement increases to 12–13 such farms, of which 6–7 farms are located so close together that they would seem to be a nucleated or village settlement. In the beginning of the Migration Period, there were 16–17 farms, each consisting of a dwelling/byre longhouse and a workshop, agglomerated in an area of 300 x 200 m where the farms are arranged in four E–W oriented rows. In addition, two farms were situated 140 m NE of the main settlement. At the transition to the Merovingian Period, radiocarbon dates show that all but two of the farms were suddenly abandoned. At the end of that period, the Forsandmoen settlement was completely abandoned. The abandonment could have been caused by a combination of circumstances such as overexploitation in agriculture, colder climate, the Plague of Justinian or the collapse of the redistributive chiefdom system due to the breakdown of the Roman Empire. The abrupt abandonment also coincides with a huge volcanic eruption or cosmic event that clouded the sun around the whole globe in AD 536–537. It is argued that the climatic effect on the agriculture at this latitude could induce such a serious famine that the settlement, in combination with the other possible causes, was virtually laid waste during the ensuing cold decade AD 537–546.

PS-InSAR based surface subsidence analysis in Changchun metropolitan area

The monitoring of urban land surface subsidence is the main task of urban disaster prevention and mitigation. In this paper, the land surface subsidence process in Changchun metropolitan area is calculated based on PS-InSAR technology by using the SLC data of Sentinel-1B with 50 scenes within the metropolitan area of Changchun from 2016 to 2020. The results show that the metropolitan surface of Changchun is basically in a stable state, the main settlement is located in the southeast of the metropolitan around the Century Square, the maximum settlement rate is 20.45mm/a, the average settlement rate is 2.98mm/a, the correlation coefficient between the settlement results calculated by PS-InSAR and the second-class leveling verification results reaches 0.67, which indicates that the regional settlement results calculated by PS-InSAR have high reliability. The subsidence area is dominated by the geological structure of the Mesozoic Cretaceous Yaojia Formation, with many intercalations of fine silty sand rocks and locally containing medium-coarse gravel sandstone. The overall structural stability is poor, which may be the main reason for subsidence in this area.

Differentiation of dependency ratio in Irkutsk oblast

The article determines the dependency ratio among municipalities of Irkutsk oblast. We designed scales with ratio gradation for mapping the results for different types of dependency burdens. We revealed that the youth population less than 400 per 1,000 people is typical for northern peripheral districts of the region and for the well-developed industrial and multifunctional central cities. The connection between the long-term mean birthrate within the main settlement zone in the region and mean indices of youth dependency burden from 400 to 600 is determined. Minimal old dependency burden (less than 400) have been revealed in the regional center Irkutsk and the Irkutsk district with higher working-age population, in most other districts the old dependency burden has mean values 400 to 500 per 1,000. Maximal value of the old dependency ratio is typical for the north of the region and they are determined by migration outflow, low birthrate and aging population. We have summarized the values of youth dependency ratio and the old dependency ratio and revealed a significant differentiation of indicators of the total dependency load in the region within the values up to 800 and more than 1,000. The northern regions with a considerate proportion of pensioners in the total population and the regions of the main settlement zone with mean values of both ratios and the regions of Ust’-Orda Buryat okrug with traditionally high birthrates experience the greatest dependency load on the workforce.

Analysis of the reasons for the resettlement of Western Siberia in the context of sustainable development

The construction of a new railway is considered as a way to successfully solve many socio-economic problems of regional significance, the development of regional production complexes (in particular, petrochemical), the transfer of the center of gravity from the South of Western Siberia, where the reserves of ecological capacity are almost exhausted, to the regions of the Near North, where such reserves are available. The authors note that this will create real prerequisites for expanding the main settlement zone within Western Siberia at the expense of the Near North, eliminating the “Irtysh settlement gap”.

ТИПОЛОГИЯ ЛОКАЛЬНЫХ ТРАНСПОРТНЫХ СИСТЕМ КАМЧАТСКОГО КРАЯ

This article analyses functioning of various modes of transport and population mobility specifics in Kamchatka Krai – the region located remotely and isolated from the main settlement zone of Russia. The work is based on the typology of local transportation systems using the field research method – in-depth interviews with experts. 11 types of local transport systems were identified on the territory of Kamchatka Krai. They are divided into two main categories: those with a predominance of road transport and those related to the off-road zone, which does not have one dominant particular mode of transport. A crucial contribution to the formation of various types of local transportation systems is made by zonality, which is determined primarily by the historical dynamics of economic development of the region. The most developed territory – Petropavlovsk-Kamchatsky and the surrounding area – serves as a link to the outside world and distribution hub of traffic flows within the region. Areas of industrial development of the XX century are completely dependent on the operation of road transport. The vast off-road zone, which is barely involved in economic activity, is characterized by the intensive participation of the local communities in the functioning of local transportation systems and the combination of various modes of transport. The identified specifics of Kamchatka territory allowed us to create a list of recommendations for improving the efficiency of local transportation systems.

Освоения территорий Среднего Прииртышья татарами в XVIII – начале XX века (по материалам археологических исследований)

Previously not studied seasonal settlements and small settlements of the West Siberian Tatars in the 18th-early 20th century, as well as their role in the colonization of territories in the Middle Irtysh region are considered. Until now, the existence of such settlements was only a hypothesis. In order to study options for the development of natural spaces by local groups of the West Siberian Tatars, a study of these types of settlements was carried out on the basis of archaeological work in the north-forest-steppe and south-taiga zones of the left bank of the Middle Irtysh, supplemented by oral historical materials and archival data. The authors analyze models of colonization of the territories of the specified areas by the Tatars in the 18th-early 20th century. For the first time, the authors carry out archaeological research on these settlements. Their accurate locations are being established, which have not yet been known to date. As a result of the analysis of the obtained data, the authors distinguish two models of the development of south-taiga and north-forest-steppe space. Creation of a network of seasonal settlements was typical of the first model. Summer settlements were in the flood plain of a large river, which made it possible to effectively graze cattle and fish. Winter settlements were located on the edge of the terrace, where it was more convenient to gather firewood, hunt, collect berries and cedar nuts. The first model was widespread in the territories of the traditional residence of the Siberian Tatars and existed, based on archaeological data, for a long time. The second model mostly existed in the north-forest-steppe areas of the left bank of the Irtysh River. For this model, the existence of the main settlement located on the low ridge or the edge of the lake terrace and several small settlements located in less convenient places was typical. The former were more convenient for living, the latter were used for farming (usually, cattle breeding). Based on written sources, this model appeared quite late, in the second half of the 18th century, and was located in the territories of the compact residence of the Bokharans.

Informal employment in Ukraine and formation of institutional conditions of its minimization

The article presents the results of the study on the structure and scale of spread of informal employment in Ukrainian labor market. Based on the analysis of the received estimates, the author makes a social and economic profile of the average worker involved in informal labor relations. The peculiarity of the study is that all estimates are considered separately for hired labor and self-employment, which allows to identify the internal heterogeneity of the structure of informal employment in Ukraine. According to the results of the econometric modeling, the main socio-economic, demographic, settlement, professional and sectoral factors that determine the involvement of the individual in informal employment in Ukraine are identified. Described the basics of legal regulation of labor relations as a formal institution influencing the dynamics of informal employment. Established the relationship between the level of flexibility in the regulation of the labor market in the country and the extent of informal employment among its population. It has been shown that in economies with flexible regulation, as a rule, informal employment is lower. Based on assessments and analysis of the flexibility of labor market regulation in Ukraine by such components as hiring, working hours and staff reductions (rules and costs), bottlenecks in the national legislation have been identified that can cause increased informal employment, which in turn helped determine the main institutional conditions for its minimization.

Неформальна зайнятість в Україні та формування інституційних умов її мінімізації

The article presents the results of the study on the structure and scale of spread of informal employment in Ukrainian labor market. Based on the analysis of the received estimates, the author makes a social and economic profile of the average worker involved in informal labor relations. The peculiarity of the study is that all estimates are considered separately for hired labor and self-employment, which allows to identify the internal heterogeneity of the structure of informal employment in Ukraine. According to the results of the econometric modeling, the main socio-economic, demographic, settlement, professional and sectoral factors that determine the involvement of the individual in informal employment in Ukraine are identified. Described the basics of legal regulation of labor relations as a formal institution influencing the dynamics of informal employment. Established the relationship between the level of flexibility in the regulation of the labor market in the country and the extent of informal employment among its population. It has been shown that in economies with flexible regulation, as a rule, informal employment is lower. Based on assessments and analysis of the flexibility of labor market regulation in Ukraine by such components as hiring, working hours and staff reductions (rules and costs), bottlenecks in the national legislation have been identified that can cause increased informal employment, which in turn helped determine the main institutional conditions for its minimization.

Transportation System and Zawiyahs in Hamid-ili

Bir yerden başka bir noktaya ulaşmanın temel aracı tarih boyunca yollar olmuştur. Yol güzergâhları, özellikle geçmiş dönemlerde büyük ölçüde doğal koşullara bağlı kalmış olup siyasi organizasyonlar çeşitli çalışmalar, tesis ettikleri yol ve yol üzerindeki yapılar ile ulaşımın sağlık bir biçimde işlemesine gayret etmiştir. Gerek Selçuklu ve gerekse Osmanlı döneminde hükümdarlar dervişlere, şeyhlere, ulu kimselere, arazi tahsis ederek vakıf kurmalarına imkan sağlamışlardır. Böylece tesis edilen zaviye ve zaviye fonksiyonlu yapılarla en ücra alanlarda, geçitlerde ulaşımın güvenli ve rahat bir şekilde sağlanmasını temin etmişlerdir. Bu çalışmada da temel olarak Hamid-ili ulaşım ağı ve hususiyle de ulaşım sistemi zaviyeler üzerinden konu edinilmiştir. Kaynak olarak çalışmada 1501 yılına ait Hamid Sancağı Vakıf Defteri transkripsiyon metni kullanılmıştır. Söz konusu defterdeki zaviyeler ve bunların bulunduğu yerleşme merkezlerinin lokalizasyonu yapılarak ulaşım ağı jeomorfolojik şartlar göz önünde bulundurularak çizilmiştir. Böylece han ve kervansaray bulunmayan sahalarda “gelen giden yolculara hizmet şartı” ile ulu kimselere temlik edilen arazilerde tesis edilen tekke, zaviye, hankâh, gibi yapılar ulaşımın adeta can damarını oluşturduğu görülmüştür.

RUSSIAN SETTLEMENTS IN THE COASTAL AREA OF THE SELENGA RIVER IN THE 17–19th CENTURIES

Purpose. The aim of this work is to determine the patterns of urban planning in Siberian settlements in the coastal area of the Ob-Yenisei waterway. The paper considers the fragment of the route from Lake Baikal to Mongolia border, along the Selenga River. The differences are identified for the settlement type, number and location along the Selenga River in the 17–19th centuries.Design/methodology/approach. Research is based on the collection of maps and archival documents as well as electronic resources from the largest libraries of Russia. All settlement types are tied to a modern satellite map using the free and open-source cross-platform desktop geographic information system QGIS with regard to the main settlement stages in Transbaikal.Research findings. Three main chronological settlements are identified, which are studied allowing for the internal territorial ties, hierarchy and territorial distribution of compact groups of settlements. Spatial interconnections directly depend on the settlement formation and transport routes. The settlement development is progressive and oriented towards an increase in the number of small and medium-sized settlements, compact residential groups, cross-cultural interaction with Buryat settlements and colonies of Russian settlers.

Particularities of the Cultural Tourism in Zalău in the Context of the European Heritage: The Roman Festival Zalău Porolissum

"Particularities of the Cultural Tourism in Zalău in the Context of the European Heritage: the Roman Festival Zalău Porolissum. Covering an area of 3,850 square kms, the county of Sălaj lies in the north-western part of Romania, as a passage between the Western and Eastern Carpathians. The main settlement of Sălaj is the city of Zalău, lying at the heart of the county, along Zalău valley, near the Northern Meseş Mountains. Evidence of the Dacian culture and civilization can be found all over the county. The stronghold was well known in antiquity as Dacidava, a central place for the gatherings of Dacian tribes living in the region, known today as Sălaj. Here 14 treasures of Dacian silver coins and jewels were found, which may explain the fact that Sălaj was one of the towns that laid on the ancient road of salt whereon salt used to be traded from Transylvania to Central Europe. Another important Dacian settlement would be Moigrad (Porolissum), on the heights of Măgura Moigradului, mentioned by Ptolemeu in his „Geographia”. After the Roman conquest and the colonization of Dacia as a Roman province, Roman experts in military strategy transfomed the Meseş Mountains into the north-eastern border of the Roman Empire. This „limes” separated the territories of the Roman province Dacia from the unoccupied area which belonged to the free Dacians. The military structure of Porolissum, the capital of the province „Dacia Porolissensis”, acquired the rank of „municipium”, by an order of the Emperor Septimius Severus. Ruins of the Porolissum town, together with Roman fortifications near the passage Poarta Meseşului stretch to an area of about 200 hectares. In Porolissum, archaeological discoveries brought to light two large stone-built Roman „castrum”, one amphitheatre, several temples, civilian constructions and Roman roads. Within the study there were both open-response questionnaires, when the subject was free to answer as he saw fit, and closed-response questionnaires, in which the subject had several possible answers from which he could choose the response considered convenient. The Roman Festival Zalău Porolissum recovers a part of the shared historical past within a geographical space where the European community now functions. Through impeccable organization and administration, this part made possibile the development of the greatest empire in ancient times. Through The Roman Festival Zalău Porolissum, the Zalău City Hall proposes to its inhabitants and tourists a vast event with an educative-cultural dimension. We believe that this sort of manifestation may counteract the promotion tendencies of the underground culture. We wish for The Roman Festival Zalău Porolissum to pleasantly provide to the public history moments, traditions, culture and specific costumes. The Roman Festival Zalău Porolissum is an event of our identity that reconfirms our values and space in Europe. At the European Union’s construction a few fundamental facts contributed: shared geography and history, the Greek culture, the Christianity and the Roman legacy. The Roman culture and civilization are marks of the European identity, which define the present European citizen’s consciousness. Keywords: The Roman Festival Zalău Porolissum, Cultural tourism, Global values, European Heritage."