Maglev Technology Research Articles

Predictive Accuracy of HeartMate 3 Risk Score After the Heart Transplant Allocation Change.

The HeartMate 3 risk score (HM3RS) was developed from the Multicenter Study of MagLev Technology in Patients Undergoing Mechanical Circulatory Support Therapy with HeartMate 3 (MOMENTUM 3) clinical trial to predict 1 and 2 year mortality after left ventricular assist device implantation. However, it has not been validated in a real-world population, especially after the heart transplant allocation system change on October 18, 2018. In this multicenter retrospective analysis, we found that HM3RS did not predict 1 and 2 year outcomes in the contemporary era, highlighting the need to revise this risk prediction tool in the real-world setting.

Effect of external magnetic field on the fretting wear mechanism of the ferromagnetic materials

With the widespread implementation of maglev technology in fields such as rail transit and military, it is imperative to investigate the effects of magnetic fields on fretting damage in metallic materials. This study conducted multi-parameter fretting wear tests on typical ferromagnetic counterparts in the presence of an external permanent magnetic field. Subsequently, the wear behavior and damage mechanism of the fretting interface were elucidated through multi-scale characterization analysis. The results indicated that the operation state of the fretting interface was shifted towards the partial slip regime under the magnetic field. Meanwhile, the external magnetic field transformed the dominant wear mechanism from abrasive wear to adhesive wear. The influence of the external magnetic field on fretting wear has been demonstrated to manifest in dual aspects: Firstly, the Hertzian contact stress at the interface is enhanced by the magnetic field induction force, resulting in a remarkable reduction of about 79.83 % in accumulated dissipation energy; Secondly, the effectiveness of debris being expelled from the worn interface decreased, and the wear progression was further impeded by the accumulated debris, so that the abrasion loss is significantly reduced by about 60.66 %. These findings provide valuable theoretical data and practical reference for the protection of fretting damage in ferromagnetic materials under the action of a magnetic field.

Multi-task Gaussian Processes based transient aerodynamic load reconstruction for maglev vehicle using acceleration response

The accurate estimation of aerodynamic loads is crucial for developing high-speed maglev trains, which can reach speeds of up to 600 km/h. Traditionally, this estimation has been achieved through computational aerodynamic simulation or direct pressure measurement. In this paper, we propose a novel framework for reconstructing transient aerodynamic loads on maglev vehicles using on-board acceleration measurements. In the framework, an inverse mathematical model that correlates the measured acceleration and external aerodynamic loads is derived from a well-calibrated maglev vehicle model. To avoid the ill-posed problem when solving the inverse mathematical model, a multi-task Gaussian Processes method is proposed, in which all reconstructed transient aerodynamic loads are treated as Gaussian Processes and the closed-form posterior distributions of these aerodynamic loads could be calculated. To validate the proposed framework, a set of transient vibration data collected from an operational maglev train passing through a double-track tunnel is utilized for load reconstruction. The results demonstrate that the framework offers a cost-effective and efficient means to obtain aerodynamic loads, highlighting its practical relevance for aerodynamic field testing in the context of evolving high-speed maglev technologies.

Orientation optimization of the Halbach PMG for the levitation and guidance performance of the HTS maglev system

High-temperature superconducting maglev technology has great application potential in rail transit applications due to its advantages such as passive stable levitation and green environmental protection. As one of the key components of the HTS maglev system, the Halbach-type permanent magnet guideway (PMG) enhances the magnetic field on one side of the guideway and weakens that on the other side. Optimizing the PMG, including the geometry and magnetic properties of the magnet, is an effective method to improve the levitation and guidance performance of the system. In addition, since NdFeB permanent magnets are expensive, optimizing the design of the PMG for the HTS maglev system is also an important work to reduce the application cost. In this paper, the Nelder–Mead Simplex method (NMS) in the optimization solver in COMSOL software is used to optimize the geometric parameters of the Halbach PMG according to the different objective requirements of the HTS maglev system. The optimization objectives include the maximum levitation force and guidance force under the constraint of the maximum cross-sectional area of the PMG, as well as the minimum cross-sectional area of the PMG with a minimum levitation force constraint. The results indicate that the NMS method is effective. By comparing four PMGs during the optimization process, it is found that this method can fully improve the utilization of the magnetic field by changing the geometric parameters of the Halbach PMG. This study can provide a valuable reference for the optimal design of the PMG for HTS maglev systems in the future.

Magnetic levitation-based miniaturized technologies for advanced diagnostics

AbstractTaking advantage of the magnetic gradients created using magnetic attraction and repulsion in miniaturized systems, magnetic levitation (MagLev) technology offers a unique capability to levitate, orient and spatially manipulate objects, including biological samples. MagLev systems that depend on the inherent diamagnetic properties of biological samples provide a rapid and label-free operation that can levitate objects based on their density. Density-based cellular and protein analysis based on levitation profiles holds important potential for medical diagnostics, as growing evidence categorizes density as an important variable to distinguish between healthy and disease states. The parallel processing capabilities of MagLev-based diagnostic systems and their integration with automated tools accelerates the collection of biological data. They also offer notable advantages over current diagnostic techniques that require costly and labor-intensive protocols, which may not be accessible in a low-resource setting. MagLev-based diagnostic systems are user-friendly, portable, and affordable, making remote and label-free applications possible. This review describes the recent progress in the application of MagLev principles to existing problems in the field of diagnostics and how they help discover the molecular- and cellular-level changes that accompany the disease or condition of interest. The critical parameters associated with MagLev-based diagnostic systems such as magnetic medium, magnets, sample holders, and imaging systems are discussed. The challenges and barriers that currently limit the clinical implications of MagLev-based diagnostic systems are outlined together with the potential solutions and future directions including the development of compact microfluidic systems and hybrid systems by leveraging the power of deep learning and artificial intelligence.

Validation of the HeartMate 3 survival risk score in a large left ventricular assist device center.

The HeartMate 3 survival risk score was recently validated in the Multicenter study Of MagLev Technology in Patients Undergoing Mechanical Circulatory Support Therapy with HeartMate 3 to predict patient-specific survival in HeartMate 3 left ventricular assist device candidates. The HeartMate 3 survival risk score stratifies individuals into tertiles according to survival probability. We performed a single-center retrospective review of all HeartMate 3 left ventricular assist device recipients between September 2017 and August 2022. Baseline characteristics were collected from the electronic medical records. HeartMate 3 survival risk scores were calculated for all eligible patients. One- and 2-year Kaplan-Meier survival analyses were conducted. A univariate and multivariable Cox regression model was used to identify predictors. A total of 181 patients were included in this final analysis. The median age was 62years, 83% were male, and 26% were Interagency Registry for Mechanically Assisted Circulatory Support Profile 1. The mean HeartMate 3 survival risk score for the entire cohort was 2.66±0.66. Two-year survivals in the high, average, and low survival groups were 93.5%±3.2%, 81.6%±7.4%, and 82.0%±6.6%, respectively. As a continuous variable, the unadjusted HeartMate 3 survival risk score was a significant predictor of mortality (hazard ratio, 2.20; 95% CI, 1.08-4.45; P=.029). The areas under the curve were 0.70 and 0.66 at 1 and 2years, respectively. We were unable to demonstrate the discriminatory ability of the HeartMate 3 survival risk score using the original stratification, but we found significantly increased survival in the high survival group using a binary cutoff (hazard ratio, 4.8; 95% CI, 1.01-20.9; P=.038). The unadjusted HeartMate 3 survival risk score was associated with postimplant survival in patients outside of the Multicenter study Of MagLev Technology in Patients Undergoing Mechanical Circulatory Support Therapy with HeartMate 3 but did not remain an independent predictor after adjusting for ischemic etiology and severe diabetes. The HeartMate 3 survival risk score was able to identify patients at high survival using a binary cutoff, but we were unable to demonstrate its discriminatory ability among the previously published risk tertiles.

Dynamic Risk Estimation of Adverse Events in Ambulatory LVAD Patients: A MOMENTUM 3 Analysis

BackgroundHemocompatibility-related adverse events affect patients after left ventricular assist device (LVAD) implantation but are hard to predict. ObjectivesDynamic risk modeling with a multistate model can predict risk of gastrointestinal bleeding (GIB), stroke, or death in ambulatory patients. MethodsThis was a secondary analysis of the MOMENTUM 3 (Multicenter Study of MagLev Technology in Patients Undergoing Mechanical Circulatory Support Therapy with HeartMate 3) trial. HeartMate 3 LVAD recipients who survived to hospital discharge and were followed for up to 2 years. A total of 145 variables were included in the multistate model with multivariate logistic regression. Model performance was assessed with the area under the curve in a holdout validation cohort. A risk stratification tool was created by dividing patients into categories of predicted risk using the final model variables and associated OR. ResultsAmong 2,056 LVAD patients, the median age was 59.4 years (20.4% women, 28.6% Black). At 2 years, the incidence of GIB, stroke, and death was 25.6%, 6.0%, and 12.3%, respectively. The multistate model included 39 total variables to predict risk of GIB (16 variables), stroke (10 variables), and death (19 variables). When ambulatory patients were classified according to their risk category, the 30-day observed event rate in the highest risk group for GIB, stroke, or death was 26.9%, 1.8%, and 4.8%, respectively. The multistate model predicted GIB, stroke, and death at any 30-day period with an area under the curve of 0.70, 0.69, and 0.86, respectively. ConclusionsThe multistate model informs 30-day risk in ambulatory LVAD recipients and allows recalculation of risk as new patient-specific data become available. The model allows for accurate risk stratification that predicts impending adverse events and may guide clinical decision making. (MOMENTUM 3 IDE Clinical Study Protocol; NCT02224755)

Weft insertion guideway design based on high-temperature superconducting levitation

Abstract Wide-width weaving machines typically employ the method of increasing the shuttle’s initial speed to achieve a broader weft insertion. However, this approach not only leads to issues such as significant equipment vibrations, high noise levels, increased energy consumption, and reduced lifespan but also has limitations in achieving substantial increases in the fabric width. The article proposes a wide-width weft insertion method based on high-temperature superconducting magnetic levitation technology. It utilizes the levitation characteristics of high-temperature superconducting shuttles in a permanent magnet array’s magnetic field to levitate the shuttle. The shuttle is then propelled by a traveling wave magnetic field generated by an array of electromagnetic coils, enabling wide-width weft insertion. Based on the required thrust values and weaving speed for the shuttle insertion process, the structural parameters of the weft insertion guideway were calculated. A superconducting suspended weft insertion structure was designed, and a mathematical model between the weft insertion guideway and the shuttle was established. Subsequently, a simulation model of the weft insertion guideway was created using Simulink, and the model was simulated, verified, and analyzed using the field-oriented control algorithm. The simulation results indicate that the operating speed of the levitated shuttle and the driving force for weft insertion meet the requirements for high-speed wide-width weaving.

Ultralocal Model-Free Adaptive Supertwisting Nonsingular Terminal Sliding Mode Control for Magnetic Levitation System

The magnetic levitation technology has attracted blooming attention from all walks of life thanks to its superiorities such as non-contact and active control. While the intrinsic features of open-loop instability and strong nonlinearity, along with the uncertain external disturbance make the levitation control particularly significant and difficult. For speeding up the convergence and obtaining a better stability and disturbance robustness, this paper proposes an ultra-local model-free adaptive super-twisting nonsingular terminal sliding mode control (ULMF-ASTNTSMC) strategy for the magnetic levitation system. Different from the conventional model-based control, ultra-local model-free control breaks the constraint of a precise system model. Therefore, an improved second-order ultra-local model is established for the magnetic levitation system. For the benefit of finite time convergence and non-singularity, the nonsingular terminal sliding mode surface is chosen. As a second-order algorithm, super-twisting (ST) algorithm can fundamentally suppress the chattering effect of the sliding mode control (SMC). An adaptive super-twisting algorithm is designed for the further improvement of the system dynamic response. The stability of the proposed scheme is strictly verified based on the Lyapunov stability theory. Simulation and experimental comparisons with the existing control methods validate the exceeding performance of the proposed strategy under various operating conditions.

Eco-Friendly Material Handling Systems for Industries Using Maglev Technology

Magnetic Levitation (Maglev) technology has transformed material handling by offering an efficient, contactless method for object transport. This innovation relies on electromagnetic repulsion and stabilization, eliminating the need for traditional mechanical systems. Through powerful magnetic fields and superconducting materials, Maglev systems effortlessly suspend and propel objects with minimal friction and energy consumption. This review delves into Maglev's advancements and applications in material handling, exploring fundamental principles like electromagnetic repulsion and stability control. It emphasizes benefits such as reduced maintenance, increased throughput, and enhanced safety. The article provides insights into Maglev's applications, spanning warehouse automation, assembly line transportation, and high-speed logistics. It highlights how Maglev systems elevate operational efficiency, optimize space, and deliver precise control over object movement, resulting in faster and more reliable material handling processes.

Ventricular assist device using a thoracotomy-based implant technique: Multi-Center Implantation of the HeartMate 3 in Subjects With Heart Failure Using Surgical Techniques Other Than Full Median Sternotomy (HM3 SWIFT)

ObjectivesThe HeartMate 3 (Abbott) left ventricular assist device provides substantial improvement in long-term morbidity and mortality in patients with advanced heart failure. The Implantation of the HeartMate 3 in Subjects With Heart Failure Using Surgical Techniques Other Than Full Median Sternotomy study compares thoracotomy-based implantation clinical outcomes with standard median sternotomy. MethodsWe conducted a prospective, multicenter, single-arm study in patients eligible for HeartMate 3 implantation with thoracotomy-based surgical technique (bilateral thoracotomy or partial upper sternotomy with left thoracotomy). The composite primary end point was survival free of disabling stroke (modified Rankin score >3), or reoperation to remove or replace a malfunctioning device, or conversion to median sternotomy at 6-months postimplant (elective transplants were treated as a success). The primary end point (noninferiority, −15% margin) was assessed with >90% power compared with a propensity score-matched cohort (ratio 1:2) derived from the Multi-Center Study of MagLev Technology in Patients Undergoing Mechanical Circulatory Support Therapy With HeartMate 3 continued access protocol. ResultsThe study enrolled 102 patients between December 2020 and July 2022 in the thoracotomy-based arm at 23 North American centers. Follow-up concluded in December 2022. In the Implantation of the HeartMate 3 in Subjects With Heart Failure Using Surgical Techniques Other Than Full Median Sternotomy study group, noninferiority criteria was met (absolute between-group difference, −1.2%; Farrington Manning lower 1-sided 95% CI, −9.3%; P < .0025) and event-free survival was not different (85.0% vs 86.2%; hazard ratio, 1.01; 95% CI, 0.58-2.10). Length of stay with thoracotomy-based implant was longer (median, 20 vs 17 days; P = .03). No differences were observed for blood product utilization, adverse events (including right heart failure), functional status, and quality of life between cohorts. ConclusionsThoracotomy-based implantation of the HeartMate 3 left ventricular assist device is noninferior to implantation via standard full sternotomy. This study supports thoracotomy-based implantation as an additional standard for surgical implantation of the HeartMate 3 left ventricular assist device.

Anti-Gravity System Based on Magnetic Levitation Technology

This paper presents a design of an anti-gravity system based on magnetic levitation technology. The system utilizes the force generated by magnetic principles to counteract gravity and achieve object suspension and control. The design objective is to achieve portable maglev technology for everyday use. Specific requirements include adjustable speed range, endurance time, effective suspension range, mass, control mode, safety, magnetic field strength, suspension stability, altitude control precision, resistance to strong magnetic field interference, and portability. The system structure includes suspension device, magnetic field generator, sensor, and control system. Control strategies such as PID control, fuzzy control, and sliding mode control can be employed, and signal communication can be achieved through Bluetooth, Wi-Fi, or fiber optic communication. By selecting and designing appropriate control strategies and integrating suspension, magnetic field generator, and sensor components, the anti-gravity system based on magnetic levitation technology can achieve height control and suspension stability.

A Reality Check on Maglev Technology for the Hyperloop Transportation System: Status Update After a Decade of Development

A Reality Check on Maglev Technology for the Hyperloop Transportation System: Status Update After a Decade of Development

A 6 degrees of freedom electromagnetic–thermal–dynamic coupling model for high-temperature superconducting levitation system

As the main merits, self-stabilization and no magnetic resistance make the high-temperature superconducting (HTS) magnetic levitation technology a crucial area for high-speed magnetic levitation development. To guarantee a stable operation of superconducting magnetic levitation systems, the dynamic characteristics of superconducting bulk materials occupy a significant place. However, in the previous research, there is still a lack of a simulation method that can describe 6 degree of freedom (DOF) motion of the superconductor. In this paper, an electromagnetic–thermal–dynamic coupling calculation model was established first. Then, the damping characteristics of 5-DOF superconducting levitation were experimentally tested, and the response analysis of the superconductor under 1–20 Hz excitation was carried out to explore the coupled motion relationship between the various degrees of freedom of the superconductor. In addition to the above, the operating conditions and primary resonance intervals that should be avoided by the HTS maglev system were identified. Additionally, a numerical simulation was conducted to investigate the dynamic response of the HTS maglev system under impact loads. All in all, this study explored the temperature rise conditions of superconducting bulk materials under excitation force through magnetic-thermal-force multi-physics coupling research. This 6-DOF model can provide a comprehensive simulation method for superconducting maglev systems in superconductor's motion behavior, attitude, and thermal state monitoring.

Abstract 16713: Pre-Clinical 30-day Survival Results of the BiVACOR TAH

Introduction: The BiVACOR Total Artificial Heart (TAH) replaces the failing heart with a durable and physiologically adaptive pump, which combines magnetic levitation and rotary blood pump technology. The pump has large clearances to minimize shear stress, generates pulse pressure via cyclic changes in pump speed, and modulates total outflow based on physiological conditions. A single rotor design enables a small pump size. Aim: Primary endpoint was survival at 30 days with normal end-organ function and absence of device related thromboembolism at necropsy. Methods: Five calves (82 - 108 kg) were implanted with the BiVACOR TAH and underwent continuous hemodynamic monitoring for 30 days. The pumps ability to generate a pulse pressure, balance outflow to the systemic and pulmonary circulations and to increase outflow in response to increased physical activity was assessed. Hemocompatibility and end-organ function were routinely monitored. Necropsy was performed on day 30 to evaluate for evidence of thromboembolism and end organ damage. Explanted pumps were examined. Results: All five calves survived to 30 days with normal end-organ function. Stable hemodynamics were achieved with normal pressures in the aorta and left and right atrium (MAP 111 ± 6 mmHg, CVP 12 ± 5 mmHg, LAP of 20 +/- 5 mmHg). Average estimated pump output was 12 ± 2 L/min with average pulse pressure of 30 mmHg. Pump output increased during changes in daily physiological condition (10 to 14 L/min). No device-related thromboembolism or other end organ pathologies were detected at necropsy. All explanted pumps were free of internal pump thrombus. Hemocompatibility was demonstrated (pfHb 4.34 ± 0.74 mg/dL). Bypass time decreased by 34 minutes over the entire study cohort. Conclusion: The BiVACOR TAH demonstrates normal hemodynamics including left/right balance. Pump design allows for a normal pulse pressure, increased pump output in response to exercise, and excellent hemocompatibility without device-related thromboembolism. Operative time markedly improves with surgeon experience. The small pump size may expand the use of TAH to smaller patients. This device may address the need for select patients with advanced heart failure who require biventricular support.

Permanent Magnet Motors in Energy Storage Flywheels

Flywheel energy storage system stores energy in the form of mechanical energy and can convert mechanical energy into electrical energy. Flywheel energy storage is a mechanical energy storage system. Due to its high energy storage density, high power, high efficiency, long life, no pollution and other characteristics, it has a broad application prospect in the field of aerospace, power peaking, UPS, electric vehicles, high-power electromagnetic guns and so on. With the continuous development of magnetic levitation, composite materials, vacuum and other technologies, the current flywheel energy storage technology is mainly through the increase in the speed of the flywheel rotor to achieve energy storage, the continuous development of various technologies, so that the research of flywheel energy storage technology has stepped into the "high-speed" development period, and has been widely used in many fields. Application, and gradually become the focus of research in various countries.

Multi-objective parameter optimization of electromagnetic shunt damper for high-Temperature superconducting maglev vehicle system

High-temperature superconducting pinning maglev technology has great potential for high-speed transportation due to its passive stability and friction-free characteristics. However, at high speeds, the weak damping characteristics of the system make it challenging to attenuate system vibrations caused by external excitation effectively. An electromagnetic shunt damper can be added to the high-temperature superconducting vehicle system to address this challenge. However, due to the complexity of the high-temperature superconducting vehicle system and external excitation, it is challenging to determine the optimal electromagnetic shunt damper parameters through analytical calculation. This study proposes a method for optimizing electromagnetic shunt damper parameters based on the NSGA-II multi-objective optimization algorithm. The high-temperature superconducting vehicle dynamic simulation model with electromagnetic shunt damper is established, and the dynamic simulation is carried out according to the actual operation conditions. Taking the dynamic indexes as the objectives, the optimal electromagnetic shunt damper parameters are then selected within a reasonable range based on dynamic indexes used as objectives in the NSGA-II algorithm. The effectiveness of the optimization method is verified through simulations and experiments on a levitation model vehicle with electromagnetic shunt damper under random vibration conditions. Finally, the optimized electromagnetic shunt damper parameters are applied to an engineering high-speed high-temperature superconducting pinning maglev vehicle through simulation. The calculation results demonstrate that various performance indexes are improved after optimization. This optimization design provides a reference for applying electromagnetic shunt damper in high-temperature superconducting pinning maglev vehicles.

Current status and reflection on the development of high-speed maglev transportation

PurposeHigh-speed maglev technology can address the issues of adhesion, friction, vibration and high-speed current collection in traditional wheel-rail systems, making it an important direction for the future development of high-speed rail technology.Design/methodology/approachThis paper elaborates on the demand and significance of developing high-speed maglev technology worldwide and examines the current status and technological maturity of several major high-speed maglev systems globally.FindingsThis paper summarizes the challenges in the development of high-speed maglev railways in China. Based on this analysis, it puts forward considerations for future research on high-speed maglev railways.Originality/valueThis paper describes the development status and technical maturity of several major high-speed maglev systems in the world for the first time, summarizes the existing problems in the development of China's high-speed maglev railway and on this basis, puts forward the thinking of the next research of China's high-speed maglev railway.

Clinical Outcomes With a Fully Magnetically Levitated Left Ventricular Assist Device Among Women and Men

BackgroundLeft ventricular assist devices (LVADs) are underused among women with advanced heart failure, but reasons remain unclear. Outcomes in women compared with men with contemporary fully magnetically levitated LVADs remain uncertain. ObjectivesThe authors examined differences in characteristics, 2-year outcomes, and risk for key adverse events among women and men. MethodsIn 2,200 HeartMate3 (HM3) (Abbott Cardiovascular) LVAD recipients in the MOMENTUM 3 study (Multicenter Study of MagLev Technology in Patients Undergoing Mechanical Circulatory Support Therapy with HeartMate 3), survival free of disabling stroke or reoperation to replace or remove a malfunctioning pump at 2 years was analyzed between women and men. Other outcomes included overall 2-year survival, adverse events, and functional measures. ResultsWomen comprised 20.4% (n = 448 of 2,200) of the study population and were younger, with nonischemic cardiomyopathy, and more often were Black persons compared with men. The primary endpoint (women 79.4% vs men 75.5% (adjusted [a]HR: 0.96 [95% CI: 0.75-1.24]; P = 0.66) or survival at 2 years (women 82.4% vs men 80.2%; aHR: 1.06 [95% CI: 0.81-1.40]; P = 0.66) was no different. Women had an increased rate of stroke (adjusted incidence rate ratio [aIRR]: 1.52 [95% CI: 1.09-2.11]; P = 0.012), major bleeding (aIRR: 1.28 [95% CI: 1.15-1.42]; P < 0.0001) and infection (aIRR 1.14 [95% CI: 1.03-1.55]; P = 0.01), but these differences were not seen among older (>65 years) patients. Both groups had similar gains in 6-minute walk distance and quality-of-life measurements. ConclusionsThere were no differences in the primary composite endpoint or overall survival in women compared with men at 2 years of support. Reasons underlying increase in hemocompatibility-related events and infection-related morbidity in younger women deserves further study. (MOMENTUM 3 IDE [HM3], NCT02224755; MOMENTUM 3 Continued Access Protocol [MOMENTUM 3 CAP], NCT02892955)

Applications and sensory utilizations of magnetic levitation in 3D cell culture for tissue Engineering.

3D cell culture approaches are cell culture methods that provide good visualization of interactions between cells while preserving the natural growth pattern. In recent years, several studies have managed to implement magnetic levitation technology on 3D cell culture applications by either combining cells with magnetic nanoparticles (positive magnetophoresis) or applying a magnetic field directly to the cells in a high-intensity medium (negative magnetophoresis). The positive magnetophoresis technique consists of integrating magnetic nanoparticles into the cells, while the negative magnetophoresis technique consists of levitating the cells without labelling them with magnetic nanoparticles. Magnetic levitation methods can be used to manipulate 3D culture, provide more complex habitats and custom control, or display density data as a sensor.The present review aims to show the advantages, limitations, and promises of magnetic 3D cell culture, along with its application methods, tools, and capabilities as a density sensor. In this context, the promising magnetic levitation technique on 3D cell cultures could be fully utilized in further studies with precise control.