Magnetic Water Treatment Research Articles

Замочування насіння сільськогосподарських культур у магнітоактивованій воді

It is possible to increase crop yields, reduce plant incidence, improve agricultural quality without the use of chemical fertilizers when treating seeds before sowing in a magnetic field and soaking them in magnetically activated water. At present, the theory of magnetic treatment of water systems is at the stage of proposing and justifying hypotheses, although it has been experimentally found that magnetic treatment of water alters its physical and chemical properties. Therefore, it is necessary to disclose the mechanisms and patterns of action of the magnetic field on water. The purpose of the work was to determine the regime parameters of water treatment in a magnetic field for soaking seeds of crops. Based on the studies, it was found that the rate of chemical reactions in the aqueous medium, the solubility of the salts, the specific conductivity of the water, the pH and the oxygen concentration increase with the treatment of water in the magnetic field, and the redox potential decreases. This causes an improvement in the sowing quality of the seeds when soaked in magnetically activated water. The effect of magnetic treatment depends on the square of the magnetic induction, the number of magnetizations and the velocity of water movement in the magnetic field. It is established that the most effective mode of treatment of water and seeds in the magnetic field is a magnetic induction of 0.065 T with a fourfold magnetization and a velocity of movement of 0.4 m/s. Under this treatment, when soaking seeds in magnetically activated water, the germination energy of oat seeds increased by 25 % compared to the control, and germination by 19 %. Key words: water, oats, magnetic induction, velocity of movement, germination energy, germination

Evaluation of the Growth and the Yield of Eggplant Crop Under Different Irrigation Depths and Magnetic Treatment of Water

The use of magnetizers for the treatment of irrigation water can be used in agriculture as an alternative to increase the growth and yield of several crops. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of different irrigation depths and magnetic treatment of water on eggplant crop cultivated in protected environment. The study was carried out in two experiments, in the first one, the design was completely randomized with four replications and two factors: water depths (50, 75 and 100% ETc) for two water qualities (water treated by magnetizers and water without treatment). In the second one, the design was completely randomized with five replicates and two factors: water depths (75 and 100% ETc) for two irrigation water treatment (water treated by magnetizers and water without treatment). In the second experiment was ignored the treatment of 50% of ETc in order to increase the number of repetitions to check if there are differences between water treated to water without treatment. There were no significant differences in eggplant yield and growth as function of the magnetic treatment of water. The water depth that provided the highest yield, number of fruits per plant and stem dry matter in the two experiments was 100% ETc regardless of water quality.

Fe3O4@C particles synthesized with iron‐containing water treatment residuals and its potential for methylene blue removal

AbstractBACKGROUNDIron (Fe)‐containing groundwater treatment residual is a kind of waste from groundwater treatment plants, showing good potential to be reused. Attention has been paid to Fe‐based magnetic water treatment materials for their easy magnetic separation, and in the meantime, kinds of adsorbents were developed to address the severe global dyes pollution.RESULTSBlack magnetic material was obtained with using the iron‐containing wastes as iron source without adding other iron chemical reagents by hydrothermal reaction. The X‐ray diffraction (XRD), X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) and Fourier‐transform infrared (FTIR) results show that the product is comprised of crystalline iron(II,III) oxide (Fe3O4) core and amorphous carbon shell (Fe3O4@C), and the core‐shell structure can also been seen clearly in transmission electron microscopy (TEM) images. Vibrating sample magnetometer (VSM) result shows its saturation magnetization is 33.56 emu/g. This sample's sorption experiments for methylene blue (MB) removal were conducted, and the experiment results indicated that this sample could be used in a wide range of pH (5–12) and the adsorption might be a complex chemical diffusion process consisting of boundary layer effect due to kinetic modeling fitting analysis. The maximum sorption amount of MB was 16.33 and 19.13 mg/g, respectively at 298 K and 308 K. This sample after five regeneration cycles still had 72.1% MB removal rate.CONCLUSIONThe Fe3O4@C particles with good magnetism were synthesized successfully with Fe‐containing water treatment residuals, water treatment waste sludge, via a one‐step hydrothermal reaction, which could be of reasonable analogy for treating other Fe‐containing industrial waste. Furthermore, this sample could be used as adsorbent for MB molecules removal from dyed water with good reusability and easy magnetic separation. © 2019 Society of Chemical Industry

Application of magnetic technology in local quail house and hatchery on performance, reproductive and physiological traits under heat stress

Using magnetic technology has shown major potentials in different fields especially agriculture. Two experiments were conducted to investigate the using of magnetic technology application in local quail house and hatchery on productive and physiological traits under heat stress condition. Results revealed that quail when served 0.2 T magnetically treated water (MTW) were significantly (P≤0.05) better in most productive, reproductive characteristics in the 1st experiment: eggs production, water consumption, egg weight, shell strength, estrogen conc., also improved FCR in females, all semen quality and testosterone conc. in males. Also, total RBCs count, thrombocyte, blood pH, blood viscosity, plasma viscosity, blood iron (Fe), copper (Cu), calcium (Ca), thyroxin hormone and total count of Lactobacillus spp. in small intestine. However, reduction in dead sperm, abnormal acrosome, corticosterone conc., body temperature, blood clotting time, E. coli and fungi counts in both sexes. In the 2nd experiment using of magnetic technology on embryonic development traits of local quails incubating eggs that collected from experiment 1 were significantly (P≤0.05) higher in the most characteristics at the group of 0.2 T MTW as fertility, hatchability, chicks weight, immune status of hatched chicks. While reduction in dead embryo and heterophil-to- lymphocyte (H/L) ratio. Finally, the results of 0.2 T MTW achieved superiorly gains compared with the other groups.

The effects of magnetic treatment on nitrogen absorption and distribution in seedlings of Populus\u2009\xd7\u2009euramericana \u2018Neva\u2019 under NaCl stress

A potted experiment with Populus × euramericana ‘Neva’ was carried out to assess whether there are positive effects of magnetic treatment of saline water (MTSW) on nitrogen metabolism under controlled conditions in a greenhouse. Growth properties, nitrogen contents, enzyme activities and metabolite concentrations were determined based on field experiments and laboratory analysis after a 30-day treatment. The results were as follows: (1) Biomass accumulation, root morphological properties and total nitrogen content were improved by MTSW. (2) Magnetization led to a greater increase in nitrate-nitrogen (NO3−-N) content in roots than in leaves, accompanied by greater NO3− efflux and activated nitrate reductase. (3) MTSW led to a higher ammonium-nitrogen (NH4+-N) content and greater uptake of net NH4+ in the leaves than that in the roots. (4) Magnetization stimulated glutamine synthase, glutamate dehydrogenase and glutamate synthase activities, whereas the concentrations of glutathione and oxidized glutathione were increased in leaves but decreased in roots, and the total glutathione content was increased. Overall, these results indicated some beneficial impacts of MTSW on nitrogen translocation under field conditions, especially for equilibrating the distribution of NO3−-N and NH4+-N. Moreover, these findings confirmed the potential of using low-quality water for agriculture.

ANALYSIS OF THE INFLUENCE OF THE LAYER OF SCALE ON HEAT TRANSFER COEFFICIENT IN THE HORIZONTAL SHELL-AND-TUBE HEAT EXCHANGER

Over the years, shell and tube heat exchangers have become the most widely used type of apparatus. This is primarily due to the reliability of the design, a large set of options for different operating conditions, in particular: single-phase flows, boiling and condensation on the hot and cold sides of the heat exchanger with vertical or horizontal execution; pressure range from vacuum to high values; sizes from small to very large (5000 m2) the possibility of using different materials in accordance with cost requirements, corrosion, temperature regime and pressure, etc. With poor water treatment for heat exchange equipment, over time, layers of scale, sediment will form, leading in turn to a negative impact on the heat transfer process in heat exchangers and corrosion on the surfaces of the equipment. The article investigated the effect of scale thickness in a horizontal shell-and-tube heat exchanger on the heat transfer coefficient from hot to cold water. The issues of creating a layer of scale on the surfaces of heat exchange equipment, types of scale and modern methods of dealing with it for heat exchangers, such as: self-cleaning, the use of chemical softeners, ultrasound, magnetic water treatment are considered. Identified by analysis of the study, currently the most effective method of dealing with scale in precisely shell-tube apparatus is magnetic water treatment due to safety, reliability of operation with stable water parameters, low operating costs and environmental friendliness. The article describes the traditional scheme of horizontal shell-and-tube equipment and features of its design. According to the results of calculations of linear heat transfer coefficients of a horizontal shell-and-tube heat exchanger with a counterflow of hot water in tubes without a layer of scale and taking into account the variable thickness of scale with the creation time, an analysis of the efficiency of heat transfer along the length of the apparatus was carried out. The obtained hyperbolic dependences of the heat transfer coefficient and heat transfer efficiency on the scale thickness for horizontal shell-and-tube heat exchangers. It was calculated and obtained that with an increase in the thickness of scale on the inner surface of pipes of a shell-and-tube heat exchanger from 0.0001 m to 0.002 m, the linear heat transfer coefficient Kln decreases from 126.35 W / (m×°С) to 31.5 W / (m×°С), which indicates reducing the efficiency of the heat transfer process from hot water to cold water in a horizontal shell-and-tube heat exchanger from 77.4% to 20.59% as a result of an increase in the thickness of scale with a time of 1 to 7 years of operation of the apparatus, respectively. It was revealed as a result of calculating linear heat transfer coefficients of scale and with a variable layer of scale on the inner surface of hot water tubes in a horizontal shell-and-tube heat exchanger with countercurrent a significant effect of the thickness of the layer of scale on the heat transfer efficiency even at a thickness of the scale of the heating surface 0.0005 m above which it is impossible to efficiently to ensure the heat transfer process in the apparatus, since the heat transfer coefficient decreases by 49% and, accordingly, the heat transfer efficiency decreases by 50% compared to the surface of the tubes without scale (153, 02 W / (m×°С) > Klн = 75,57 W / (m×°С)).

Effect of Repeated Magnetization Process of Water on the Waterand Soil Properties as well as Lettuce Yield

It is known that the magnetic field works to change the chemical and physical properties of water and this is reflected in the properties of soil and plant. An experiment was conducted during 2017 and 2018 seasons at a farm in MitKenana village, Qalyobia, Egypt. The aim was to study the effect of water re-magnetization on the properties of water, soil and Lettuce growth. The experiment was divided into four treatments with three replicates. Normal water treatment and other magnetized water treatments were irrigated with water passed through the magnetic device one, two and three times. EC, pH, anions and cations for both water and soil as well as yield and yield components for Lettuce were measured. Results indicated that, irrigation with magnetized water induced positive significant effect on all studied treatments on water, soil and plant where it improved water and soil properties with increasing plant productivity. The one-time passing magnetic treatment of irrigation water significantly decreased electrical conductivity of the soil, but the effect on pH was moderatein addition to increasing lettuce productivity by 29.1% more than non-magnetic treatment. With multiple magnetic treatments, did not show big differences between treated and untreated treatments

Effect of Magnetic Treatment of Potable Water in Looped and Dead End Water Networks

Potable water was exposed to permanent magnetic field (PMF) with a magnetic flux density (B=1.45 T ± 0.05) to investigate its effect on some water parameters for different time intervals at open and closed flow conditions at flow rate of 41.93 L/min and 52.16 L/min , respectively. Such as these parameters are; electrical conductivity (EC), total dissolved solids (TDS), pH and temperature. In the existence of this permanent magnetic field, so these pervious parameters were also studied as a function of water flow rate in case of the open loop system. The results showed that the PMF fluctuates the tested parameters of the outflow of this potable water at the previous flow conditions. These effects are owing to the hydrogen bond network. Theoretical approach of calculating inter-molecular interaction energy of H-bonded systems of water clusters under the effect of magnetic field is performed using DFT (Density Functional Theory) level with B3LYP function on Gaussian 09 Program.

Physio-Biochemical Behaviour, Water Use Efficiency and Productivity of Wheat Plants Exposed to Magnetic Field

The aim of this study was to evaluate the capability of magnetized field in improving the growth, physiological and biochemical aspects and yield attributes of wheat crop (Triticum aestivum L. cv Giza 168) as one of the important economically strategic crops. Pot experiments were executed in a glass greenhouse belonged to the experimental farm, Faculty of Agriculture, Menoufia University, Shibin El-Kom, Egypt during two winter growing seasons 2015/2016 and 2016/2017. Magnetic treatments were magnetic grains, magnetic water and combined magnetic grains and water in addition to the control group. Vegetative growth of wheat plants was significantly increased by treating with different magnetic treatments compared to the control plants. Application of magnetic treatments caused significant increases in total leaf water content, relative water content, water use efficiency (WUE), membrane permeability and succulence degree, whereas the transpiration rate and leaf water deficit were significantly reduced. Most growth characteristics and WUE were more positively affected by the magnetized water treatment than other magnetic treatments. The concentrations of photosynthetic pigments and growth promoters (IAA, GA and Cytokinins) showed significant increases in the treated wheat plants with all magnetic treatments. A marked increase was observed in the uptake of N, P, K, Ca, Mg, Fe, Cu and Mn, but Na uptake was decreased in wheat plants by the application of magnetic field. Magnetic treatments caused a significant increase in the spike characters, grain and straw yield, and harvest index of wheat plants as well as some chemical constituents in grains compared with the control plants.

The impacts of magnetized water treatment on different morphological and physiological factors of plant species in arid regions

Abstract The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of magnetized water treatment (MWT) on some vegetation growth indices in arid areas of northeast Iran. For this purpose, the impacts of MWT were examined in terms of leaf area, special leaf area, and some of the physiographic indicators such as relative water capacity and foliar chlorophyll content in three species endemic to arid environments, namely Nitraria, Haloxylon, and Atriplex. In addition to the factors mentioned, acidity (pH) and electrical conductivity (EC) were also measured. This research was conducted in a completely randomized block design with three replications. Data analysis was carried out via the analysis of variance using MSTAT software. The results showed that species irrigated with magnetized water had better performance on measured growth indices. On average, the amount of increase for morphology and physiology parameters in the three species irrigated by MW (comparing with those irrigated by normal water) were: leaf development by 121.74 (19.59%), leaf area index (LAI) by 108.97 (17.5%) mm2, special leaf area (SAL) by 8.68%, relative water content (RWC) by 9.81%, and special product analysis division (SPAD) by 14.77%. The water magnetization process also reduced pH by 0.5 and EC by 0.3 μmhos.cm−1.

Magnetic Flocculation Treatment of Coal Mine Water and a Comparison of Water Quality Prediction Algorithms

In this study, laboratory-scale magnetic flocculation systems were set up and the optimal coagulant and flocculent dosage, magnetic seed immersion, pH, stirring intensity, and precipitation time were all evaluated. A total of 729 expansion reaction conditions were generated, and 700 of the expansion reaction conditions were used to train a back-propagation neural network (BPNN) and general regression neural network (GRNN). The other 29 conditions were used to verify the networks’ regression ability. The optimum coagulant was poly-aluminum chloride at a dosage of 100 mg/L; the optimum flocculent was anionic polyacrylamide at a dosage of 4 mg/L; the optimum size of the magnetic seed was 200 mesh at a dosage of 1 g/L; and the optimum stirring intensities were 300 r/min for the coagulation tank, 200 r/min for the mixing tank, and 100 r/min for the flocculation tank. Comparing BPNN and GRNN, the GRNN’s regression performance better matched the relationship between the reaction conditions and results.

Водоподготовка в пищевой промышленности

The author considered the contemporary state of the issue of water treatment in food and beverages production. The article presents regulated water quality parameters for drinking and bottled water, for dairy industry, beer and soft drinks production, as well as for production of vodka, vodka for export, and baby food. The article shows that water from central utility and drinking water supply needs additional treatment to produce food and beverages. It should be cleaned from hardness salts, iron, manganese, mineral salts, organic compounds and microbial contamination. Besides, many companies use groundwater sources (from wells). That makes water treatment procedure even more complicated. The author considered such treatment methods as ion exchange, magnetic water treatment, catalyzed oxidation, deferrization using sorption-filtering materials from mineral raw materials, aeration, reverse osmosis, electrodialysis, activated carbon adsorption. The author shows the treatment mechanisms, their advantages and disadvantages. The article indicates which materials and equipment can be used to apply these methods in water treatment practice. It describes new techniques for effective water treatment such as radiolysis, cavitation and advanced oxidation treatment techniques. It gives flow diagram of bottled water production depending on its origin and content of impurities which is used by the companies working in Gelendzhiksky district, Lipetsk and Kemerovo. The author analyzed the contemporary state of the issue of water treatment in food and beverages production companies based on the available information and assessed the technical level of water treatment systems. The article reveals that only companies which produce alcoholic drinks such as vodka, liquors, and beer use a number of water treatment procedures which meet modern requirements. In general, food production companies face water treatment issue. Labor intensive, expensive and non-environmentally friendly water treatment methods are used everywhere. But they do not always guarantee required water quality. For that reason water treatment schemes in food industry should be revised. The author gives recommendations to replace traditional technologies with modern ones.

Clarification of the Recent Scientific Approaches in Magnetic Water Treatment

Clarification of the Recent Scientific Approaches in Magnetic Water Treatment

The effects of magnetic treatment of irrigation water on seedling growth, photosynthetic capacity and nutrient contents of Populus × euramericana ‘Neva’ under NaCl stress

The use of saline water in irrigation is cause for concern due to the reduced availability of fresh water resources for agroforestry in some regions; however, salinity can negatively affect plant populations, such as Populus. Here, magnetic techniques were employed to investigate their effects on improving salinity tolerance in Populus. Irrigation experiments were performed with Populus applying magnetized water (MW) and non-magnetized water (NMW), and seedling growth and development in 1-year-old potted seedlings of Populus × euramericana ‘Neva’ were evaluated under saline conditions. A magnetic treatment device with a low-intensity magnetic field was used for the management of irrigation water. Two average salinity levels, 0 and 4.0 g L−1 of NaCl, were used with MW and NMW, yielding four treatments of irrigation water. The experiments were performed according to a single-factor randomized block design. Seedling growth; the biomass of leaves, roots and stems; photosynthetic parameters and nutrient contents were measured. The results showed that, compared with the non-magnetic treatment (NMT), magnetic treatment (MT) led to improvements in seedling height, basal diameter, leaf area and biomass of leaves and roots (but not stem biomass). Net photosynthetic rate, stomatal conductance, intercellular CO2 concentration and water use efficiency were increased in MT, whereas both transpiration rate and stomatal limiting value were decreased in MT compared with those in NMT. In addition, MT promoted root development, as evidenced by improvements in the length, surface area, mean diameter, volume and tips of the roots. The microelement contents analyses indicated that MT led to higher contents of Fe, Zn and Cu in leaves and roots and a lower content of Mn. MT led to increased contents of C and P and an increased C/N ratio in leaves but a decreased N content; in the roots, the C content and the ratios of C/N and C/P were increased. These results indicated that irrigation with MW appeared to promote seedling growth, root development, photosynthesis and mineral nutrient contents. The properties of saline water were improved by MT, indicating that MT-treated saline water can be used for irrigation.

Effect of irrigation by saline magnetized water on seed germination and seedling growth of wheat Triticum aestivum

The effect of saline magnetized water irrigation on seed germination and seedling growth of wheat cultivar Iraq were studied. Irrigation water was supplemented with different levels of Sodium chloride 6, 12 or 18 mmhos/ cm in addition control treatment, and passed through a proper magnetic felid with 1000, 1250, 1500 or 2000 gaus in addition control treatment. The results showed significantly stimulated shoot development and led to the increase of germination, seedling emergence, area leaf, length of shoot and root and fresh and dry weight compared to the controls. Results also showed significant interaction between saline water and magnetized water. So, using magnetic treatment of saline water could be a promising technique for Agricultural improvement.

Effect of irrigation by saline magnetized water on seed germination and seedling growth of wheat Triticum aestivum

The effect of saline magnetized water irrigation on seed germination and seedling growth of wheat cultivar Iraq were studied. Irrigation water was supplemented with different levels of Sodium chloride 6, 12 or 18 mmhos/ cm in addition control treatment, and passed through a proper magnetic felid with 1000, 1250, 1500 or 2000 gaus in addition control treatment. The results showed significantly stimulated shoot development and led to the increase of germination, seedling emergence, area leaf, length of shoot and root and fresh and dry weight compared to the controls. Results also showed significant interaction between saline water and magnetized water. So, using magnetic treatment of saline water could be a promising technique for Agricultural improvement.

Role of Hydration and the Dielectric Constant of Water in the Formation of Deposits on Heat-Exchange Unit Panels

The methods of the magnetic water treatment for scale control are considered as an alternative to chemical methods.

Utilization of magnetic water in cementitious adhesive for near-surface mounted CFRP strengthening system

Cement-based adhesive (CBA) is used as a bonding agent in Carbon Fibre Reinforced Polymer (CFRP) applications as an alternative to epoxy-based adhesive due to the drawbacks of the epoxy system under severe service conditions which negatively affect the bond between the CFRP and strengthened elements. This paper reports the results of, an investigation carried out to develop two types of CBA using magnetized water (MW) for mixing and curing. Two magnetic devices (MD-I and MD-II), with different magnetic field strengths (9000 and 6000 Gauss) respectively, were employed for water magnetization. Different water flows with different water circulation times in the magnetizer were used for each device. Compressive and splitting tensile strength tests of the magnetized CBA (MCBA) were conducted for different curing periods (3. 7, 14, 21 and 28 days) using MW. It was found that MW treatment increases the strength of CBA. The highest strength was obtained for MCBA samples when MD-I was used at a low flow rate (F = 0.1 m3/hr) for 15 mins of circulation time (T). The latter was found to positively affect MCBA properties when T was increased from 15 min to 60 mins. Prediction of the compressive and tensile strength values are also studied in this paper using genetic programming, the models showed good correlation with the experimental data.

English

English

Vykorystannja resursozberigajuchyh ekologo-ekonomichnyh tehnologij z magnitnoju obrobkoju vody v riznyh galuzjah vyrobnyctva

В світі існують великі проблеми з енер-гетичними ресурсами, які в недалекому майбутньому слід очікувати і щодо використання чистої питної води. В той же час способи теплопостачання та водопостачан-ня майже не змінились і потребують вдосконалення та використання передових тех-нологій. Проаналізовано підходи до існуючих наукових гіпотез впливу магнітного поля на молекули води. Відзначено особливості омагніченої води, які можливо використати в багатьох сферах життєдіяльності на прикладі енергетиці. Застосування технологій з використанням омагніченої води сприяє економії та збереженню ресурсів Землі, а також є рішенням багатьох економічних питань, пов’язаних з еколого-техногеною небезпекою [1, 2]. Для підвищення ефективності водяних систем теплопостачання пропонується пе-рехід на системи з оптимізованим терморегулюванням та безреагентною обробкою води в електромагнітних полях з викорис-танням попереднього очищення та пом’якшення води до стану питної води [3]. Відмічені особливості омагніченої води викликають великий інтерес не тільки в науковому середовищі, а й у працівників різних галузей: енергетиці, будівництві, легкій та важкій промисловості, сільському господарстві, охороні здоров’я та інших [1 − 5]: • в енергетиці основна увага приділялась проблемам очищення від накипу теплообмінних поверхонь котлів, теплообмінників та трубопроводів; • в будівництві основна увага приділялась виробництву будівельних матеріалів: цементного каменю, бетону, гіпсу, цегли тощо – для забезпечення екологічнобезпечного середовища для людей; • в сільському господарстві основна увага зосереджена на використанні значного збільшення інтенсивності дифузійного переносу омагніченої води для зволоження насіння та при поливі; • в технологіях текстильного виробництва використовується результат значного збі-льшення інтенсивності дифузійного пере-носу води та водних розчинів в колоїдних капілярно-пористих тілах; • в процесах охорони здоров’я використовується здатність омагніченої води, крові тощо на руйнування відкладень на внутрішніх поверхнях судин.