Main Negative Effects Research Articles

Regulation and Innovation in the Pharmaceutical Industry: The Case of a New Diabetes Drug

This document analyses the effect of the regulation on the pharmaceutical industry’s innovation processes. The objective is analyzing the effect of the regulation on the development of an innovative drug produced by a Mexican-based pharmaceutical company. This is an exploratory-type and case study design research. The case is the development of a new diabetes drug. Data was gathered mainly through semi-structured interviews to the company’s staff, who took part in the innovation project. To understand the effect of the regulation, we started from the analysis of the regulatory requirements that the company had to meet. The different stages of the innovation process were analyzed—it was found that most of the effects are focused into three stages: (i) the stage where human beings are involved for developing tests (clinical trial stage), (ii) the sanitary registration stage, the process in which the drug to be marketed complies with the safety, efficiency, and quality conditions, and (iii) the manufacturing stage, in order to guarantee the appropriate manufacturing of the drug according to good practices. Regulations lead to both positive and negative effects. Among the positive effects, it is important to highlight the regulations on intellectual property and on the drug’s quality. Main negative effects are related to the implementation of the regulation, rather than to the requirements implied. Throughout the innovation process, the regulation caused some delays in the planned activities, leading to cost increases, loss of competitiveness, and uncertainty about the return on investment.

Social solidarity and cohesion in the fight against the COVID-19 pandemic in intercultural cities

The study analyzes the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on intercultural interactions. It considers the sociocultural mechanisms for ensuring cohesion and social solidarity in multicultural communities. The paper highlights the social contexts of the current problems of multicultural communities in overcoming intercultural barriers and the development of trust, social solidarity and cohesion. It reveals the direction of the main negative effects of the COVID-19 pandemic on the cohesion and development of social solidarity of multicultural communities. The successful international and domestic cases of counteraction of communities of intercultural cities against the COVID-19 pandemic are analyzed. The factors of development of social solidarity and cohesion of international and Ukrainian community in the conditions of pandemic are investigated. It has been found that social solidarity and cohesion of communities is an effective means of public counteraction to modern destructive factors and challenges. It is established that the communities of cities-participants of intercultural networks have developed effective mechanisms to maintain positive relations between people of different nationalities, religions, cultures and can serve as a positive example for other cities through the implementation of the model of ethnocultural diversity management.

THE IMPACT OF THE DEVELOPMENT OF THE TOURIST INDUSTRY ON THE ENVIRONMENT

The article considers the topical issue of the impact of the tourism industry on the environment.
 The main goal is to analyze the current state of the environment and the impact on it of the tourism industry of Ukraine. Informative-analytical methods, comparison methods, etc. were used during the research.
 The quality of the environment, both natural and artificial, is important for the tourism industry. However, the relationship of the tourism industry in Ukraine with the environment is complex. The tourism industry involves many activities that can have a negative impact on the environment. Many of these impacts are related to the construction of general infrastructure objects such as roads and airports, tourist facilities, including resorts, hotels, restaurants, shops, marinas and more. The negative consequences of the development of the tourism industry can gradually destroy the environment, the resources on which it depends.
 On the other hand, the tourism industry has the potential to create a beneficial impact on the environment, contributes to the protection and preservation of the environment. It is a way to raise awareness of environmental values, and it can serve as a tool to finance the protection of natural areas and increase economic value.
 The paper examines the impact of the tourism industry on natural resources, environmental pollution and the physical environment. In addition, the impact of the tourism industry on the environment on a global scale is analyzed.
 The main positive and negative external effects of the development of the tourism industry of Ukraine are analyzed in the article; the essence of environmental problems of the development of the tourism industry; capital investments for environmental protection by types of environmental measures in Ukraine are analyzed; current costs for environmental protection by types of environmental measures in Ukraine and proposed ways to minimize the negative consequences of the processes “tourism industry ‒ environment”.

Analysis of technological potential for utilization of waste aviation lubricating materials

The object of research is technologies for waste aviation oils and lubricants recycling and utilization. The work is devoted to the analysis of the current state and the assessment of the technological potential in the field of processing and disposal of aviation lubricants. The current state and dynamics of the market for the production and consumption of aviation lubricants are considered. The main properties and functions of aviation oils and lubricants are analyzed, the main technical requirements for them are formulated. A complex of physical and chemical processes that occur in lubricants during their operation and long-term storage, and lead to a loss of their quality, is considered. It is shown that the main factors of quality deterioration are high-temperature destruction, oxidation, polymerization and condensation of hydrocarbons, mixing with fuel, and pollution with inorganic compounds. The main ecological as well as economic problems associated with the aссamulation of waste lubricants are considered, their negative impact on the components of the environment and human health is described. So, the main negative effects are associated with their improper storage, discharge into water bodies or soils, as well as with their burning and the formation of toxic emissions. On the basis of this, the need for the development and implementation of integrated technologies for the disposal of waste lubricating materials is shown. The main directions, methods and technologies that are used for their utilization are presented. So, depending on the composition, quality and properties of waste lubricants, technologies for restoring their quality, processing technologies using them as raw materials for the production of similar petroleum products, technologies for obtaining low-quality fuels for stationary equipment based on them can be used. It is shown that the development and application of effective technologies for the disposal of used lubricants has a number of positive effects: minimization of the negative impact on the environment, savings and expansion of oil resources for the production of commercial petroleum products, and, as a result, saving money.

User Experience and Effects of an Individually Tailored Transdiagnostic Internet-Based and Mobile-Supported Intervention for Anxiety Disorders: Mixed-Methods Study.

BackgroundInternet interventions have been shown to be effective in treating anxiety disorders. Most interventions to date focus on single disorders and disregard potential comorbidities.ObjectiveThe aim of this mixed-methods study was to investigate feasibility, user experience, and effects of a newly developed individually tailored transdiagnostic guided internet intervention for anxiety disorders.MethodsThis study is an uncontrolled, within-group, baseline, postintervention pilot trial with an embedded qualitative and quantitative process and effect evaluation. In total, 49 adults with anxiety disorders (generalized anxiety disorder n=20, social phobia n=19, agoraphobia without panic n=12, panic with agoraphobia n=6, panic without agoraphobia n=4, subclinical depression n=41) received access to the 7-session intervention. We examined motivation and expectations, intervention use, user experience, impact, and modification requests. Qualitative data were assessed using semistructured interviews and analyzed by qualitative content analysis. Quantitative outcomes included symptom severity of anxiety and depression (Hamilton Anxiety Rating Scale [HAM-A], Quick Item Inventory of Depressive Symptomatology clinician rating [QIDS-C]), diagnostic status in clinical interviews (Mini International Neuropsychiatric Interview [MINI]), and web-based self-reports (Generalized Anxiety Disorder–7 [GAD-7], Center for Epidemiological Studies Depression Scale [CES-D], Beck Anxiety Inventory [BAI], Panic and Agoraphobia Scale [PAS], Social Phobia Scale [SPS], Patient Health Questionnaire–9 [PHQ-9]) at baseline and postassessment. Quantitative data was analyzed by comparing within-group means expressed as Cohen d.ResultsAnxiety symptom severity (HAM-A d=1.19) and depressive symptoms (QIDS-C d=0.42) improved significantly, and 54% (21/39) no longer were diagnosed as having any anxiety disorder. The main positive effects were the general improvement of disease burden and attentiveness to feelings and risk situations while the main negative effects experienced were lack of change in disease burden and symptom deterioration. The most prevalent reasons for participation were the advantages of online treatment, symptom burden, and openness toward online treatment. Helpful factors included support, psychoeducation and practicing strategies in daily life; the main hindering factors were too little individualization and being overwhelmed by the content and pace.ConclusionsThe intervention was found to be feasible and results show preliminary data indicating potential efficacy for improving anxiety and depression. The next step should be the evaluation within a randomized controlled trial. Concerning intervention development, it was found that future interventions should emphasize individualization even more in order to further improve the fit to individual characteristics, preferences, and needs.

Financial accessibility in branchless municipalities: an analysis for Andalusia

ABSTRACT Financial accessibility as a way of ensuring financial inclusion has received increasing attention. However, most of studies have drawn attention to the likelihood of becoming branchless and not on the differential characteristics of branchless municipalities. The aim this paper is to assess financial accessibility in branchless municipalities of the most populated region of Spain, Andalusia, and to examine their distribution across space. To that end, we identify the nearest bank branch for each branchless municipality. In addition, we incorporate socio-economic characteristics of each municipality in order to identify different groups of branchless municipalities. The results obtained suggest that there are substantial differences across branchless municipalities. In particular, we identify two degrees of financial accessibility: moderate and poor. Population dynamics are revealed as a key factor in explaining financial accessibility although this can be ameliorated by a higher per capita income and a greater industrial specialization. From a territorial point of view, we find a high concentration of branchless municipalities across space. Some initiatives should be taken in order to avoid that people become financially excluded. In this sense, local action groups responsible for rural development policies could identify the main negative effects and propose the most suitable alternative services.

Improving the redox performance of Mn2O3/Mn3O4 pair by Si doping to be used as thermochemical energy storage for concentrated solar power plants

Thermal energy storage plays a significant role in concentrated solar power plants. Particularly, thermochemical energy storage has been proposed as a promising future candidate due to its high energy density. One of the most studied thermochemical reactions for this application are redox reactions using metallic oxides. The simplicity of using air as heat transfer fluid and reactant comprises important advantages. Among the studied materials, Mn2O3 has been deeply investigated due to its low cost and toxicity, although its reversibility has been shown to be highly deteriorated when exposed to high temperatures. The main negative effects found in the material are grain growth and densification, known as sintering, causing cyclability loss. Doping of ceramic materials has been proven to be an effective technique to control the sintering effects caused by high temperatures, especially in the production of metallurgical products. In this work, the effect of doping Mn2O3 with Si4+ as a sintering inhibitor for thermochemical energy storage has been studied deeply for the first time. The capacity to withstand 40 redox cycles with different quantities of dopant using two different synthesis routes was tested by TGA analysis. As a main result, dopant segregation on the grain boundaries caused a noticeable reduction of the grain growth and particle shrinkage. Additionally, all the doped samples presented a re-oxidation rate improvement. These two effects worked in a synergetic way providing a noticeable improvement on the cycling behavior of the material, which was particularly improved for low Si content (x = 0.02) using sol-gel synthesis method.

The water crisis and its implications in Brazilian agribusiness: A bibliographic review

Water scarcity has become one of the main global problems, since of all the water of the terrestrial surface, only 2.5% represents fresh water, and of this, only 0.3% corresponds to the water of the rivers and lakes that are available to supply the demand for food production and other uses. The present work consisted in surveying the scenario related to the global water crisis and presenting evidence that even Brazil being abundant in the amount of water available, tends to face serious problems because of its scarcity, affecting two of the main economic pillars, agribusiness and industry. It was observed that the main negative effects on water resources occur due to urban occupation and agricultural practices in a disorderly way, causing destruction of natural resources through the discharge of domestic sewage, industrial effluents and agrochemicals. In general, the lack of control of the use of the water directed to the productive processes is one of the major generators of the water shortage, since 69% of the water derived from rivers, lakes and aquifers underground is turned to irrigated agriculture, using 70 times more water than for domestic purposes. Thus, it is necessary to adopt policies aimed at the conservation and efficient use of water resources, to value water as a social, social and environmental good, since their scarcity can generate instability in economic sectors such as agriculture, generating production insecurity in industry, as well as affecting the supply of drinking water, basic sanitation and public health.

ЭКО-ГЕОГРАФИЧЕСКИЕ ПРОБЛЕМЫ, ВЫЗВАННЫЕ АВТОМОБИЛЬНЫМ ТРАНСПОРТОМ В ЛЯНКЯРАНСКОМ ФИЗИКО-ГЕОГРАФИЧЕСКОМ РЕГИОНЕ АЗЕРБАЙДЖАНСКОЙ РЕСПУБЛИКИ И ПУТИ ИХ РЕШЕНИЯ

Purpose. In modern times, environmental security remains a global problem. One of the main negative effects of people on the environment is related to road transport. Anthropogenic pollution of the environment is undoubtedly due to the increase in the number of vehicles. As it is known, due to the activities of various types of transport, large amounts of toxic gases are released into the atmosphere every day, which is a high man-made impact on the environment, posing a serious threat to human health. It is very important to carry out eco-geographical studies to assess the damage caused by road transport to the environment and its individual components. The article investigates the existing and possible damages caused by road transport to the environment and human health in the Lankaran physico-geographical region of the Republic of Azerbaijan. Methods. Comparative approach, statistical analysis, field research, systematic analysis, and cartographic (GIS) method have been used during the study. Results. The article describes the current state of the International North-South Transport Corridor, the technical characteristics of the highways, the number of vehicles, the amount of harmful substances emitted by them, noise intensity, etc. based on the statistical and fieldwork materials. Based upon the information obtained, the Lankaran physico-geographical region's road map has been developed, the length of the international, local, and land roads and their area size are provided in percentage, and the areas with a denser road transport network are grouped according to their sensitivity. Scientific novelty. A map of the territorial organisation and density of road transport in Lankaran physical-geographical region has been compiled, the amount of pollutants emitted into the environment by road transport has been determined, and ways to prevent them have been provided. The practical significance. The obtained results can be used to increase the quality of work done for improving the environmental situation in Lankaran physical-geographical region.

Характеристики излучения короткодуговых ксеноновых газоразрядных ламп высокого давления

The paper is devoted to the study of changes in characteristics of ultra-high pressure short-arc xenon lamps when a tungsten layer is sprayed onto the quartz shell, as a result of heating and local electrode erosion. The paper analyzes the mechanisms of phenomena occurring in the super-high pressure xenon discharge and the cathode spot, which affect the sputtering of the electrode material. The main negative effects of tungsten deposits appearing on the lamp shell inner surface are considered: a decrease in the optical transparency and mechanical strength of quartz glass, an increase of the bulb temperature, a change in spectral characteristics and spatial distribution of radiation of a gas-discharge lamp. The original method developed for studying the parameters of radiation of a gas-discharge lamp and based on the superposition of the optical axis of the photometer with the axis of the lamp passing through the cathode spot and the considered shell segment, transparent or sprayed, allowed us to compare radiation characteristics of the lamp without changing the plasma parameters. The thermodynamic analysis carried out within the research confirmed the absence of chemical interaction of tungsten layer with quartz glass. Spectral distribution of xenon discharge radiation in the visible and IR ranges is different for a transparent bulb and the bulb with a tungsten spot, which is due to the size of tungsten layer particles on the lamp bulb. A study of spatial distribution of radiation from a gas-discharge lamp showed a decrease in the intensity of radiation in a solid angle bounded by a tungsten spot. At the same time, in this region, there was observed an increase in the temperature of the quartz shell, leading to the appearance of a longitudinal gradient of the temperature field of the gas-discharge lamp.

Status and recommendations for sustainable freshwater aquaculture in Brazil

AbstractBrazil is a megadiverse country and is participant of fundamental environmental agreements for biodiversity conservation. However, the internal politics and the cultures that affect negatively the ecological integrity in Brazilian freshwater need to be improved on the condition of sustainable management. Scientific community, the government and stakeholders are in constant conflicts of goals. Meanwhile, the current model for Brazilian aquaculture shows problems of ecological impact due to the lack of appropriated planning and legislation to the aquatic biota. The non‐recognition of sustainable census incorporated in its environmental politics reflects in an archaic and unsustainable management, with the following characters: a non‐specific approach for technical management, the indiscriminate use of interspecific hybrids and non‐native species and the lack of skilled labour. The potential impact on native species and the introduction of pathogens are the main negative effects on aquatic biota. This way, the aim of this article is to elucidate the conflicts of interests and ecological effects of fish aquaculture in Brazil, besides providing good practices and sustainable alternatives for management.

The economics of merger appraisal: analysis of best practices

The article briefly outlines key economic principles that are used for merger appraisal in Europe and the US. We consider three most typical cases: horizontal, vertical and conglomerate mergers. We explain the main positive and negative effects that typically arise in each case. We point that the analysis of structural factors (levels of industry concentration and market shares) and barriers to entry can serve only as a starting point of the merger appraisal process. Other indicators such as closeness of competition, countervailing buyer power and customer switching, counter-reactions of rivals, levels of profitability, cost savings are far more important for the analysis of merger effects on consumers and competition. In addition, we describe general economic principles with regards to merger remedies.

Physiological and biochemical appraisal for mulching and partial rhizosphere drying of cotton

Water is the main factor for the healthy life of plant. One of the main negative effects of climate change is the increasing scarcity of water that is lethal for plant. Globally, for water deficit regions (arid and semi-arid), drought is the main factor responsible for low production of agriculture, especially for cotton. Great efforts have been and are being made to find alternatives to water saving practices. This study aimed to examine the effects of partial rhizosphere drying (PRD, half of the root system irrigated at one event, and the other half irrigated in the next event, and so on) with and/or without various mulching treatments on physiological and biochemical traits of cotton. To explore this objective, we laid out experiments in completely randomized design with factorial arrangement in the Islamia University of Bahawalpur, Pakistan in 2016. Two factors included were four mulching treatments (M0, no mulching; M1, black plastic mulching; M2, wheat straw mulching; and M3, cotton sticks mulching) and two irrigation levels (I0, control (full irrigation); and I1, PRD). Fisher’s analysis of variance among means of treatments was compared using least significant difference test at 5% probability level. Results revealed that the maximum plant height, leaf area, leaf gas exchange (photosynthetic rate and stomata conductance), chlorophyll, proline and total sugar contents, and enzyme activities were higher under M2 than under other three mulching treatments. As for irrigation levels, higher values of plant height, photosynthesis and water related parameters (leaf water potential, leaf osmotic potential, leaf turgor potential, etc.) were recorded. Contents of total sugar and proline and activities of antioxidant enzymes were significantly higher in PRD-treated plants than in control plants. It was concluded that combined application of PRD and mulching was more effective than the rest of the treatments used in the experiment. Similar study can be conducted in the field by applying irrigation water in alternate rows in semi-arid regions.

Problems of Development of Small and Medium Russian Towns

The presented study addresses the problems of development of small and medium towns in Russia. Aim. The study aims to examine a town as a socio-economic environment where its residents exist and as the fundamental factor for the development of society.Tasks. The authors identify key problems in the development of small and medium Russian towns, which interferes with the historical appearance and has a negative impact on the living environment.Methods. Problems in the development of small and medium towns in Russia are examined using theoretical methods: systematic approach, statistical analysis, social and philosophical analysis.Results. The study identifies the main negative effects of the existing model of development of small and medium Russian towns, such as destruction of their historical and cultural appearance, distortion of the overall architectural motif, increased load on communications, and congestion of the transport infrastructure.Conclusions. At the current stage, efficient development of small and medium towns in Russia is impossible within the framework of the existing infill development. This chaotic process cannot be stopped without a new conceptual approach and changes in the legislative and normative framework of urban development. The only factor that determines the boundaries of the existing approach to urban development is the lack of physical space for new buildings in urban areas. The authors formulate proposals that would help to solve the problems of development of small and medium towns in Russia.

ОЦІНКА МІНІМАЛЬНОЇ ЕФЕКТИВНОЇ КОНЦЕНТРАЦІЇ ПІННОГО СКЛЕРОЗАНТУ ПРИ СКЛЕРТЕРАПІЇ ВАРИКОЗНО РОЗШИРЕНИХ ВЕН НИЖНІХ КІНЦІВОК

Хронічна венозна недостатність є широко розповсюдженою,глобальною проблемою і безперервно прогресує зі збільшенням віку. Актуальним єпитання лікування різних класів хронічної венозної недостатності. На сьогоднішнійдень із широким впровадженням апаратних методик та хімічних агентіврозпочалась ера мініінвазивних втручань, які конкурують з класичнимивенектоміями. Золотим стандартом лікування початкових проявів хронічноївенозної недостатності є склеротерапія. Вона використовувалася для лікуванняварикозного розширення вен з початку минулого сторіччя. У хімічній склеротерапіївикористовуються різні хімічні агенти, які, в першу чергу, сприяють пошкодженню,зневодненню і руйнуванню ендотеліальних клітин, що призводить до елімінації вени.Всі склерозанти представляють собою компроміс між ефективністю ітоксичністю. В науковому світі досі ведуться дискусії та недостатньо клінічнихданих стосовно оптимального вибору склерозанту та його концентрації. Метоюданого дослідження було вивчення патогістологічних змін стінки вени, які можутьбути викликані різною концентрацією пінних склерозантів, та дослідити основнінегативні побічні явища, які виникають у пацієнтів при лікуванні данимиконцентраціями склерозуючих речовин. В наше дослідження було включено 40хворих, які перебували на стаціонарному лікуванні в період з грудня 2017 по травень2019 рр. з приводу варикозно розширених магістральних підшкірних вен в поєднанні зретикулярниим варикозом або телеангіектазіями(С2 – С4a клас варикозу за СЕАРкласифікацією), хворим планувалось виконання відкритої венектомії з наступноюповторною склеротерапією у віддаленому періоді. Пацієнтів було рандомізовано на3 основні групи по 10 осіб, яким вводили найбільш розповсюджені концентраціїполідоканолу: 0,5%, 1 % та 3%. Група порівняння склала 10 осіб з аналогічноюпатологією. Полідоканол вводили у пінній формі за добу до оперативного втручання– венектомії. В ході венектомії попередньо марковані сегменти вен обережновидалялись та відправлялись на патогістологічне дослідження. Загальну оцінкупроводили за системою, яка відображала ступінь пошкодження стінки вени вбалах. Через три тижні після венектомії усім пацієнтам виконували склеротерапіюдрібних притоків великої підшкірної вени, використовуючи склерозанти тої жеконцентрації, що до оперативного втручання. Двічі проводили клінічну оцінкупісляпроцедурних негативних явищ: на другий день та через місяць. Результатидослідження підтверджують, що найменші зміни в судинній стінці викликаютьсяпри використанні 0,5% пінного полідоканолу, а найбільш виражені та глибокі зміни -дією 3% пінного полідоканолу, що супроводжується більшою кількістю негативнихпобічних явищ у післяпроцедурному періоді. Найбільш оптимальною для склерозаціївен діаметром 5-7 мм є 1% концентрація. При застосуванні даної концентраціївиникає достатнє пошкодження вени для її подальшої облітерації, яке не супроводжується такою кількістю негативних проявів, як більш високаконцентрація. Результати проведеного дослідження можуть бути корисними длялікарів – флебологів, які використовують склеротерапію для лікування початковихпрояві хронічної венозної недостатності.

Optical Tweezers: Phototoxicity and Thermal Stress in Cells and Biomolecules.

For several decades optical tweezers have proven to be an invaluable tool in the study and analysis of myriad biological responses and applications. However, as with every tool, they can have undesirable or damaging effects upon the very sample they are helping to study. In this review the main negative effects of optical tweezers upon biostructures and living systems will be presented. There are three main areas on which the review will focus: linear optical excitation within the tweezers, non-linear photonic effects, and thermal load upon the sampled volume. Additional information is provided on negative mechanical effects of optical traps on biological structures. Strategies to avoid or, at least, minimize these negative effects will be introduced. Finally, all these effects, undesirable for the most, can have positive applications under the right conditions. Some hints in this direction will also be discussed.

Event-triggered predictor-based control with gain-Scheduling and extended state observer for networked control systems

This paper investigates the stabilization of Networked Control Systems (NCS) with mismatched disturbances through a novel Event-Triggered Control (ETC), composed of a predictor-feedback scheme and a gain-scheduled Extended State Observer (ESO). The key idea of the proposed control strategy is threefold: (i) to reduce resource usage in the NCS (bandwidth, energy) while maintaining a satisfactory control performance; (ii) to counteract the main negative effects of NCS: time-varying delays, packet dropouts, packet disorder, and (iii) to reject the steady-state error in the controlled output due to mismatched disturbances. Moreover, we address the co-design of the controller/observer gains, together with the event-triggered parameters, by means of Linear Matrix Inequalities (LMI) and Cone Complementarity Linearization (CCL) approaches. Finally, we illustrate the effectiveness of the proposed control synthesis by simulation and experimental results in a Unmanned Aerial Vehicle (UAV) based test-bed platform.

Carbon dioxide enrichment alters predator avoidance and sex determination but only sex is mediated by GABAA receptors

We hypothesized that near-future elevated CO2 would affect the antipredatory behavior of two freshwater organisms; a pulmonate gastropod (Physella columbiana) and a cladoceran crustacean (Daphnia magna). Studies have found that pCO2 and increased acidification due to CO2 impedes fright responses to predators by activating GABAA receptors. After administration of predator-derived kairomones and conspecific alarm cues, we also briefly exposed some of the animals to gabazine which is a GABAA receptor antagonist to restore a fright response. We found that added carbon dioxide negatively affected the antipredatory behavior of both species but gabazine did not reverse this effect. To further examine the effect of CO2 and gabazine, we also tested the effect of stressful crowding, cold, and acidic conditions on the production of male daphnid offspring. An increase in ratio of male to female offspring is a common and expected response to stress by daphnids. We found that stress increased the production of males and gabazine reversed this at a pH of 5.5 but not at pH 6.2 or 6.5. Our study suggest that while the main negative effects of anthropogenic CO2 enrichment can be robust, the myriad indirect effects of CO2 make predictions about future predator prey systems less clear.

Decapitalization of financial sector: consequences for the economy of Ukraine

The paper reveals the conceptual basis of decapitalization of the financial sector as a phenomenon, generated by both objective and subjective factors: fundamental causes of decapitalization of the financial sector may be due to deteriorating financial conditions of borrowers and issuers and capital losses in other sectors, resulting in negative values of net savings at macro level; in the case of reduction of the rate of net savings or its negative value (with unavailability of external financing) economic system undergoes local or total decapitalization, which expands to all sectors.The authors indicated, that the forms and methods of decapitalization of the financial sector were determined by the type of financial institution, and by the special nature of financial relations with other sectors and the related structure of assets and liabilities.The concept of "decapitalization of the financial sector" is justified as absolute reduction of the nominal amounts of equity and equity equivalent for the financial institutions of all types less the capital of the central bank. This interpretation requires a balance approach and allows evaluating the extent of decapitalization nominally, taking no account of money depreciation due to inflation. It is established, that decapitalization of the financial sector in Ukraine in 2014-2016 acquired the following main forms: a decrease in equity due to depreciation of debt-based financial instruments; a decrease in equity due to the depreciation of equity-debt financial instruments; a reduction of capital in connection with the termination of financial institutions;The authors argued, that the fundamental reason of decapitalization of the banking sector were interrelated trends of depreciation and liquidity shortage, associated with the loss, by part of the banks, of their ability to fulfill obligations to depositors and creditors.It is shown, that the main reasons of the decapitalization of the Private Pension Funds were the rapid reduction of pension contributions as a result of the poor financial state of the real sector companies, that fund programs of supplementary pension probision, as well as losses due to the depreciation of the stocks portfolios and banks` insolvency .It was found, that the determining factors of the decapitalization of the insurance companies were the reduction of their registered authorized capital due to reduction of the number of licensed insurance companies, deteriorating financial performance (due to lower demand for insurance services, caused by the overall economic downturn), depreciation of financial assets (shares) and the loss of funds in insolvent banks, which led to increased number of loss-making insurance companies;It was shown, that the main causes of the decapitalization of the Collective Investment Institutions (CII), operating on market principles, were the withdrawal of capital by participants of open-type CII, which coincided in time with the banking panic (early 2014), depreciation of financial assets and loss of funds in insolvent banks, suspention of the circulation of the issuers' securities on some territories (in the Crimea and in the ATO area).The authors defined the quantitative (nominal) amount of the decapitalization of thefinancial sector in Ukraine by segments. It was found, that the main negative effects of the decapitalization of the financial sector of Ukraine during 2014-2016 were the following: lack of equity to restore confidence in financial institutions, the decline in the debt financing of the real economy, higher interest rates due to the growing shortage of free financial resources on the domestic market and the failure of the financial sector to increase theirs propositions.The authors provided an assessment of the consequences of decapitalization of the financial sector for Ukrainian economy. It was emphasized, that the lack of capital in financial institutions would remain one of the main obstacles to the recovery in equity and debt financing in the real economy, which would complicate the launch of market mechanisms of economic recovery in Ukraine.

TENDENCIES OF DEVELOPMENT OF THE AGRARIAN SECTOR OF SVERDLOVSK REGION AT THE PRESENT STAGE

In article development of the agrarian sector of Sverdlovsk region is analyzed. The author has carried out the complex analysis of the current state of regional agriculture: positions of regions are reflected in production of agriculture of the Ural Federal District, positions of Sverdlovsk region on production in a section of the Ural Federal District are designated and also the structure of agricultural products of area in a section of producers following the results of 2017 is presented. It is established that, despite positive tendencies in development of agriculture of area, this branch both at the macrolevel, and at the level of the region develops in the conditions of investment crisis. On the basis of the analysis of the current economic environment the internal and external factors influencing positively or negatively development of agrobusiness in the region are revealed. The particular emphasis in article is placed on a burning issue of the restrictions connected with support of small-scale and average krestyanskofermersky enterprises, it is more difficult to them to achieve financing of the projects. It is established that public financing is focused on support, but not on forward development of branch that a part of projects from a profitability zone removes, blocking their start. It is shown that the main negative effects recorded in region agriculture as a result of reduction of subsidies and grants from the state were a consequence of such limited policy for landowners. Taking into account it the author has formulated the concrete directions and practical recommendations about elimination of the negative factors constraining attraction of investments into the agrarian sector of the region and the vectors of further development of branch capable to increase her economic growth are allocated.