Magadan Region Research Articles

АНАЛИЗ РЕЗУЛЬТАТОВ СУДЕБНО-МЕДИЦИНСКИХ ЭКСПЕРТИЗ ТРУПОВ, СОДЕРЖАЩИХ ЭКЗОГЕННЫЙ ЭТАНОЛ В БИОЛОГИЧЕСКИХ ЖИДКОСТЯХ

Every year Russia performs about 700’000 forensic medical examinations and postmortem assessments which is about a third of all deaths. In line with the current legislation, suspected violent deaths (due to external causes) are the reason for a forensic medical exam. Determination of the presence and quantitative content of exogenous ethanol in the corpse’s biological fluids is mandatory in all cases of violent death. In turn, alcohol consumption is one of the leading risk factors affecting mortality in Russia, especially among working-age men. Calculating alcohol consumption in population is challenging, since part of the available alcohol is unregistered (moonshine, alcoholic surrogates), yet there are many indicators that are considered reliable and characterize the level of alcohol consumption in population. This study has attempted to analyze causes of death of those with exogenous ethanol in biological fluids. These indicators are necessary for developing and implementing the most effective health policy, saving health and increasing life expectancy in Russia. The purpose of the study is to analyze causes of death based on the results of forensic medical examinations of corpses with ethanol in biological fluids. Material and methods. The material of this paper is data on forensic medical examinations collected by the Russian center of forensic medical examination of the Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation using the statistical observation form #42 “Forensic pathologist’s report, the Burau of forensic medical examination”. The study uses the method of descriptive statistics and correlation analysis. The share of deaths from various causes with ethanol in biological fluids was analyzed based on the results of forensic medical examinations by region and cause of death in 2003-2022. Results. The share of deaths with ethanol in biological fluids equaled to 46% of all forensic medical examinations in 2003, followed by a gradual decrease to 19% in 2022. The maximum was registered in external causes of death. Over the study period (2003-2022) the share of deaths with ethanol in biological fluids among deaths due to external causes decreased from 60% to 47, and from 31% to 14% among non-violent deaths. The share ranged from 36% to 45% among deaths attributed to symptoms, signs and ill-defined conditions without a tendency towards decreasing. For a number of external causes of death, this indicator consistently accounted for more than half of all forensic medical exams. Over the period under study, most regions of Russia witnessed a noticeable decrease in the share of deaths with ethanol in biological fluids, however, in some regions like the Republic of Buryatia, Sakhalin Region, Trans-Baikal Territory, Magadan Region, Nenets Autonomous Area and Murmansk Region, there is no noticeable decrease. The minimum was registered in the Chechen Republic and Republic of Ingushetia. However, in the North Caucasian republics, in general, there are low rates of forensic medical examinations of all deaths (less than 10%). Conclusion. Results of forensic medical examinations can potentially supplement and refine complex estimates of the contribution of alcohol consumption to the Russian mortality.

МЕДИСТЫЕ СЛАНЦЫ ПРИКОЛЫМСКОГО ТЕРРЕЙНА (СЕВЕРО-ВОСТОК РОССИИ): МИНЕРАЛОГО-ГЕОХИМИЧЕСКИЕ ОСОБЕННОСТИ И УСЛОВИЯ РУДООБРАЗОВАНИЯ

Copper mineralization in the Magadan region (North-East of Russia) has been established in quartz-chloritoid and chlorite shales of the middle and upper Riphean of the Prikolymsky terrane. Compared to the upper crust, copper shales of the Oroek deposit are noticeably enriched in a narrow range of trace elements: Cu, Ag, Au, Rh, and Se, with enrichment factors ranging from 10-fold (Se, Rh) to 100-fold (Ag, Au) and even 1000-fold (Cu) suggesting, apparently, their synchronous involvement in ore formation. In addition, the studied samples are slightly enriched in Cd, Li, Co, Zn, V, U, Sc, Y, and REE. Copper shales show relatively flat rare earth element (REE) patterns similar to the chondrite-normalized pattern having no distinct positive or negative Eu anomalies and dominated by light lanthanides. The Ce/Ce* and Eu/Eu* values indicate that ore formation proceeded under oxidizing conditions. The obtained geochemical data show that the Riphean host rocks could serve as a source of trace elements and REE ore-forming fluids. In the ores, covellin and chalcocite are the main copper minerals; less common are roxbyite, idaite, nukundamite, spioncopite, chalcopyrite, silver-bearing (Ag about 1 wt. %) bornite and yarrovite, as well as native gold. Fluid inclusions in quartz suggest that copper mineralization was formed at temperatures of 212–190 °C and a pressure of 1 kbar, from hydrothermal solutions of medium salinity (from 13.8 to 12.4 wt. % eq. NaCl) and high density (0.95–0.98 g/cm3) saturated with chlorides of Ca, Mg, and K. The copper shales of the Prikolymsky terrane differ from sedimentary copper and copper shales of the African Belt by low Co and Ni contents and from the Kupfershifer by low concentrations of Pb and Zn. The obtained results can be used for prognosticating new deposits.

Интегральная оценка ресурсного потенциала агропродовольственных систем регионов Дальневосточного федерального округа

In order to achieve the goals of full food supply to the population and at the same time more rational and efficient use of limited resources (land, labor, material and technical, etc.), it is advisable to use an integrated assessment of the resource potential of the agro-food systems of the regions. In the Far Eastern Federal District, there is a significant heterogeneity of the resource potential of regional agro-food systems. Khabarovsk and Kamchatka Territories, Magadan Region, the Republic of Sakha and the Chukotka Autonomous Okrug have extremely low land potential. In the same regions (except the Kamchatka Territory), there is a low social and labor potential. In the Trans-Baikal Territory, the Republic of Buryatia, the Republic of Sakha, the Jewish Autonomous Region and the Chukotka Autonomous Okrug, measures are needed to increase the availability of funds and the stock of labor in the agricultural sector. Some Far Eastern territories with an excess of agricultural land (the Republics of Buryatia, the Trans-Baikal Territory, the Jewish Autonomous Region), but low production and rental opportunities, remain without labor and investment, continue to lose the already dilapidated material and technical base and cannot provide their own population with food. At the same time, in these regions, it is the land resource that is in excess that can be considered as a comparative competitive advantage. However, an unfavorable combination of resource groups, to a certain extent a consequence of destructive socio-economic policy, does not ensure a balanced territorial development of the country and hinders the progressive development of agro-food systems in many of its regions. The results of the potential assessment obtained in the course of the study can be used to identify «problem areas» in the resource provision of agro-food systems of regions, optimize the parameters of the territorial distribution of productive forces, deepen specialization, as well as substantiate the volume of state support.

Holocene diatom record of Gryazevoe Lake evolution (Magadan region)

Diatoms from core Gz-1 (Lake Gryazevoe, Magadan region) belonging to 189 species and intraspecific taxa were studied. Three local zones (LzGz) were identified based on changes in the taxonomic composition and ecological structure of fossil diatom assemblages. They correspond to different stages of the lake ecosystem evolution during the Late Pleistocene-Holocene. A sensitive reaction of diatoms to hydrological and hydrochemical changes of the lake regimes associated with paleoclimatic fluctuations has been established.

ОБЕСПЕЧЕННОСТЬ МЕДИЦИНСКИХ ОРГАНИЗАЦИЙ ДАЛЬНЕВОСТОЧНОГО ФЕДЕРАЛЬНОГО ОКРУГА РОССИЙСКОЙ ФЕДЕРАЦИИ ВРАЧАМИ АКУШЕРАМИ-ГИНЕКОЛОГАМИ, 2017 – 2021 ГГ.

Significance. Relevance. In conditions of demographic trouble, the study of the provision of the female population with obstetricians and gynecologists is of high relevance for the implementation of tasks to preserve the reproductive potential of women and the adoption of managerial measures to solve the personnel problem. Purpose of the study. To study the provision of medical organizations of the Far Eastern Federal District with obstetricians and gynecologists. Material and methods. The analysis of the availability of obstetrician-gynecologists was carried out on the data presented in the form No. 30 and statistical collections of the Ministry of Health of Russia for the period from 2017 to 2022. in the context of federal districts and subjects of the Far Eastern Federal District. The following were used in the work: retrospective analysis, statistical (descriptive statistics), analytical method, descriptive statistics method. Results. The provision of medical organizations with obstetrician-gynecologists in the Russian Federation over the past five years has decreased by 4.4%, in the Far Eastern Federal District - by 13.2%, in the Khabarovsk Territory - by -2.1%. At the same time, for the entire study period in the Far East region, the indicator exceeds the average Russian level. There is a widespread decline in the provision of obstetrician-gynecologists, especially in the Far Eastern Federal District (-13.2%), the Urals (-8.9%) and the Volga (-8.7%) federal districts. Among the subjects of the Far Eastern Federal District, the most favorable situation is in the Chukotka Autonomous Okrug (from 8.6 to 10.7 per 10,000 population) and the Magadan Region (from 7.7 to 8.5 per 10,000 population). In most subjects of the Far Eastern Federal District, the provision exceeds the district level.At the same time, the availability of doctors - specialists providing medical care in stationary conditions, over the same period in the Far Eastern Federal District decreased by 19.5%, in the country as a whole - by 8.0%. In half of the subjects of the Far Eastern Federal District, the availability of specialists is higher than the district value, especially in the Chukotka Autonomous District (by 2.7 times in 2017 and 2.9 times in 2021), while in the Khabarovsk Territory it does not reach the district level. Conclusion. Over the past five years, there has been an annual decrease in the provision of medical organizations with obstetrician-gynecologists. This is especially typical for the Khabarovsk Territory and the Far Eastern Federal District as a whole. The availability of doctors providing medical care in stationary conditions is also declining. At the same time, in half of the subjects of the Far Eastern Federal District, the availability of specialists remains above the district value. Application area. The results of the study can be applied when planning a program of state guarantees for the provision of free primary specialized medical and sanitary and specialized medical care to the female population in the Obstetrics and Gynecology profile.

Пути укрепления энергетической безопасности изолированных районов Дальнего Востока и Арктики с применением инструментов «зеленой» модернизации промышленных объектов энергоснабжения

Subject/topic. The article is devoted to the search for ways to strengthen the energy security of isolated regions of the Far East and the Arctic using the tools of «green» modernization of industrial energy supply facilities. The subject of the research is ensuring the energy security of isolated energy regions. Goals/objectives. Based on an assessment of the state and problems of energy security in isolated regions of the Far East and the Arctic of Russia, practice-oriented recommendations for the comprehensive promotion of «green» modernization of industrial energy supply facilities have been identified and substantiated. Methodology. The basis of the work methodology are general scientific methods: synthesis and deduction. When analysing the technical condition and energy efficiency of energy supply facilities, the method of a sample survey of 24 enterprises located in the Republic of Sakha (Yakutia), the Kamchatka Territory and the Magadan Region was applied. The potential of modernization projects is illustrated by the case materials of the hybrid modernization project (Tabalah). Results. The article clarifies the problems of ensuring the energy security of isolated areas and systematizes advanced foreign experience. It has been determined that sanctions are one of the major challenges in the subject area. Proposed measures and tools to promote the «green» modernization of industrial power supply facilities, including a set of long-term guidelines for the modernization of energy systems, tools for digitalization of modernization projects, the development of a system of energy service contracts and «green» financing, as well as loop mechanisms for adaptation to sanctions risks. Conclusions/relevance. Modernization of energy facilities based on internal development and innovation can significantly improve the energy efficiency, sustainability, and environmental safety of isolated energy systems. Application. The results of the study can serve as the basis for the development of new approaches to ensuring energy security in Russia and the world.

Ретроспективный анализ эффективности интродукции сортов ягодных культур в условиях Магаданской области

In the current political and economic conditions, the search for reserves to increase food production is a strategic task. For the northern regions, the problem of providing high-quality fruit and berry products is of social importance, so research on the introduction and selection of berry crops is of particular relevance. In order to determine the directions for the development of berry growing and the effectiveness of the introduction of varieties of berry crops in the conditions of the region, a retrospective analysis of variety trials of introduced domestic varieties of berry crops isolated by a complex of adaptive-significant traits was carried out to create new varieties that combine high productivity with fruit quality and resistance to stress in agroecological conditions. Magadan region. Variety tests were carried out by Magadan Research Institute of Agriculture in 2010-2016. The study involved introduced promising seedlings of domestic varieties of berry crops provided by the Pavlovsk Experimental Station of VIR named after V.I. N.I. Vavilova: 5 varieties of blue honeysuckle (Amphora, Nymph, Lebedushka, Pavlovskaya, Bullfinch); 6 varieties of black currant (Veloi, Delicacy, Gulliver, Green Haze, Vigorous, Dawn); 3 varieties of red currant (Jonger Van Tets, Dutch pink, Rolan) and 3 varieties of garden ash (Scarlet large, Pomegranate, Nevezhinskaya). In the process of work, phenology (the timing of the onset of the phenological phases of vegetation), winter hardiness, general condition, plant resistance to major pests and diseases were noted. It was established that under the conditions of the new territory, all varieties of introduced berry crops of blue honeysuckle, black and red currants, garden ash were characterized by reduced adaptive abilities, instability to abiotic stress factors of the territory, therefore, the development of foreign varieties of berry crops in the future is futile. The lack of heat and a short growing season had a significant negative impact on the architectonics of introducers, and excess solar radiation was not a decisive factor.

Parametric convergence of the survey results of Geoscan 40 and GNSS unmanned aerial vehicles during surveying operations at the Natalka field in the Magadan region

Parametric convergence of the survey results of Geoscan 40 and GNSS unmanned aerial vehicles during surveying operations at the Natalka field in the Magadan region

Occurrence of metabolic syndrome components in northerners.

The metabolic syndrome is currently becoming more common. It is a significant public health concern as it is epidemic affecting populations in many regions of the world. In Magadan region no research has been carried out to study the frequency of components of the metabolic syndrome among northerners. This survey was performed to assess the occurrence of the main and additional components of the metabolic syndrome among 17 to 74 year old residents of the Northern region. Two hundred and forty north born Caucasians participated in the study: male subjects at their young age, working age, and retirement age, all belonging to the territory of Magadan region. We used photometric, immunochemiluminescent research methods, as well as standard methods for assessing body mass index and cardiovascular system. The metabolic syndrome factors were determined in accordance with the criteria of the National Cholesterol Education Program (NCEP), the Adult Treatment Program III (ATP III), the International Diabetes Federation (IDF), and the Consensus of International Experts in Cardiology and Endocrinology. We analyzed five main components of the metabolic syndrome (overweight, carbohydrate metabolic impairments hypertension, hypertriglyceridemia, hypoalphacholesterolemia) and three additional components (presence of insulin resistance, purine metabolism disorder, deficient and insufficient concentrations of vitamin D). Combinations of the components were also studied through the examined age groups. According to the ATP III, NCEP and IDF criteria, the metabolic syndrome was more common in elderly subjects (47%) than in working age (21%) or young examinees (3%). Older males tended to exhibit higher frequency of both the main and additional factors of metabolic syndrome. The total index of the occurrence of metabolic syndrome factors in the group of young men was 101%; in the group of men of working age - 180%, and in men of retirement age - 274%. The results on occurrence of the metabolic syndrome components observed in the surveyed groups of northerners can make an information data base, which we assume can be applied when planning and carrying out scientifically grounded preventive measures, which will improve subjective quality of life and its expectancy under the North conditions.

Chemical Elements in Drinkable Water from Central Supply and Spring Sources in Different Areas of the Magadan Region

Chemical Elements in Drinkable Water from Central Supply and Spring Sources in Different Areas of the Magadan Region

ОЦЕНКА КЛИМАТИЧЕСКИХ РИСКОВ ДЛЯ АВТОДОРОЖНОЙ СЕТИ СЕВЕРНОГО РЕГИОНА РОССИИ

Based on the simulation results, quantitative assessments of the risks of reduced functionality for the basic segments of the road network of the Magadan region were obtained.In the presence of sandy soil at the base of the highway, the climatic risks of warming up to 2 degrees are low and are at the level of 150 points (with the maximum possible risk of 1000 points).In the presence of clay soils with high humidity, climatic risks in the continental part of the region are predicted to be up to 250 points, and in the coastal zone may exceed 400 points.

Ключевые аспекты социально-экономического развития муниципальных образований Магаданской области

A serious problem of the Magadan region – the northern region of resource specialization with a leading gold mining industry – during the development of market relations is the ongoing process of devastation of the territory. In order to identify spatial transformations at the level of municipalities in the region, a retrospective analysis of changes in 1990–2020 in key areas of the economy and social sphere was carried out. The specific features of the transformations in the municipal context are: large-scale outflow of population from the areas of the main type of activity; the formation of an urban agglomeration (82% of the population of the region); changes in the spatial localization of economic activity and budgetary self-sufficiency due to the beginning of the development of ore deposits of precious metals by the shift method; deterioration of the standard of living of the population

Chemical Elements in Drinkable Water from Central Supply and Spring Sources in Different Areas of the Magadan Region

Chemical Elements in Drinkable Water from Central Supply and Spring Sources in Different Areas of the Magadan Region

Satellite-Based Mapping of the Negative Impact of Gold Mining Enterprises on the Natural Environment of the Cryolithozone (On the Example of the Magadan Region)

Satellite-Based Mapping of the Negative Impact of Gold Mining Enterprises on the Natural Environment of the Cryolithozone (On the Example of the Magadan Region)

The Dalstroy’s Crisis and the Problems of the Gold Mining in the North-East of the USSR in 1954–1957

The article analyzes the main factors in the development of the Dalstroy gold mining after the creation of the Magadan Region in December 1953. Since the late 1940s there were many factors of the crisis in the gold mining of Dalstroy, including a decrease in the availability of alluvial gold reserves, a decrease in the average gold content in the sands, a shortage of qualified personnel, problems in the organization of forced labor, as well as decisions that determined the concentration of exploration work on gold deposits within the Kolyma gold-bearing zone and the reorientation mainly for exploration and mining of tin. One of the main reasons for the Dalstroy gold mining crisis was the transformation of the entire economic system of the organization to free labor. This process was accompanied by the problems of organizing free and forced labor, high staff turnover, the need to select qualified personnel to service bulldozers, excavators and flushing devices, to accommodate, improve and create conditions for civilian workers, including former convicts and special settlers, as well as to provide work with prisoners on new terms. The number of workers in the gold mining industry for 1953–1957 decreased by more than 2.5 times. The authorities of the region, while maintaining the system of benefits and relying on well-established schemes and administrative resources, tried to replace the staff. The use of forced labor of prisoners versus the use of “civilian” workers in the gold mining of the North-East in the 1950s was no longer due to economic calculation in comparison with the period of the 1930s — the first half of the 1940s. In the 1950s, along with a decrease in the volume of manual work, the growth of mechanization and automation, the work of convicts became more and more costly and less efficient.

Spatial-Temporal Dynamics of Diurnal Temperature Range: Russian Far East as a Case Study

Short-term fluctuations in air temperature, called the daily temperature range (DTR), or its daily amplitude, have a strong impact on ecosystems, as well as on the health and well-being of people. The pronounced effect of DTR on mortality from all causes and especially on cardiovascular mortality is well documented in the scientific literature, but little is known about spatial, inter-annual, and inter-seasonal fluctuations of DTR in the Russian Far East (RFE), an area with high annual dynamics of air temperature. Data from 99 weather stations for the period from 2000 to 2019 was used to evaluate spatial and temporal DTR patterns at the RFE. A higher DTR, up to 16 °C in Toko on the border with Sakha (Yakutia) as a mean for the entire period, is typical for continental areas further to the north. Lower values are observed at continental weather stations in the south and in coastal climates (4.7 °C in Mys Alevina, Magadan Region). In general, a distinct seasonal change in DTR was found for continental locations with a significant difference from month to month throughout the year. On the annual cycle, the maximum DTR at the continental northern stations is observed in April and June–July, and at the continental southern areas in February; the minimum DTR is shown in November and December. The DTR ranges as much as from 6 °C in December to 17 °C in April in the continental Korkodon in the far north. Locations with a marine climate are characterized by a smoothed seasonal change in DTR, with obvious peaks in February–March and October, and a minimum in July–August. The downward trend in DTR for the period from 2000 to 2019, up to −0.7 °C in coastal Bolsheretsk, is based on a faster increase in the minimum daily temperature compared to the maximum, which is typical for most weather stations at the RFE and is known worldwide as a diurnal asymmetry of global warming. At the same time, an increase in the daily amplitude of air temperature (up to +0.6 °C in continental Dolinovka) was found for some localities, associated with a higher positive trend of maximum temperatures, which contradicts global patterns.

PREVALENCE OF ARTERIAL HYPERTENSION CANDIDATE GENES IN THE NEWLY ARRIVED POPULATION OF THE NORTH-EAST RUSSIA

Arterial hypertension (AH) is one of the most serious problems of modern health care. In the northern regions it has become a catastrophe, being the most common cause of early disability and mortality among the employable newly-arrived population. At high latitudes, AH is characterized by a more severe course; it is accompanied by early damage to target organs; and it is more often in young people. AH occurs as a result of a combined interaction of polymorphism in genes, which are involved in blood pressure regulation. It is also provoked by the environmental factors. 
 The aim of the study is to assess the prevalence of polymorphisms in four AH candidate genes (AGT (rs4762), AGTR1 (rs5186), ADD1 (rs4961), NOS3 (rs2070744)) in the newly arrived population of the North-East Russia.
 Materials and methods. The cross-sectional study involved practically healthy unrelated men, mostly Europeans, living or born on the territory of the Magadan region (n=101). The average age of the subjects was 46.12±1.5 (20–77 years old). PCR was used to perform molecular genetic testing of genes directly involved in the work of the main blood pressure regulation systems: AGT, AGTR1, ADD1, NOS3. The author calculated phenotypic and gene frequencies, observed and expected heterozygosity levels, Wright's fixation index (D) and population genetic distance (according to Nei). Clustering methods and multidimensional scaling were used to visualize the genetic relationship of different populations.
 Results. In the newly arrived population of the North-East Russia, genotype distribution corresponds to the Hardy – Weinberg equilibrium (p>0.05). Allelic diversity for the studied loci varies from Ho=0.25 (AGT locus) to Ho=0.44 (eNOS locus).
 Conclusion. The result of the study is the revealed characteristics of AH candidate gene frequency in the newly arrived population of the North-East Russia. It is found that allelic variants that increase the risk of AH developing are minor. Their frequency varies from 13.37 % (AGT*T allele, AGT locus) to 35.64 % (eNOS*C allele, eNOS locus).

SEISMICITY of the NORTH-EAST of RUSSIA in 2016–2017

The results of seismic monitoring of the region of Magadan, Chukotka Autonomous Area and the shelf of adjacent seas (the Okhotsk, Chukchi, Bering and East Siberian seas) are considered. There were 14 seismic stations working in the region in 2016–2017. The new station “Talon” was opened on the Okhotsk sea coast. The catalog includes information about 577 earthquakes with energy classes KR=4.6–12.7. As usual, most of them (88 %) are located in the Kolyma region (area № 2). The additional catalog contains information about 12 earthquakes in the Chukchi. The total seismic energy released within the region’s borders was equal to ΣЕ=1.861013 J. The energy representativeness map of earthquakes with Kmin=5–10 was built. It shows that the described network of stations records earthquakes with Kmin=7 at the Magadan region, with Kmin=8 in the Okhotsk sea without omissions. In 2016–2017 the strongest earthquake with KR=12.7 (mbMOS=4.8) occurred on November 5 in Chukchi Peninsula. Five earthquakes with the intensity I=2–4 (according to the Russian Seismic Intensity scale introduced in 2017) were felt in the North East settlements. The maximum shaking intensity of I=4 was observed in the Beringovskiy settlement (∆=22 km). Joint map of epicenters of the Magadan region earthquakes and tectonic zoning scheme shows that most earthquakes are confined to the largest deep faults in the northwestern and sublatitudinal directions. All hypocenters are located within the Earth's crust. The seismicity level of the North-East of Russia in 2016–2017 according to the “SOUS-09” scale was assessed as "background average" for the observation period from 1968 to 2017. Spatially, all earthquakes are traditionally concentrated in large seismogenic belts: Chersky, North-Okhotsk and Trans-Beringian.

Determination of initial seismicity score and seismic microzoning of infrastructure area of Kolyma Hydro Power Plant

Earthquakes’ nature was studied and detailed seismic zoning (DSZ) and seismic micro-zoning (SMZ) were carried out for the Kolyma hydro power plant (KHPP) region, considering new geological, geophysical and seismological data. DSZ was based on tectonic zoning maps of Magadan region and seismological monitoring data in the vicinity KHPP facilities, carried out by Magadan Branch of Geophysical Survey of Russian Academy of Sciences. Eight source zones and 10 faults generating earthquakes were identified. Hypocenters of potential maximum earthquakes were determined. They are associated with the largest deep faults: Debinsky, Chay-Yuryinsky and Ulakhan and can cause ground shake in the area of main structures with intensities I= 8.8, 8.5 and 8.4 scores, which is consistent with OSR-2015-C map, selected as the main one for objects with increased level of responsibility. According to the DSR results, the initial seismicity of KHPP area on OSR-2015-С map was 8.8 scores. With repeatability of ~ 5000 years, the magnitude of the most dangerous earthquake for KHPP facilities will be M=6.5, with epicentral distance of 10 km. The obtained results of the DSZ were the initial estimates of seismic impacts for SMZ. The basis of SMZ is the nature of soils of the upper part of the section of the structures zone. The rock outcropping area was chosen as a reference, where the initial seismicity, taking into account DSZ, was 7.8 scores. The calculated increment of the score and the calculated intensity of the seismic impact on the areas of the main structures of KHPP were calculated. Moreover, in areas characterized by different engineering and geological conditions of the soils of the upper part of the section, both the method of direct registration of earthquakes and explosions, and the method of acoustic stiffness were used. According to both methods, the maximum shaking of the area of the main KHPP facilities amounted to 8 points, which is 1 point lower than the OSR-2015-C map

Regions of Russia: Clustering Results Based on Economic and Innovation Indexes

Currently, one of the main trends is the study of the features and benefits of regional development, increasing the importance of the role of regions in national and world politics. The differences in technological results that can be observed at the national and regional levels are largely due to the peculiarities of the institutional environment, i.e. the degree of concentration at the regional level of high-tech companies, modern production and innovation infrastructures. The regions of the Russian Federation demonstrate noticeable differences regarding the level of socio-economic development, the availability of human and natural resources, the development of educational, scientific and innovative potentials, depending on the historical development of infrastructure. This study examines the results of clustering Russian regions according to the main indexes characterizing the economic, scientific and innovative activity. The classification of regions was carried out by the method of cluster analysis.Purpose of the study. The aim of the study was to identify homogeneous groups of regions that are similar in their economic and innovation indexes, statistical analysis of these groups based on non-parametric methods and methods of correlation and regression analysis, the formation of conclusions and recommendations regarding innovation.Materials and methods. The information base of the study was statistical data and analytical information characterizing the state of economic and innovation activity in the Russian regions. The following statistical methods were used in the study: non-parametric (Spearman’s rank correlation coefficients, Mann-Whitney test), correlation (Pearson’s coefficients, coefficients of determination), regression (non-linear regression models), multivariate classifications (cluster analysis), descriptive statistics (averages, structural averages, indicators of variation, etc.).Results. As a result of clustering the regions of Russia using the k-means method, 4 cluster groups were obtained, which are statistically homogeneous within the studied indexes. In order to identify the relationships between the considered indexes, paired linear Pearson correlation coefficients were calculated. The study tested three hypotheses about statistically significant differences between the indexes of the third and fourth clusters. The set of indexes was as follows: the coefficient of inventive activity, internal costs of research and development per employee, the average per capita size of innovative goods and services. For these purposes, the nonparametric Mann-Whitney test was used. The analysis showed that the regions of the Russian Federation are extremely diverse and heterogeneous in terms of their economic and innovative development. When analyzing them, it is advisable to first use cluster analysis methods to obtain homogeneous groups of territories with similar social and economic characteristics, which is confirmed in this study by testing hypotheses about statistically significant differences between the indexes of the third and fourth clusters (differences between the first and second clusters with other clusters and between themselves obvious and do not require any mathematical proof).Conclusion. The leaders in scientific and innovative development are Moscow, St. Petersburg, the Moscow region and the Republic of Tatarstan. They have the highest rates of inventive activity of the population and the volume of production of innovative goods and services. Such regions of the Russian Federation as the Tyumen region, the Republic of Sakha (Yakutia), Magadan region, Sakhalin region and Chukotka formed a cluster group with the highest per capita GRP, investments and fixed assets, but they have almost the lowest rates of innovation activity. The extractive industry is the main engine of the economy of these regions. A separate cluster was formed by 26 regions with average levels of economic and innovative development in the Russian Federation. In particular, it includes the areas: Belgorod, Lipetsk, Smolensk, Arkhangelsk, Vologda, Leningrad, Murmansk, Chelyabinsk, Irkutsk, Tomsk, etc. These regions are promising in terms of innovation, but require significant federal investments for their further development. The fourth group of regions united economically weak territories with low rates of innovation activity. These regions accounted for more than half of the total (47 regions). Statistical analysis within the resulting clusters made it possible to identify the relationship between economic indexes and describe them using regression models.