Magnesium Particles Research Articles

Mechanical and thermal characterization of laminar carbon/epoxy composites modified with magnesium oxide microparticles

AbstractThis paper investigates the effects of magnesium oxide (MgO) microparticles on the mechanical and thermal properties of laminated carbon fiber reinforced polymer composites. The polymer epoxy matrix was modified with 0% (pure), 2 wt%, and 4 wt% MgO fillers. Then the laminar composites were manufactured with the vacuum bag method. The energy absorption capacity and impact strength were determined from the Charpy impact tests, whereas the flexural characteristics were evaluated by conducting three‐point bending experiments. Scanned electron microscopy was used to examine both the dispersion of microparticles and the fracture surface of experimentally tested specimens. Thermal performance of the polymer composites with and without MgO additives was analyzed comparatively by performing the thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC). The decomposition temperatures and glass transition temperatures of the composites were obtained. Approximately 30% increment in impact strength was achieved thanks to the MgO fillers. However, although the flexural strength decreased since the MgO particles caused stress concentration, the flexural modulus was not affected due to the decrease of elongation at break. The TGA and DSC instrumentations showed that the decomposition temperatures increased, and curing behaviors were improved depending upon the MgO content.

Cytotoxicity of Ti/SS316/Mg Particles on Human Osteoblasts

Daily walking or exercise of the bone implant recipients may generate particles due to wear and tear. Reports have mentioned that particles could circulate in the human body and trigger aseptic loosening, inflammation, and other potential complications. The mechanism of these phenomena remains mostly unclear. This study is to investigate the cytotoxicity of titanium (Ti), stainless steel 316 (SS316), and magnesium (Mg) particles due to these materials are the most commonly used biomaterials based on their adequate mechanical properties and excellent biocompatibility. Human osteoblasts (SAOS2 cells) were exposed directly to different concentrations of Ti/SS316/Mg particle during the direct cytotoxicity test. Together with the previous study, we found out that Ti particles showed cytotoxicity to osteoblasts at different dosages and times, while SS316 particles and Mg particles (low dosage) can reduce the cytotoxicity induced by Ti particles and boost cell viability. Mg particles can be toxic to osteoblast at a higher dosage, while SS316 particles are “safer” than Mg particles at higher dosages. Cell viability and cell morphology of SAOS2 cells under different treatments were observed at 2/3/5 days. This study found out that cell viability could be enhanced with certain combinations of Ti/SS316/Mg particles. This can give us certain guideline on how to design and fabricate a hybrid bone implant. However, how to quantify the particles inside the human body in real-time, and the exact interaction among particles, cells, tissues, and even organs require further research.

Study on the protective effect of the dense slag layer on converter lining

AbstractIn this paper, the protective effect of the dense slag layer on the furnace lining is investigated through comparative sampling of residual bricks. The physical and chemical properties of the residual brick samples were tested, and the result showed that sample NO.1 had 7.9% higher bulk density, 37.6% lower apparent porosity, 41% higher flexural strength, and 14.3% higher compressive strength than sample NO.2. The residual carbon of sample NO.1 was normal, while the residual carbon oxidation loss rate of sample NO.2 was 36%. X‐ray diffractomer (XRD), optical microscope (OM), and EDS: scanning electron microscope‐Energy Dispersive Spectrometer (SEM+EDS) were adopted to study the physical phase composition, microscopic morphology, and mineral phase composition and distribution of the dense slag layer. The slag layer was found to be highly alkaline and oxidizing, with 58–73% RO phase, 17–26% phosphorus‐rich phase, and 6–16% base phase in the mineral phases. The FactSage 8.1 thermodynamic software was used to simulate and calculate the melting temperature of each mineral phase. The presence of the high melting point phase and RO phase in the dense slag layer is an important reason for its ability against high temperature and high oxidation. The formation of the dense slag layer was related to the saturated solubility of MgO. The results indicated that the extremely unstable saturated solubility of magnesia had a greater effect on the dissolution rate of magnesia particles. External temperature and oxidation changes are important factors affecting the saturated solubility of MgO in the slag layer, and reducing the internal‐external heat and mass transfer rate could effectively improve the service life of the furnace lining.

Preclinical evaluation of acute systemic toxicity of magnesium incorporated poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid) porous scaffolds by three-dimensional printing.

ABSTRACTBiodegradable polymer scaffolds combined with bioactive components which accelerate osteogenesis and angiogenesis have promise for use in clinical bone defect repair. The preclinical acute toxicity evaluation is an essential assay of implantable biomaterials to assess the biosafety for accelerating clinical translation. We have successfully developed magnesium (Mg) particles and beta-tricalcium phosphate (β-TCP) for incorporation into poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid) (PLGA) porous composite scaffolds (PTM) using low-temperature rapid prototyping three-dimensional-printing technology. The PTM scaffolds have been fully evaluated and found to exhibit excellent osteogenic capacity for bone defect repair. The preclinical evaluation of acute systemic toxicities is essential and important for development of porous scaffolds to facilitate their clinical translation. In this study, acute systemic toxicity of the PTM scaffolds was evaluated in mice by intraperitoneal injection of the extract solutions of the scaffolds. PTM composite scaffolds with different Mg and β-TCP content (denoted as PT5M, PT10M, and PT15M) were extracted with different tissue culture media, including normal saline, phosphate-buffered saline , and serum-free minimum essential medium , to create the extract solutions. The evaluation was carried out following the National Standard. The acute toxicity was fully evaluated through the collection of extensive data, including serum/organs ion concentration, fluorescence staining, and in vivo median lethal dose measurement. Mg in major organs (heart, liver, and lung), and Mg ion concentrations in serum of mice, after intraperitoneal injection of the extract solutions, were measured and showed that the extract solutions of PT15M caused significant elevation of serum Mg ion concentrations, which exceeded the safety threshold and led to the death of the mice. In contrast, the extract solutions of PT5M and PT10M scaffolds did not cause the death of the injected mice. The median lethal dose of Mg ions in vivo for mice was determined for the first time in this study to be 110.66 mg/kg, and the safety level of serum magnesium toxicity in mice is 5.4 mM, while the calcium serum safety level is determined as 3.4 mM. The study was approved by the Animal Care and Use Committee of Shenzhen Institute of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences (approval No. SIAT-IRB-170401-YGS-LYX-A0346) on April 5, 2017. All these results showed that the Mg ion concentration of intraperitoneally-injected extract solutions was a determinant of mouse survival, and a high Mg ion concentration (more than 240 mM) was the pivotal factor contributing to the death of the mice, while changes in pH value showed a negligible effect. The comprehensive acute systemic toxicity evaluation for PTM porous composite scaffolds in this study provided a reference to guide the design and optimization of this composite scaffold and the results demonstrated the preclinical safety of the as-fabricated PTM scaffold with appropriate Mg content, strongly supporting the official registration process of the PTM scaffold as a medical device for clinical translation.

Large strain hardening of magnesium containing in situ nanoparticles

Abstract In this work, in situ magnesium-based composite composed of nanoscale magnesium oxide (MgO), prepared by spark plasma sintering, shows significant plasticity and high strain hardening. During the strain-hardening stage, the incremental work-hardening exponent shows drastic fluctuations due to the pile-up and release of dislocations. The dislocation pile-up at the interface makes it possible to form dislocation cells. Mixed dislocations can be generated within the cells surrounding the MgO particles, which can interact with the stress field and effectively hinder the movement of dislocations, leading to an increase in dislocation density. What is more, grain boundaries have higher elastic modulus and hardness, which may lead to the appearance of microcracks and eventually intergranular fractures. Our results may shed some light on understanding the role of MgO particles in influencing the mechanical properties of Mg alloys and Mg-based composites, especially in work hardening.

Determination of tensile behavior of hot-pressed Mg–TiO2 and Mg–ZrO2 nanocomposites using indentation test and a holistic inverse modeling technique

The present study aims to implement a non-destructive approach to determine the tensile properties of magnesium-based nanocomposites reinforced with ZrO 2 and TiO 2 nanoparticles. Micron-sized magnesium particles were blended with 0, 1.5, 3, and 5 volume percentage of ZrO 2 and TiO 2 nanoparticles and hot-pressed at 450 °C under the pressure of 600 MPa. Next, the spherical indentation test was performed on the produced composites to obtain the load–penetration curves. A finite element model of the indentation test was then developed using the Hollomon material model with randomly chosen materials constants. At the next stage, load–penetration curves were obtained for each composite using simulations. A Levenberg–Marquardt neural network was then trained and utilized to find the correct material constants by minimizing the differences between the experimental and simulated load–penetration curves. The results indicated that there is a linear relationship between the tensile strength and content of the reinforcement phase, while it is inversely proportional to the size of the reinforcing particles. Magnesium composites reinforced with 5 volume percentage of ZrO 2 and TiO 2 nanoparticles showed tensile strengths 2.5 and 2.1 times greater than that of unreinforced magnesium, respectively. It was shown that the proposed method is able to calculate the tensile properties of magnesium-based composites in an accurate and inexpensive manner.

INVESTIGATION ON DRY SLIDING WEAR BEHAVIOR OF TITANIUM DIOXIDE-REINFORCED MAGNESIUM MATRIX COMPOSITE

In this work, the dry sliding wear behaviors of pure monolithic magnesium and magnesium–titanium dioxide (Mg–TiO2) composites were studied using pin-on-disc tribometer against an oil-hardened nonshrinking die steel (OHNS) counter-disc with a normal load of 0.5–2[Formula: see text]kg and a sliding velocity of 1.5–2.5[Formula: see text][Formula: see text] with the sliding distance and wear track diameter of 1500[Formula: see text]m and 90[Formula: see text]mm, respectively. The pin samples were characterized for their microstructural, nanomechanical and tribological properties such as wear rate, coefficient of friction and wear fractographs. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) was used to analyze the worn-out surfaces of each pin sample in order to identify the different types of wear and wear mechanisms and the chemical constituents of each element were quantified by energy-dispersive spectroscopy. The influence of TiO2 reinforcements on the nanomechanical behavior was studied by nanoindentation technique. As compared with pure Mg, the nanoindentation strengths of Mg–1.5TiO2, Mg–2.5TiO2 and Mg–5TiO2 composites were found to increase by 11.9%, 22.2% and 35.8%, respectively, which was due to the addition of TiO2 particles and also due to the good bonding at the interface of TiO2 and magnesium particles. From the wear test results, a significant change in wear rate was observed with the change in normal load than that of sliding speed, whereas a significant change in coefficient of friction was noticed with the changes in both normal load and sliding velocity. The dominant wear mechanisms involved under the testing conditions were identified through plotting the contour maps and SEM fractographs. Also, from the fractographs it was noticed that delamination and plowing effect have been the significant wear mechanisms observed during low wear rate of samples, whereas melting, delamination and oxidation wear have been observed during high wear rate of pure Mg and its composites.

Characterization of Magnesium-Polylactic Acid Films Casted on Different Substrates and Doped with Diverse Amounts of CTAB.

Polylactic acid (PLA) is a good candidate for the manufacture of polymeric biodegradable biomaterials. The inclusion of metallic particles and surfactants solves its mechanical limitations and improves its wettability, respectively. In this work, cetyltrimethylammonium bromide (CTAB) and magnesium particles have been incorporated into PLA films to evaluate the changes produced in the polymeric matrix cast on glass and silicone substrates. For this purpose, the surface of the films has been characterized by means of contact angle measurements and ToF-SIMS. Depth profiles and SEM images of the cross sections of the films have also been obtained to study their morphology. The results show that the CTAB in the polymer matrix with and without magnesium improves the wettability of the films, making them more suitable for cell adhesion. The higher the hydrophilicity, the higher the surfactant concentration. The depth profiles show, for the first time, that, depending on the surfactant concentration and the presence of Mg, there is a layer-like distribution near the surface where, in addition to the CTAB + PLA mixture, a surfactant exclusion zone can be seen. This new structure could be relevant in in vitro/in vivo situations when the degradation processes remove the film components in a sequential form.

Preparation of Mg/PCL electrospun membranes and preliminary study

Magnesium (Mg) metal and its alloy degradation product magnesium ion (Mg2+) can stimulate the metabolic activity of bone cells, which is beneficial to bone growth and healing. With biodegradable polycaprolactone (PCL) and magnesium particles as raw materials, electrospinning technology is used to prepare electrospun membrane materials doped with magnesium particles. Meanwhile, the scanning electron microscope, X-ray diffraction analysis technology and microcomputer-controlled electronic universal testing machine are adopted to analyze the physical and chemical properties of the material. The biocompatibility of electrospun membranes and their potential to induce osteogenic differentiation of human dental pulp stem cells (hDPSCs) were evaluated by in vitro cell experiments. The results showed that magnesium/PCL electrospun membranes doped with magnesium particles were successfully prepared with electrospinning technology, and the material has a good porous structure. Magnesium/PCL electrospun membranes have good biocompatibility and have the potential to induce osteogenic differentiation of hDPSCs. Among them, the effects of 10% magnesium/PCL electrospun membranes were the most obvious. Clinically, these materials provide new ideas for the restoration of alveolar bone defects and provide an experimental basis for the realization of alveolar bone regeneration.

Effect of nanosized calcium and magnesium particles on absorption in peach tree leaves

Plants require a variety of elements to grow. Of these, calcium (Ca) and magnesium (Mg) play an important role in strengthening the cell wall. Although peaches (Prunus Persica) are highly preferred by consumers, they ripen quickly and become soft over a relatively short period of time after harvesting, making them difficult to transport and store. In addition, the ripening process of peaches proceeds very quickly; cell walls are weakened during maturation, and various pathogens can easily grow, causing rapid decay. Therefore, yield loss occurs during long-term storage or transport. To increase the storage period, a method to delay softening action is required. One potential means to improve firmness is to improve Ca and Mg content as these elements make up and strengthen cell walls. However, Ca and Mgare not readily absorbed by plants. In this study, the size of Ca and Mg particles were reduced to less than 900 nm via grinding and their absorption rates were evaluated in the leaves of peach trees. When plant nutrients with a small particle size by nanotechnology were sprayed on peach trees, the content of Ca and Mg was increased in the petioles, adaxial, abaxial, and leaf side. Therefore, a reduction in the particle size of Ca and Mg increases the absorption rate in peach leaves.

Studies of magnesium - hydroxyapatite micro/nano film for drug sustained release

It is challenging to fabricate the bioactive films containing magnesium (Mg) particles to take full advantage of this characteristic of Mg to obtain a film with porous structure. Mg-doped hydroxyapatite (Mg-HA) film with uniform distribution of Mg particles are obtained by pulsed laser deposition. In the simulated body fluids, the Mg in the Mg-HA film is preferentially degraded for ion exchange, and the microporous structures are formed into the surface of the Mg-HA film after 7 days. These microporous structures facilitate the diffusion of the drug covered by the Mg-HA film to achieve sustainable drug release. Herein, ciprofloxacin hydrochloride (CIP) film as the drug representative is obtained by low energy electron beam deposition (LEBD) to verify the sustained release effect of Mg-HA film. Therefore, the four-layer composite films with a distribution of the CIP are obtained using the layered growth of CIP film and Mg-HA film by the PLD-LEBD coupling technology. The results showed that Mg-HA film not only prolonged the CIP release period, but also enhanced the drug release in the middle and late stage. Furthermore, the application of Mg-HA film to implant surface modification can not only exert excellent antibacterial effect, but also promote bone healing.

Improving the solar carbothermal reduction of magnesia for metallic fuels production through reactor designing, milling and binders

The production of magnesium particles through the carbothermal reduction of magnesia using concentrated solar energy has engaged the attention of researchers as a sustainable production process. This process allows the effective employ of those particles as recyclable combustion metal fuels for terrestrial transportation having high energetic value with zero greenhouse gas emissions. Herein, we investigated the improvement of this production process, at low pressures, by designing the Sol@rmet reactor and using various catalysts. Simulations and experiments are performed to determine the parameters (inlets and flow rates) allowing a gas circulation in the reactor favoring the production of metallic magnesium powders. Modeling results were confirmed by experiments showing that a double argon entry creates a favorable swirl circulation, thus increasing the Mg yield from 52 to 68%. A further improvement, to reach around 85%, is attained by the mechanical milling the C/MgO powders. Additionally, we inspected the effect of binders and metallic catalysts (iron and nickel) on the reaction conversion and kinetics. Solar experiments proved that bentonite binder has a catalytic-like behavior allowing to reach values up to 95% of Mg yield and purity.

Hydrogen production for fuel cell application via thermo-chemical technique: An analytical evaluation

Fuel cells are considered as the promising candidates for next-generation energy systems for which supplying the required hydrogen is the most important issue. Because of resource scarcity and environmental pollution associated with hydrocarbon reforming, magnesium-water combustion can be applied as an eco-friendly alternative method for hydrogen generation. This study aims to investigate magnesium combustion as a heat and hydrogen source. By proposing an asymptotic model of flame structure, the combustion of single magnesium particle is examined in which the model consists of internal and external zones and a thin reaction layer. Then, the governing equations including mass, energy, and mass fractions of species and their appropriate boundary conditions are derived and solved analytically. Afterwards, with the aid of Taylor approximation, the explicit formulas are extracted for flame location and temperature and magnesium evaporation rate. Subsequently, the effects of various parameters on combustion characteristics and hydrogen production are scrutinized. Eventually, by employing the examined model for single particle, the discrete method is applied to analyze the magnesium dust cloud combustion. The results indicate that the hydrogen production rate is higher than 10-3kg/s for the condition of d=10μm,P=1atm,Le=1 with dust concentration greater than 250mg/liter.

Hexavalent chromium reduction by zero-valent magnesium particles in column systems

The discharge of hexavalent chromium in aquatic environments represents an issue of great concern. The chemical reduction of Cr6+ to Cr3+, which is less mobile and harmful, is a suitable approach for chromium removal. In this regard, in comparison to other reactive metals, the use of zero-valent magnesium (ZVM) has several advantages. Nevertheless, this element has been scarcely investigated in the decontamination of water and wastewater. In particular, no studies have been conducted by applying Mg0 particles fixed in column systems for Cr6+ reduction. In the present study, a wide experimental investigation was carried out to analyse the chromium abatement through zero valent magnesium particles in a packed batch column. The effects of pH, initial Cr6+ concentration and temperature were investigated. The experimental results proved that the process performances were mainly affected by pH values. High efficiencies were detected at pH 3, while unsatisfactory abatements were observed at pH 5 and under uncontrolled pH conditions. At pH 3, the process performance worsened with the rise in the initial chromium concentration. In particular, a complete abatement was detected in 180 min by treating solutions with initial Cr6+ concentrations up to 40 mg/L. The effect of temperature was negligible at pH 3 and under uncontrolled pH, while the increase from 20 to 30 and 40 °C produced a significant improvement in the removal yields at pH 5. By means of a kinetic analysis a theoretical law able to accurately describe the experimental removal trends was identified. Furthermore, a mathematical relation between the observed kinetic constants and the magnesium to initial chromium amount ratio was defined. Finally, the reaction pathways were proposed, and the reaction products identified.

Effect of External Charging on Nanoparticle Formation in a Flame.

This paper attempts to demonstrate the importance of the nanoparticle charge in the synthesis flame, for the mechanism of their evolution during formation processes. An investigation was made of MgO nanoparticles formed during combustion of magnesium particles. The cubic shape of nanoparticles in an unaffected flame allows for direct interpretation of results on the external flame charging, using a continuous unipolar emission of ions. It was found that the emission of negative ions applied to the flame strongly affects the nanoparticle shape, while the positive ions do not lead to any noticeable change. The demonstrated effect emphasizes the need to take into account all of the phenomena responsible for the particle charge when modeling the nanoparticle formation in flames.

Alkali-Treated Titanium Coated with a Polyurethane, Magnesium and Hydroxyapatite Composite for Bone Tissue Engineering.

The aim of this study was to form a functional layer on the surface of titanium (Ti) implants to enhance their bioactivity. Layers of polyurethane (PU), containing hydroxyapatite (HAp) nanoparticles (NPs) and magnesium (Mg) particles, were deposited on alkali-treated Ti surfaces using a cost-effective dip-coating approach. The coatings were assessed in terms of morphology, chemical composition, adhesion strength, interfacial bonding, and thermal properties. Additionally, cell response to the variably coated Ti substrates was investigated using MC3T3-E1 osteoblast-like cells, including assessment of cell adhesion, cell proliferation, and osteogenic activity through an alkaline phosphatase (ALP) assay. The results showed that the incorporation of HAp NPs enhanced the interfacial bonding between the coating and the alkali-treated Ti surface. Furthermore, the presence of Mg and HAp particles enhanced the surface charge properties as well as cell attachment, proliferation, and differentiation. Our results suggest that the deposition of a bioactive composite layer containing Mg and HAp particles on Ti implants may have the potential to induce bone formation.

Tuning of MgO nanoparticles on Ag dopant additions for charge storage applications

Ag-doped magnesium oxide (MgO) nanoparticles (NPs) were produced through chemical precipitation method. The structural and morphological analysis of MgO particles were characterized by using XRD and TEM techniques. XRD results confirm that the crystallite size decreases after Ag doping and little amount of Ag is incorporated into MgO crystal. The dielectric properties measurement of Ag-doped MgO samples suggest that Ag doping causes its enhancement. The two possible mechanisms for the improvement of dielectric constant of Ag-doped MgO was concluded. Firstly, Ag doping would inhibit the grain growth of MgO nanoparticles, resulting in smaller size of MgO particles. Secondly, when Ag+ is doped into MgO matrix, more oxygen vacancies will be generated to keep an overall neutral charge. The ac conductivity of MgO NPs further shows improvement after doping due to relatively low electron-transfer resistance, which can accelerate the electron transfer within MgO lattice. Therefore, Ag doping can significantly promote dielectric and electrical properties of MgO NPs.

Obtaining particles with the structure Mg@C and (Mg@C)@Pd, their properties and stability in the hydrogenation/dehydrogenation processes

In this work, we studied the change in the properties of powders with a core (magnesium) – shell structure (carbon and carbon/palladium) in the process of hydrogenation/dehydrogenation with hydrogen (99.995 wt%). Magnesium powders were obtained by plasma chemical synthesis in an atmosphere of argon containing a small amount of hydrogen (2–3 at.%) and nitrogen (8–9 at.%), when performing a low-frequency arc discharge between a tungsten electrode and a magnesium melt. The shell (carbon and carbon/palladium) was deposited in a plasma generator with vortex and magnetic stabilization. For all samples, a decrease in the sorption capacity of hydrogen was observed as a result of successive cycles of sorption and desorption reactions. It was found that the reason for this fall is associated with the formation of the MgO and Mg(OH)2 phase, which prevents the diffusion of hydrogen. The carbon shell provides a more complete hydrogenation of the magnesium particles, and an additional palladium shell increases the resistance to cyclic hydrogenation/dehydrogenation and reduces the temperature of these processes. According to the data obtained, powders with particles (Mg@C)@Pd can absorb the largest amount of hydrogen (6.9 wt%) for the duration of 5 cycles, after which the protective shell of the particles begins to collapse and a loss of sorption capacity is observed.

Dynamics of cavitation zone development during sonication of suspensions of magnesium particles

The cavitation activity during ultrasonic treatment of magnesium particles has been investigated. The cavitation activity recorded in a continuous mode of ultrasonic treatment altered in a wide range at constant output parameters of the generator. The rate and nature of cavitation activity variation depended on the mass fraction of particles in the suspension. It has been demonstrated that during the ultrasonic treatment of magnesium aqueous suspensions it is possible to determine the following stages: growth of cavitation activity, reaching a maximum followed by a decrease and reaching a plateau (or repeated cycles of increasing or decreasing cavitation activity). The complex nature of the cavitation activity dynamics is associated with the participation of hydrogen released as a result of the chemical interaction of magnesium particles with water in the formation of the cavitation zone. The magnesium particles modified with ultrasound were characterised with the use of scanning electron microscopy, X-ray phase analysis and thermal analysis. It has been found that ultrasonic treatment of magnesium particles resulted in the formation of magnesium hydroxide and magnesium hydride phases.

Experimentation and kinetic modeling of low-temperature oxidation of magnesium particles for the production of energy with low environmental impact

Future lack of fossil fuels and global warming stimulate researches on new renewable sources of energy, especially for transportation. With high energy densities, metals appear to be relevant energy carriers. In this study, magnesium powder was considered as a metal fuel for energy production through slow oxidation. Temperature Program Oxidation experiments of magnesium powder were performed using thermogravimetric analyses under four low heating rates (1, 2, 3 and 5 °C min−1). The influence of the particle size was investigated by testing three size fractions (20–50, 50–71 and 71–100 µm). Initial and fully or partially oxidized particles (stopping the reaction at selected conversion rates) were characterized using optical microscopy analyses, which highlighted the different stages of the oxidation mechanism. A three-step kinetic model involving heat transfers was finally proposed to describe the slow oxidation of magnesium and to extract optimal values of the kinetic parameters.