Main Builders Research Articles

Research on the Pattern and Cultivation of Labor View Education for ' Post-00s ' College Students

With the development of society and the growth of economy, the improvement of education quality has attracted more and more attention. As a youth representative in the new era, ' post-00 s ' college students are the main builders of the future society and the generation who bear important responsibilities. Their education of labor concept is particularly important. At present, with the help of literature analysis, this paper analyzes the problems existing in the labor concept of post-00 college students, such as the lack of understanding of labor and the lack of enthusiasm to participate in labor. In terms of theory, it emphasizes that the education department should strengthen the universal education of labor knowledge, pay attention to the integration of a certain proportion of labor education into the university curriculum, and enable students to better understand and master labor skills through professional training and practice. Improve labor literacy. In practice, it is advocated to carry out labor practice activities to provide ' post-00s ' college students with different forms of labor experience and enhance their enthusiasm and enthusiasm for participating in labor. In terms of system, it is suggested to strengthen the construction of university labor guarantee mechanism, improve the labor reward and punishment system, encourage students to actively participate in labor, and establish correct labor concept and behavior norms. In addition, labor safety education and supervision should be strengthened in university campuses to ensure the health and safety of students. it is a long-term and complex process to cultivate the good labor concept of ' post-00s ' college students, which requires the joint efforts of all parties. We should take appropriate measures and methods from many aspects to guide the ' post-00s ' college students to establish correct labor concepts and values, and improve their labor skills and literacy. Only in this way can we better meet the requirements of the society for the future youth and contribute to the great rejuvenation of the Chinese nation.

A Comparative study of the Traverse Flutes of the Haupt and Silva Families

The 18th and 19th centuries saw the greatest development in the construction of woodwind instruments in Europe. In Portugal, this was due to the Haupt and Silva families of builders. In order to understand the interpretation of the time, through the characteristics of the instruments themselves, as well as all the cultural involvement, data was analyzed to understand the difference between the constructions of the Haupt and Silva families, the main builders of the traverse flutes of the time. Historical research was carried out and important data was also collected by interviewing flutist and traverse flute teacher Olavo Barros, who owns one of the original Silva flutes (the Haupt flute belongs to flutist and transverse flute teacher Manuel Cochofel). The sound quality results were obtained from the recordings made by Teacher Olavo Barros of all the notes produced on each flute and were compared and analyzed, represented in graphs, using Spectrogram no. 16 by Richard Horne software.

The Reign of Peter I as Viewed by the Representatives of Russian State Nationalism (M.N. Katkov, A.S. Suvorin, M.O. Menshikov

In the article the authors examine the views of conservative publicists of the second half of the 19th – early 20th centuries: M.N. Katkov, A.S. Suvorin, M.O. Menshikov. These publicists are attributed by the authors to the exponents of the ideas of state nationalism. The authors trace the duality of the basic attitudes of state nationalism, manifested in changes in the ratio of priorities of state and national construction. The authors come to certain conclusions on the basis of an analysis of the views of those thinkers on the results of the activities of Peter I. The article shows that Katkov’s views were unconditionally dominated by the interests of the state as such and the interests of the people were inferior to the state needs. That determined his generally positive attitude towards the activities of Peter the Great. In contrast, Suvorin and Menshikov already brought to the fore the needs and necessities of the Russian people as the main builder of the state. They were concerned about the erosion of national identity, and the inappropriate expenditure of human resources, which, in their opinion, was a hidden threat to the viability of the state itself. At the same time, all representatives of state nationalism unconditionally recognized the greatness of the personality of Peter I himself and the global character of the transformations he accomplished.

The Main Builders of Mediterranean Coralligenous: 2D and 3D Quantitative Approaches for its Identification

Along the Mediterranean Sea shelf, algal reefs made of crustose coralline algae and Peyssonneliales are known as Coralligenous. It ranks among the most important ecosystems in the Mediterranean Sea because of its extent, complexity, and heterogeneity, supporting very high levels of biodiversity. Descriptive approaches for monitoring purposes are often aimed at assessing the surficial ephemeral canopy, which is sustained and controlled by the occurrence of the long-lasting rigid structure at the base. This practice led to the non-univocal definition of Coralligenous, sometimes indicated as “animal Coralligenous” because of the surficial dominance of these components. The quantitative assessment of the builders that actively build up the persistent structure through geological time is therefore a fundamental topic. We collected two discrete coralligenous samples in front of Marzamemi village (Sicily, Ionian Sea), the first from an area of a dense coralligenous cover (- 37 m) and the second one from an area with sparse build-ups (- 36 m). By using image analysis and computerized axial tomography, we distinguished and quantified the different components both on the surface and inside the framework. In both cases, our results confirm the primary role of crustose coralline algae as major builders of the Mediterranean Coralligenous, this aspect matching with the evidence from the Quaternary fossil record. We suggest that the role of encrusting calcareous red algae in the Coralligenous should be considered in conservation and management policies.

Bioconstruction and Bioerosion in the Northern Adriatic Coralligenous Reefs Quantified by X-Ray Computed Tomography

The northern Adriatic continental shelf hosts several coralligenous reefs rising from the sedimentary bottom and characterized by three main benthic assemblages, respectively, dominated by algal turfs, encrusting calcareous rhodophyte (ECRs) or erect sponges. Bioconstruction and bioerosion processes have been investigated using recruitment travertine limestone tiles deployed in a random site for each main benthic assemblages off Chioggia, 6.1–14.4 km offshore and 20.2–25.4 m depth. Tiles were retrieved after 3 and 12 years and analyzed by X-ray computed tomography (CT), allowing for non-destructively identifying and quantifying deposited and eroded limestone. The main builders were ECRs, serpulids, bryozoans, barnacles, and the bivalves Anomia ephippium, while the most effective borers were sponges from the genus Cliona and the bivalve Rocellaria dubia. The deposition of limestone after 12 years was greater at the site MR08 dominated by ECRs (12.52 ± 2.22 kg m–2), intermediate at the site P213 dominated by erect sponges (4.20 ± 1.24 kg m–2), and lower in the site P204 dominated by algal turfs (2.20 ± 0.72 kg m–2). At MR08, the deposition rate did not vary much over time (from 1.295 ± 0.270 to 1.080 ± 0.198 kg m–2 a–1), while in the other two sites, it significantly slowed down after the first survey period: from 0.952 ± 0.199 to 0.350 ± 0.103 kg m–2 a–1 at P213, and from 1.470 ± 0.462 to 0.203 ± 0.058 kg m–2 a–1 at P204. The amount of eroded limestone increased with the exposure time, with no significant differences among sites, from 1.13 ± 0.29 to 10.39 ± 1.14 kg m–2 on average at 3 and 12 years, respectively. The bioerosion rate also increased with the exposure time and was slightly higher at MR08 (from 0.682 ± 0.208 to 1.105 ± 0.088 kg m–2 a–1), mostly eroded by Cliona rhodensis in addition to C. viridis, compared to P204 (from 0.267 ± 0.078 to 0.676 ± 0.172 kg m–2 a–1) and P213 (from 0.179 ± 0.065 to 0.816 ± 0.171 kg m–2 a–1). Overall, bioconstruction has overcome the bioerosion processes in 3 years. In 12 years, the estimated net balance was essentially nil at all sites. Combining field experiment and CT analysis, this study provides the first quantification of the bioerosion and bioconstruction processes in the northern Adriatic coralligenous reefs, a fundamental step toward their conservation.

First report of reef formation from the Balkanide type of Triassic: the Tran Formation (Upper Triassic) near the village of Gorna Sekirna, SW Bulgaria

Sphinctozoa skeletons were the main builders in microbial-sponge boundstones and cementstones. Syndepositional lithification of associated automicrite and marine phreatic cementation by radial fibrous and radiaxial calcite favored stabilization and growth of skeleton-cement reefs across a central reef area (close to a platform margin), but without forming a wave-resistant reef framework. Storm-influenced destruction of the buildups and subsequent reworking by waves and currents produced bioclastic-intraclastic grainstones.

THE EVOLUTION OF THE ROLE OF THE ARCHITECT'S PROFESSION AS AN ARCHITECT, ARTIST, DESIGNER OF THE FUTURE

The article examines the evolution of the role of architect – artist, his properties, based on the study of architectural, artistic, monumental features, both historical stages and modernity on the examples of architectural objects, design synthesis of arts – sculpture, painting, monumental and decorative art. The expediency of generalizing the nature of different attitudes to the architect as a specialist – an architect-artist in order to popularize the profession is substantiated. The article substantiates the study of the role of the architect in the historical development of architecture, the peculiarities of the perception of the architect as the main in the formation of the architectural environment, socio-political, historical events of society to promote it and approve the architect as the main builder, making the name of the architect of the object in history. The expediency of the attitude to the architect as to the specialist – the architect-artist, for the purpose of popularization of a profession is proved. The article examines the historical stages and styles in architecture, from ancient times the formation of human environment for existence and ending with the present. Theoretical methods, generalization of information are used in the work when considering scientific research related to the historical periods of architecture of the world and Ukraine. It is important to deepen the understanding of the culture of the profession. The generalization of research results provides material for understanding the role of the architect's profession as the main one in the implementation of the postulate "expediency, benefit, beauty", as well as in the implementation of theoretical research in the educational process of architects and designers and is a continuation of previous research.

Jewish Nation State Law and Transformation of the Elite in Israel

In this paper I will discuss that The Basic Law: Israel as the Nation State of the Jewish People which is enacted in 2018, is taken a form around that is seen at elite and institutional level of historical institutional transformations in Israel. Legal arrangements are main builder of state and society relation sets around the world. Political elites as the decision makers of political process in Israel whose preferences and orientations stand out as the main factor in determining the content of legislative activities. Ashkenazi middle class intellectuals, political activists and professional politicians who the founding political elites in Israel came to fore as the main agents in the founding process of Israel. Demographic change, diversification of geopolitical preferences, differentiation of the components of the economic structure affected on social dynamics and transformed the composition of the elites. It is observed that the preferences of the decision making actors who have shifted from the Ashkenazi elites to Mizrahi elites that have started to be effective in Israel. Ideological differences, intergenerational challenges and personal conflicts between political professionals of Ashkenazi elites that have accelerated the rise of the Mizrahi elites in Israel.

Россия и Китай в Африке: соперничество или сотрудничество?

The article provides comparative analysis of political and economic activities of Russia and China in the African continent at the beginning of the 21st century. Drivers of modern processes of bilateral communication Russia–Africa and China–Africa are highlighted along with media and scholarly discourse of “expansion” and “colonialism”. Statistical data are grouped and compared according to traditional approach: bilateral trade; investments; credits and loans. It is evident that by quantitative indices in almost all spheres of economics (save for supply of weapons), Russia falls far behind China which is currently the main builder of various infrastructure objects in Africa. The basic principle of China–Africa cooperation can be formulated as “aid-to-resources exchange”. Chinese state-backed and private business regard the African infrastructure buildup as a means of access to rich mineral resources of the continent. Russia does not have an adequate demographic and financial background for deepening its involvement into the economic life of Africa. Cultural influence, rather strong in Soviet times, is also very limited in the modern “deideologised” political atmosphere. Therefore Russia is trying to substitute its relative economic weakness with bigger-scale involvement into military and political actions of some African regimes. Chinese expansion to Africa is primarily of economic character, Russia is preoccupied with political influence first of all. At the same time, the recent dynamics in Russian-African trade has shown a highly positive trend promising good prospects in the sphere of traditional low-technology products.

Социально-политическая идентичность молодежи в эпистолярном наследии 1920-х гг.

The article is devoted to the problem of studying Soviet identity in the 1920s. The object of the research is letters of youth from the fonds of the Russian State Archive of Socio-Political History (RGASPI). Epistolary heritage is an important source for studying daily life of the young generation, their inner world. The content of the letters with their assessments and characteristics of the moment allows scientific understanding of socio-political identity of the young people, their value orientations and moral ideals, and also answer the question of the effectiveness of identification processes in the 1920s. There is great discrepancy in terminology and approaches, when discussing “identity” in modern humanities. The author proceeds from classical understanding of “identity” as awareness of unity, of “identification” as a set of mechanisms and means of consolidation. In the 1920s the authorities used traditional means of printed and oral propaganda to form Soviet identity. Susceptibility of the youth to the official ideology was higher than that of the adult population, which facilitated nurturing of the generation of loyal Bolsheviks supporters united in a single organization, the Komsomol. The found sources confirm that the youth readily assumed the role of the main builder of the socialist society. However, most letters in addition to devotion to the propagated ideals offered some alternative assessments and opinions. The 1920s everyday life was wrought with socio-economic contradictions. According to the author, the subjectively experienced identity often did not coincide with that propagandized officially. Individual identity of the young was built gradually through dialectical interaction of external identification imposed by the authorities and self-identification rising from personal experience. Discrepancy between realities and expectations brought disappointment and resulted in a crisis of the emerging socio-political identity.

Bioerosion in massive porites at reef flat area of the south Java Sea

Scleractinian coral as the main builder of the reef contributes to building a complex reef framework through produce growing aragonite in their skeleton. In shallow water area (reef flat) the reef constructional process will be equal with erosional one, can be caused by mechanical damage such as storm or water motion and biological way (bioerosion). This research focused on the biological agent that influence on bioerosion process on massive Porites. 3 types of bioerosion they were grazing, boring, and etching. We monitored 10 massive Porites coral that was abundant at Pantai Kondang Merak, where each coral colony was segmented into 12 parts and then photographed to record data grazing and boring in massive Porites coral, while for etching was observed using Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM). The result showed the number of bioerosion from grazing was 581 and boring was 1,155. The etching process was dominated by cyanobacteria Planobola macrogata that live inside of coral skeleton. The grazing process caused by parrotfish and triggerfish, boring caused by polychaetes, bivalves, and sponge. Bioerosion process not only weakening reef structures but also increase habitat complexity of reef-associated biota and expand coral occupy in space with natural propagation.

СУБСТАНЦИИ КОМПОЗИТНОЙ ФОРМЫ

Architecture as a language of social communication embodies the artistic content in various forms that are associated with the organization of professional work. During the period of handicraft production, the architect-the main builder, expressed the cosmic harmony of the Universe made by the Creator. Being a designer, an architect expressed mathematical proportions in the composite forms of the building drawing. The division of labor in design led to the differentiation of the composite form into a functional form, compositional form and constructive form. Industrialization of design led a composite concept to the development of spatial concepts and the formation of an environmental approach. The development of formative thinking of the architect led to the creation of new innovative eco-friendly architectural materials. Unique manufacturing techniques allow to create perfect flatness and flexibility of composite materials associated with the absence of internal stress. This led to the creation of spatial structures without seams in different temperature and climatic conditions. The article systematizes professional design experience concentrated in the concept of composite form, calling the integrated, differentiated and multilayer superpositions of design graphics and the construction body.

Design in the complex context of media

This paper presents a reflection and discusses about the role of design in the complex context of media. Such environment encompasses information and communication technologies and the cultural communities where they have origin and develop. It also encompasses protocols, practices, products and institutions and power involved in creating and disseminating this media. Such reflections and discussions are important and necessary in order to understand the social responsibility of designers as producers and creators of systems, information and communication, as well as of aesthetic standards that will, certainly, have influence in the culture and structure of the society. Design, as producer of contemporaneous languages – among them the hypermedia and the transmedia – has an active and determinant role in the society where it acts, as one of the main builders of culture. To make flourish, unequivocally, the perception and awareness about this role of design is one of the main objectives of this research project. A Workshop will be presented, aimed at investigating the interrelationship between Design, Communication and Technology. It was performed during the event entitled Intentions: Conversations, Experiences and Knowledge held in the School of Communication – RCA Participants had opportunities of understanding how much transformations of the visual represent an instigating and challenging social interaction. Keywords: Design, communication, technology, interdisciplinary, workshop

Structure of marginal coral reef assemblages under different turbidity regime

Sediment load can influence both the population distribution and structures of coral reef communities. We investigated whether coral assemblages on inshore and more turbid reefs differ from those on offshore reefs in the largest coral reefs of the Southwest Atlantic. We compared inshore and offshore reefs (with different turbidity climatologies) in terms of benthic and coral assemblage structures, abundances and individual sizes of coral populations and recruitment patterns. Unexpectedly, the inshore reefs showed higher coral cover and abundance, larger colonies and more recruits. This finding is related to the predominance of sediment-tolerant species on the turbid reefs. In contrast, only Mussismilia braziliensis (main builder of Abrolhos) showed better performance (greater coverage, larger diameter and more recruits) on offshore reefs, apparently behaving as a strong competitor in less turbid environments. These results reinforce the recent thinking of coral reef of turbid environments as resistant ecosystems and potential refuges considering the unnatural increase of sediment supply.

城市绿色基础设施生态系统服务供给与需求的空间关系——以西安市为例

PDF HTML阅读 XML下载 导出引用 引用提醒 城市绿色基础设施生态系统服务供给与需求的空间关系——以西安市为例 DOI: 10.5846/stxb201810212273 作者: 作者单位: 作者简介: 通讯作者: 中图分类号: 基金项目: 国家自然科学基金项目（41271550） Spatial relationship between supply and demand of ecosystem services through urban green infrastructure: case of Xi'an City Author: Affiliation: Fund Project: 摘要 | 图/表 | 访问统计 | 参考文献 | 相似文献 | 引证文献 | 资源附件 | 文章评论 摘要:城市绿色基础设施（Urban Green Infrastructure，UGI）是城市自然景观和生态环境的主要营造者，为居民提供关键的生态系统服务。探讨UGI生态系统服务供给及其需求之间的空间关系，对城市生态建设和绿地系统规划具有重要科学意义。本文运用生态系统服务测算的方法基于人口、GDP以及土地利用数据构建需求测算模型，对西安市建成区UGI的生态系统服务供给与需求的空间格局进行研究，并分析了城市各功能区内UGI生态系统服务供给与需求的空间关系。结果表明：西安市建成区UGI生态系统服务供给总价值为4.23亿元；生态系统服务供给从研究区边缘向中心区逐渐减少，而生态系统服务需求表现出相反的格局，在空间上明显不一致，并且在城市各功能区内差别显著；西安市建成区UGI生态系统服务供给与城市对生态系统服务需求在空间分布上不相匹配。因此为了实现城市的生态环境与经济社会的可持续发展，迫切需要通过合理的UGI建设使生态系统服务供需趋于协调。 Abstract:Urban Green Infrastructure (UGI) is a main builder of urban natural landscape and ecological environment by providing the key ecosystem services for residents. Discussing the spatial relationship between supply and demand of UGI ecosystem services is of great scientific significance for urban ecological construction and green space planning. Based on population, GDP, and land use data, this paper explored the spatial pattern between supply and demand of UGI ecosystem services in built-up area of Xi'an, and the spatial relationship between supply and demand of UGI ecosystem services in four urban functional areas were also analyzed. The results showed that the total UGI ecosystem service supply in Xi'an built-up area was 423 million yuan. The supply of ecosystem service gradually decreased from the edge of the study area to the central area, while the demand of ecosystem service showed the opposite change. The supply and demand of UGI ecosystem services in Xi'an had a significant negative spatial correlation, and there were significant differences among different functional areas of the city. The supply of UGI ecosystem services in built-up areas did not match the spatial distribution of urban demand of ecosystem services. It is urgent to coordinate the supply and demand of ecosystem services through rational UGI construction. 参考文献 相似文献 引证文献

Uma São Paulo dos Kanz, 1860-1915

Este artigo discute a produção do espaço urbano paulistano a partir da biografia profissional de José Kanz. Descendente de alemães e trabalhador da construção civil, Kanz se constitiu num dos principais empreiteiros de obras da cidade de São Paulo na primeira década do século XX. Sua atuação profissional evidencia os conflitos entre poder público e privado, as estratégias de sobreviência de estrangeiros na cidade e um momento crucial de paulatina regulação da legislação urbana sob a Prefeitura de Antonio da Silva Prado. Kanz representa também o limiar da condição profissional daqueles construtores que ainda não precisavam de diploma para atuar projetando e construindo numa cidade que aos poucos foi conduzida à primazia dos engenheiros e arquitetos diplomados.

Straw Bale Building and its' Economic Perspective

The accessible nature of straw bale building lends itself well to self-built and workshop-built housing; straw is known to be both relatively inexpensive and easy to work with for people new to construction. A question then arises as to whether or not hiring an experienced builder can reduce overall costs of such a structure. This study conducts a worldwide survey to straw bale home owners to answer this question and to determine general economic data on straw bale homes, such as: what home owners value, who the main builder typically is, and what usually causes budgets to overrun. A key finding is that self-building is economically justified if the projected saving is higher than the cost of a contractor and if the usually longer time needed to build the home is amenable to the investor. An economic case study is also conducted on a straw bale home in Radomlje, Slovenia. All building expenses are categorized by building phase and subgrouped by cost in accordance with accepted building standards. A key observation is how demanding any specific building phase is in comparison to conventional building.

Anatomy of a eustatic event during the Turonian (Late Cretaceous) hot greenhouse climate

Sequence stratigraphic studies consider relative change in sea level (as regulated by eustasy, local tectonics and sediment supply) as the main builder of the stratigraphic record. Eustasy has generally been considered as a consequence of the growth and decay of continental ice sheets that would explain large, rapid changes in sea level, even during periods of relative global climatic warmth. However, such a mechanism has become increasingly difficult to envision during times of extreme global warmth such as the Turonian, when the equator-to-pole temperature gradient was very low and the presence of polar ice seems improbable. This paper investigates the timing and extent of sea level falls during the late Cenomanian through Turonian, especially the largest of those events, sequence boundary KTu4, which occurred during the middle to late Turonian peak of the Cretaceous hot greenhouse climate. We conclude that the amplitude of the widespread third-order sea level fall in the middle Turonian that is centered at ~91.8 Ma varies at different locations depending on the influence of dynamic topography on local tectonics and regional climatic conditions. Ice volume variations seem unlikely as a mechanism for controlling sea level at this time. However, this causal factor cannot be ruled out completely since Antarctic highlands (if they existed in the Late Cretaceous) could sequester enough water as ice to cause eustatic falls. To ascertain this requires detailed tomographic imaging of Antarctica, followed by geodynamic modeling, to determine whether high plateaus could have existed to accumulate ephemeral ice sheets. Other mechanisms for sea level change, such as transference between ground water (a small amplitude shorter time scale effect) and the ocean and entrainment and release of water from the mantle to the oceanic reservoir (a potentially large amplitude and longer time scale process), are intriguing and need to be explored further to prove their efficacy at third-order time scales.

Coral-the world's most diverse symbiotic ecosystem.

Zooxanthellate corals (i.e. those harbouring Symbiodinium) are the main builders of the world's shallow-water marine coral reefs. They represent intimate diverse symbioses between coral animals, single-celled photosynthetic dinoflagellates (Symbiodinium spp.), other microscopic eukaryotes, prokaryotes and viruses. Crabs and other crustaceans, worms, sponges, bivalves and hydrozoans, fishes, sea urchins, octopuses and sea stars are itinerant members of these 'rainforests of the sea'. This review focuses on the biodiversity of scleractinian coral animals and their best studied microscopic epi- and endosymbionts. In relation to coral-associated species diversity, Symbiodinium internal transcribed spacer region sequence types tally 10(2) -10(3) or up to ~15 different operational taxonomic units (OTUs, or putative species at the 97% sequence identity level; this cut-off was chosen based on intragenomic sequence diversity observed in monoclonal cultures) and prokaryotes (mostly bacterial) total 10(2) -10(4) OTUs. We analysed all publically accessible 16S rRNA gene sequence data and found Gammaproteobacteria were extremely abundant, followed by Alphaproteobacteria. Notably, Archaea were poorly represented and 'unassigned OTUs' were abundant in data generated by high-throughput DNA sequencing studies of corals. We outline and compare model systems that could be used in future studies of the coral holobiont. In our future directions, we recommend a global coral sampling effort including substantial attention being paid to method of coral tissue acquisition, which compartments (mucus, tissue, skeleton) to explore, broadening the holobiont members considered and linking biodiversity with functional investigations.

Middle Viséan (Mississippian) coral biostrome in central Guizhou, southwestern China and its palaeoclimatological implications

A middle Viséan (Mississippian) coral biostrome is reported for the first time from the Shangsi Formation in Yashui area, central Guizhou Province, southwestern China (palaeogeographically located in eastern Palaeotethys). The biostrome, which is about 500m across and 2.5–3.9m thick, is laterally variable and composed of rugose and tabulate corals with low taxonomic diversity comprising 4 rugose and 1 tabulate coral species belonging to 5 genera. Three growth stages of the biostrome are distinguished, based on different compositions of coral taxa. Average coral contents of the biostrome increase from 38.7% to 72.0% upward and the main builders are Siphonodendron pentalaxoidea, Syringopora sp. and Kueichouphyllum sinense. Associated fossils include abundant brachiopods, crinoids and common foraminifers together with rare calcareous algae, bryozoans, gastropods and ostracods. Relative sea-level changes are interpreted to have controlled growth and demise of the biostrome, which grew continuously during sea-level rise and decreasing water energy, as evident from the gradually increasing of micrite content and in situ coral colonies. However, the biostrome declined and died as the sea level fell and hydrodynamic energy strengthened, indicated by an increase of bioclasts and sparry calcite cement (indicating lack of micritic matrix due to higher energy) overlying the biostrome. This coral biostrome has similar biotic composition to middle to late Viséan coral biostromes in Europe and North Africa (western Palaeotethys). The approximately coeval occurrence of coral biostromes in both eastern and western Palaeotethys suggests that a relatively global warm episode existed during the Viséan Stage.