Macular Choroidal Thickness Research Articles

Macular Choroidal Thickness in Pregnant Women with Type 1, Type 2, and Gestational Diabetes Mellitus

Pregnancy is an independent risk factor for the progression of diabetic retinopathy (DR). A possible relation with morphological changes of the choroid should be studied. The aim of this study was to analyze choroidal thickness measurements of nondiabetic pregnant women and of pregnant women with type 1, type 2 and gestational diabetes mellitus using spectral-domain optical coherence tomography (OCT). This cross-sectional study included 144 eyes of 72 pregnant women in the third trimester divided into four groups: Group 1 consisted of 27 nondiabetic pregnant women (control group); Group 2 consisted of 15 pregnant women with gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM); Group 3 consisted of 16 pregnant women with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM); and Group 4 consisted of 14 pregnant women with type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM). Choroidal thickness was measured using EDI-OCT at ten different locations: at the fovea and every 500µm from the fovea up to 2500µm temporally and up to 2000µm nasally. Other variables such as gestational age, glycosylated hemoglobin values (HbA1c), time from DM diagnosis, hypertension and severity of DR were analyzed. The analysis of the 4 groups adjusted for the presence of hypertension showed a thinner choroid in patients with T1DM in all locations, with statistical significance in subfoveal and temporal measurements. In the comparison only between patients with DM, adjusted for HbA1c, time from diagnosis and presence of hypertension and DR, choroid of patients with T1DM remained thinner at all macular points. In conclusion, our study showed no statistically difference in choroidal thickness between nondiabetic pregnant women, pregnant women with GDM and pregnant women with T2DM during the third trimester. On the other hand, pregnant women with T1DM had significantly thinner choroidal thickness measurements. Disclosure C.Z. Benfica: None. T. Zanella: None. L.B. Farias: None. M.R. Oppermann: None. L.H.S. Canani: None. D. Lavinsky: None.

Macular choroidal thickness in highly myopic women during pregnancy and postpartum: a longitudinal study

BackgroundHigh myopia, a cause of serious visual impairment, is a significant global public health concern. We investigate longitudinal changes in macular choroidal thickness (CT) during pregnancy and 6-months postpartum in women with high myopia (HM).MethodsA prospective longitudinal study was conducted in HM-pregnant women during the course of pregnancy (n = 42 eyes, 42 patients) and 6 months postpartum (n = 40 eyes, 40 patients, two cases lost).Macular CT was measured via enhanced-depth imaging (EDI)-optical coherence tomography (OCT) (EDI-OCT). Intraocular pressure (IOP), axial length (AL), refractive error, mean arterial pressure (MAP), mean ocular perfusion pressure (MOPP), and body mass index (BMI) were also measured.ResultsMacular CTs of HM pregnant women (214.3 ± 52.3 μm) had increased significantly during the third trimester of pregnancy compared with postpartum women (192.7 ± 51.9 μm, p = 0.014). No significant differences in AL, refractive error, or MAP were found between pregnant and postpartum groups (p > 0.05 for all parameters).During pregnancy, macular CT was negatively correlated with AL (first trimester: p = 0.010; second trimester: p = 0.013; and third trimester: p = 0.008) and positively correlated with refractive error (first trimester: p = 0.038; second trimester: p = 0.024; and third trimester: p = 0.010). No correlations between macular CT and age, IOP, MOPP, MAP, or BMI were found.ConclusionsOur study revealed the presence of a significantly thicker choroid during the third trimester of pregnancy compared with 6-mo postpartum in HM women. Macular CT positively correlated with refractive error and negatively correlated with AL during pregnancy, but did not correlate with gestational age, MOPP, IOP, MAP, or BMI.

Macular Choroidal Thickening in Keratoconus Patients: Swept-Source Optical Coherence Tomography Study

PurposeTo determine the choroidal thickness (CT) profile in keratoconus (KC) patients using swept-source optical coherence tomography (SS-OCT).MethodsThis was a prospective, cross-sectional study. One hundred two eyes of 52 KC patients were studied using Pentacam and SS-OCT. The macular CT profile was created by manually measuring the distance between the retinal pigment epithelium and the choroid-sclera junction on horizontal b-scans at nine different macular locations. The results were compared to 93 eyes of 93 healthy controls.ResultsMean age of the KC group was 34.9 ± 13.5 years and mean axial length (AL) was 24.1 ± 1.3 mm. Mean topographic KC classification (TKC) was 2.0; 39 eyes were classified as early KC (TKC <1–2), 34 eyes as moderate (TKC 2, 2–3), and 29 as advanced (TKC 3+). Mean subfoveal CT was 383.2 μm in KC patients and 280.5 μm in control group (P < 0.001). CT in KC patients was statistically thicker in all measure locations (P < 0.001). CT in KC eyes decreased with age, approaching control group at >45 years old, losing statistical significance (P = 0.37).ConclusionsCT in KC patients is statistically thicker than in healthy population. After age 45, CT decreases approaching control group values.Translational RelevanceThis study describes changes in the CT profile of KC patients, a disease that was considered purely corneal. These choroidal changes argue that KC is a disease that likely involves several ocular structures other than the cornea, and could open new research lines related to the pathophysiology of KC.

Vessel density, retinal thickness, and choriocapillaris vascular flow in myopic eyes on OCT angiography.

To investigate foveal avascular zone area, macular vascular density, choroidal thickness, and outer retina and choriocapillaris flow in myopic eyes by OCT angiography. Automated macular maps and flow calculations were retrospectively evaluated in 42 myopic and in 40 control eyes. Myopic eyes presented lower whole superficial vessel density (46.4 ± 4.9 vs. 51.6 ± 3.6%, P < 0.0001) and higher flow area in the outer retina (1.3 ± 0.2 vs. 1.1 ± 0.3mm2, P = 0.0012). Between the myopic and non-myopic eyes, no significant differences could be detected in the choriocapillaris perfusion area (1.9 ± 0.07 vs. 1.9 ± 0.05mm2, respectively; P = 0.55) and in the foveal avascular zone area (0.23 ± 0.1 vs. 0.26 ± 0.1mm2, respectively; P = 0.12). The spherical correction positively correlated with superficial vessel density and negatively correlated with outer retina perfusion (P ≤ 0.0021). The superficial vessel density and the local retinal thickness positively correlated at all macular locations (P < 0.005), especially in the foveal region (P < 0.0001). Eyes with high myopia present reduced superficial vascular density and increased outer retina flow. Superficial vascular density and retinal thickness appear to be significantly correlated.

Macular choroidal thickness and peripapillary retinal nerve fiber layer thickness in normal adults and patients with optic atrophy due to acute idiopathic demyelinating optic neuritis.

PurposeTo evaluate the association between macular choroidal thickness and peripapillary RNFL thickness in patients with optic atrophy due to acute idiopathic demyelinating optic neuritis and in normal controls using spectral domain optical coherence tomography (SD-OCT).MethodsWe performed SD-OCT peripapillary RNFL circular scan centered on the optic disc with horizontal and vertical crosshair scans through the fovea using the enhanced depth technique in 62 eyes with optic atrophy due to acute idiopathic demyelinating optic neuritis and 86 eyes of normal controls. The association between RNFL thickness and macular choroidal thickness measurements was assessed.ResultsThe mean age was 43 ± 14 years (mean ± SD) in patients with optic atrophy and 45 ± 16 years in healthy controls (p = 0.791). There was a significant association between nasal peripapillary RNFL thickness and choroidal thickness at 3.0 mm nasal to the foveal center in patients with optic atrophy in multivariate analysis (estimate = 1.398, p = 0.011). In controls, there were significant associations between global average, superior, and inferior peripapillary RNFL thickness and choroidal thickness at 3.0 mm superior to the foveal center (estimate = -60.112, p = 0.044, estimate = 15.821, p = 7.312, and estimate = 15.203, p = 7.222, respectively).ConclusionsOur SD-OCT data revealed that there was a significant association between peripapillary RNFL thickness and macular choroidal thickness in patients with optic atrophy due to acute idiopathic demyelinating optic neuritis and in controls, although the mechanism remained unclear. The difference in the pattern of association between patients with optic atrophy and controls suggests that optic atrophy caused by acute idiopathic demyelinating optic neuritis could affect the pattern of association between peripapillary RNFL thickness and macular choroidal thickness.

DYSFUNCTIONAL AUTONOMIC REGULATION OF THE CHOROID IN CENTRAL SEROUS CHORIORETINOPATHY.

To study the effect of changing perfusion pressures on retinal and choroidal structure in central serous chorioretinopathy (CSC). This prospective observational case series included seven healthy volunteers (14 eyes) and seven patients (14 eyes) with CSC. Each patient underwent spectral domain optical coherence tomography with enhanced depth imaging in the upright (sitting) and supine positions. Image segmentation focused on central macular thickness, subretinal fluid, total macular volume, choroidal thickness, and choriocapillaris thickness. Blood pressure and heart rate were measured in the upright and supine positions. Choriocapillaris thickness was thicker in CSC participants (34.23 μm; range, 30.9-36.5 μm) compared with healthy controls (13.96 μm; range, 7.15-23.87 μm) (P ≤ 0.001). The choroid was similarly thicker in CSC participants (371.4 μm; range, 200.2-459.4 μm) compared with healthy controls (231.4 μm; range 161.8-287.5 μm) (P ≤ 0.001). Choroidal thickness increased in patients with CSC when transitioning from upright (371.4 μm) to supine (377.8 μm) (P ≤ 0.01). By contrast, there was an 11.97% decrease in choroid thickness in normal controls when transitioning from upright (231.4 μm) to supine (203.9 μm). There were no significant hemodynamic changes. We demonstrated that choroidal thickness increased in response to increased perfusion pressures in patients with CSC and not in normal controls. These findings likely represent an autonomic dysregulation of choroidal blood flow in patients with CSC.

Choroidal Thickness in Chinese Children Aged 8 to 11 Years with Mild and Moderate Myopia.

Purpose To investigate macular choroidal thickness (CT), topographical variation, and associations between subfoveal choroidal thickness (SFCT) and age, gender, spherical equivalent (SE), and axial length (AL) in Chinese healthy mild and moderate myopia children aged 8 to 11 years. Methods One hundred twenty eyes from 120 healthy children were studied. Children were divided into mild and moderate myopia groups. AL and CT were evaluated. CTs were measured at the fovea, and 1 mm, 2 mm, and 3 mm nasal, temporal, superior, and inferior to the fovea. Results SFCT was 252.80 ± 46.95 µm in the whole population. AL was shorter in the mild myopia group (24.18 ± 0.69 mm) than in the moderate myopia group (24.97 ± 0.68 mm, P < 0.001), and SFCT was thicker in the mild myopia group (262.00 ± 40.57 µm) than in the moderate myopia group (236.00 ± 55.08 µm, P=0.005). The topographical variation was similar in refraction groups. CTs nasal to the fovea thinned gradually and were all significantly thinner than SFCT. CTs in the other three directions gradually thickened and peaked at locations of 2 mm to the fovea. Then, CTs thinned at 3 mm to the fovea. The thickest choroid is located temporal to the fovea. There were significant negative correlations between AL and SFCT in the mild myopia group and the whole population. No other correlations were found. Conclusions The topographical variations of choroidal thickness were similar in mild and moderate myopia groups with the thickest locations temporal to the fovea. SFCT was relatively stable in children in narrow range of age and refractive error.

Daily morning light therapy is associated with an increase in choroidal thickness in healthy young adults

Ambient light exposure is one environmental factor thought to play a role in the regulation of eye growth and refractive error development, and choroidal thickness changes have also been linked to longer term changes in eye growth. Therefore in this study we aimed to examine the influence of a 1-week period of morning light therapy upon choroidal thickness. Twenty two healthy young adult subjects had a series of macular choroidal thickness measurements collected with spectral domain optical coherence tomography before, and then following a 7-day period of increased daily light exposure. Increased light exposure was delivered through the use of commercially available light therapy glasses, worn for 30 minutes in the morning each day. A significant increase in subfoveal choroidal thickness (mean increase of +5.4 ± 10.3 µm) was found following 7-days of increased daily light exposure (p = 0.02). An increase in choroidal thickness was also observed associated with light therapy across the central 5 mm macular region. This study provides the first evidence in the human eye that daily morning light therapy results in small magnitude but statistically significant increases in choroidal thickness. These changes may have implications for our understanding of the impact of environmental factors upon eye growth.

Macular Structures, Optical Components, and Visual Acuity in Preschool Children after Intravitreal Bevacizumab or Laser Treatment

To investigate the macular structures, optical components, and visual acuity in preschool-aged children with a history of type I retinopathy of prematurity who underwent either intravitreal bevacizumab (IVB), laser, or a combination of treatments. Comparative interventional case series. Setting: A referred medical center in Taiwan. Eighty eyes from 42 patients (33 IVB-treated eyes from 17 children, 24 laser-treated eyes from 13 children, and 23 laser+ IVB-treated eyes from 12 children). Spectral-domain optical coherence tomography. The retinal thickness in the foveal area and the associated morphologic changes in foveal depression. Compared with the laser-treated and laser+ IVB-treated eyes, the IVB-treated eyes had less myopia and deeper anterior chamber depths but presented similar axial lengths and corneal curvatures (P= .001, P= .002, P= .95, and P= .16, respectively). The IVB-treated eyes had significantly thinner foveal, parafoveal, and perifoveal retinal thicknesses (P < .01 for all) and a higher incidence of foveal depression than the laser- or laser+ IVB-treated eyes. The macular and subfoveal choroidal thicknesses did not differ among the groups (P= .21 and P= .63, respectively). Moreover, compared with the eyes treated with laser or laser+ IVB, the IVB-treated eyes had better uncorrected visual acuity, although a significant difference was not observed in best-corrected visual acuity (P= .008 and P= .29, respectively). Compared with laser therapy, IVB-treated eyes were associated with deeper anterior chamber depths and thinner foveal, parafoveal, and perifoveal thicknesses. Moreover, these IVB-treated eyes had fewer refractive errors and better uncorrected visual acuity.

Choroidal thickness in normal Indian subjects using Swept source optical coherence tomography.

AimTo determine choroidal thickness in healthy Indian subjects using Swept source optical coherence tomography (SS-OCT).MethodsIn this prospective, observational, cross-sectional study; healthy Indian subjects (n = 230) with no history of ocular and/or systemic disorders were enrolled in the study. Choroidal thickness was measured for 230 eyes using SS-OCT. Subjects were divided into six age groups. Main outcome measures were subfoveal choroidal thickness (SFCT) and macular choroidal thickness (MCT) up to 3 mm at 500-micron interval from the fovea was measured in eight different quadrants.ResultsThe mean SFCT was 307±79 μm and mean MCT was 285±75 μm. No difference in the choroidal thickness was found among genders. Mean SFCT of the different age groups was 327±68 μm (12–18 years), 364±70 μm (18.1–30 years), 321±78 μm (30.1–40 years), 304±79 μm (40.1–50 years), 283±69 μm (50.1–60 years) and 262±72μm (above 60 years; p <0.001; One way ANOVA). Mean macular choroidal thickness was 305±60 μm, 342±61 μm, 306±72 μm, 282±79 μm, 261±66 μm, 238±68μm respectively (p<0.001; one way ANOVA). A significant weak negative correlation was found between age with SFCT (r = -0.368, p<0.001) and MCT (r = -0.40, p<0.001). No significant correlation was found with refractive error, axial length and ocular perfusion pressure.ConclusionThis study showed that mean SFCT and MCT was 307±79μm and 285±75 μm, respectively, among healthy Indian subjects. Mean CT was found to decrease with age, although there was no difference in CT between genders.

Clinical observation on the efficacy of intravitreal injection of Ranibizumab for central serous chorioretinopathy

Objective To observe the efficacy of intravitreal injection of Ranibizumab for the treatment of chronic central serous chorioretinopathy(CSC). Methods Prospective cohort study. Forty-eight eyes of 45 cases with chronic CSC from Dec. 2015 to Jan. 2017 were recruited in this study. All cases received intravitreal injection of Ranibizumab. The visual acuities were recorded before and 2, 4, 8 weeks after injection. Subfoveal choroidal thickness (SFCT) and central macular choroidal thickness (CMCT) of 1 500 μm superior, inferior, nasal and temporal to the fovea were measured by OCT. Results The visual acuity (Log MAR) was 0.33±0.08, 0.24±0.19, 0.18±0.17 and 0.16±0.20 before and 2, 4, 8 weeks after injection. The visual acuities at different time point after injection were better than that before injection. The difference was significant between before and after injection(F=18.50, P=0.00). SFCT before injection was (443.63 ±98.32) μm, which decreased significantly to (393.55±97.66) μm, (379.53±93.55) μm, (388.30±96.52) μm at 2, 4, 8 weeks after treatment respectively(F=105.54, P<0.01). The changing trends of choroidal thickness measuring points were similar to the SFCT. Conclusion Intravitreal injection of Ranibizumab for the treatment of chronic CSC can reduce posterior choroidal thickness and improve vision. Key words: Chorioretinopathy, serous, central, chronic; Ranibizumab, intravitreal injection; Choroidal thickness

Simultaneous evaluation of the lamina cribosa position and choroidal thickness changes following deep sclerectomy.

To assess the changes in peripapillary and macular choroidal thickness, and in the lamina cribrosa position following deep sclerectomy. Prospective study, including 39 eyes with open-angle glaucoma following deep sclerectomy. Choroidal thickness was automatically measured using swept-source optical coherence tomography at four peripapillary locations (superior, temporal, inferior, and nasal) and at the macular area in nine fields plotted with Early Treatment Diabetic Retinopathy Study grid. Optic nerve head was evaluated by Spectralis optical coherence tomography with enhanced depth imaging technology. All measurements were performed preoperatively and at 1 week and 2 months after surgery. The mean intraocular pressure significantly decreased 1 week and 2 months after surgery ( p < 0.001). A significant peripapillary choroidal thickening was observed at all locations 1 week postoperatively ( p ≤ 0.002) and in the temporal quadrant 2 months after surgery ( p = 0.027). There was a significant thickening in all macular choroidal thickness measurements at 1 week ( p < 0.001) and 2 months ( p < 0.05), except at subfoveal and inner nasal locations. The mean peripapillary and macular choroid thickness was 22.8% and 19.7% at 1 week and 6.2% and 7.8% at 2 months, respectively. A significant forward lamina cribrosa displacement occurred at every postoperative stage ( p < 0.001). Multivariate analysis showed a significant correlation between the magnitude of intraocular pressure reduction and the anterior lamina cribrosa movement (0.623, p = 0.000) and a negative correlation between the intraocular pressure change and the mean peripapillary and macular choroidal thickening (-0.527, p = 0.002; -0.568, p = 0.002, respectively). There was a significant reversal lamina cribrosa displacement measured from Bruch's membrane opening reference despite a significant peripapillary choroidal thickening following deep sclerectomy. Both findings were significantly correlated with the change in intraocular pressure.

Macular Choroidal Small-Vessel Layer, Sattler\u2019s Layer and Haller\u2019s Layer Thicknesses: The Beijing Eye Study

To study macular choroidal layer thickness, 3187 study participants from the population-based Beijing Eye Study underwent spectral-domain optical coherence tomography with enhanced depth imaging for thickness measurements of the macular small-vessel layer, including the choriocapillaris, medium-sized choroidal vessel layer (Sattler’s layer) and large choroidal vessel layer (Haller’s layer). In multivariate analysis, greater thickness of all three choroidal layers was associated (all P < 0.05) with higher prevalence of age-related macular degeneration (AMD) (except for geographic atrophy), while it was not significantly (all P > 0.05) associated with the prevalence of open-angle glaucoma or diabetic retinopathy. There was a tendency (0.07 > P > 0.02) toward thinner choroidal layers in chronic angle-closure glaucoma. The ratio of small-vessel layer thickness to total choroidal thickness increased (P < 0.001; multivariate analysis) with older age and longer axial length, while the ratios of Sattler’s layer and Haller’s layer thickness to total choroidal thickness decreased. A higher ratio of small-vessel layer thickness to total choroidal thickness was significantly associated with a lower prevalence of AMD (early type, intermediate type, late geographic type). Axial elongation-associated and aging-associated choroidal thinning affected Haller’s and Sattler’s layers more markedly than the small-vessel layer. Non-exudative and exudative AMD, except for geographic atrophy, was associated with slightly increased choroidal thickness.

Automated Evaluation of Choroidal Thickness and Minimum Rim Width Thickness in Nonarteritic Anterior Ischemic Optic Neuropathy.

The aim of this study was to evaluate and compare peripapillary choroidal thickness (pCT) and macular choroidal thickness (CT), Bruch membrane opening-minimum rim width (BMO-MRW), retinal nerve fiber layer (RNFL) thickness, and optic disc area among nonarteritic anterior ischemic optic neuropathy (NAION) eyes, the contralateral unaffected eyes, and healthy control eyes. Twenty-six patients diagnosed with NAION (29 affected and 21 unaffected eyes) and 29 healthy matched control individuals (29 eyes) were analyzed by swept-source optical coherence tomography. All participants underwent scanning by Spectralis optical coherence tomography to analyze BMO-MRW, RNFL thickness, and optic disc area. Mean pCT in the NAION eyes, unaffected fellow eyes, and the control group was 130.5 ± 72.1 μm, 149.6 ± 75.7 μm, and 103.7 ± 36.7 μm, respectively (analysis of variance [ANOVA], P = 0.04). Mean macular CT in the NAION eyes, unaffected fellow eyes, and the control group was 226.1 ± 79.8 μm, 244.6 ± 81.4 μm, and 189.9 ± 56.4 μm, respectively (ANOVA, P = 0.03). Mean and all sectorial RNFL and BMO-MRW thickness values were significantly thinner in the NAION eyes vs the unaffected fellow and control eyes (P ≤ 0.00). The unaffected fellow eyes in NAION patients showed a significantly thicker average and sectorial BMO-MRW values than control eyes (P ≤ 0.02) except for the nasal sector (P = 0.09). Mean optic disc area derived from BMO analysis was not significantly different among groups (ANOVA, P = 0.86). The fellow unaffected eyes in patients with NAION showed significantly thicker mean peripapillary and macular choroidal and BMO-MRW thicknesses than disease-free control eyes. No differences in the mean optic disc area were found. Both a thick peripapillary choroid and a thick neuroretinal rim might contribute to the development of NAION or possibly be a secondary phenomenon.

Sex-Dependent Choroidal Thickness Differences in Healthy Adults: A Study Based on Original and Synthesized Data

ABSTRACTPurpose: The purpose of this study is to determine the influence of sex on choroidal thickness (CT) in healthy adults.Methods: Healthy Chinese adults were recruited and complete ophthalmic examinations were performed. The choroid was imaged by swept-source optical coherence tomography and the macular CT in Early Treatment Diabetic Retinopathy Study grids was obtained by the intrinsic automated segmentation software. CT in males and females was compared after controlling other factors. All of the published studies in PubMed were systemically tracked, and a syntheses analysis of the combined data of the present study and previous studies was performed to address this issue further.Results: A total of 104 healthy adults were included, of whom 38 (37%) were male and 66 (63%) were female. Older age and longer axial length (AL) each were significantly associated with thinner CT. After controlling for age and AL, the foveal CT and average macular CT were 25.5 μm (95% CI: 0.5–50.4 μm) and 22.1 μm (95% CI: 2.7–41.4 μm) thicker in men than in women, respectively. Significant differences in CT between males and females were also observed in inner and outer rings after controlling for age and AL (P < 0.05). After strict screening, 15 previously reported studies were determined to be eligible for inclusion. The combination of data collected from 2821 males and 3389 females provided further evidence that the choroid is thicker in males, with a pooled mean difference of 19.5 μm (95% CI: 11.4 to 27.6) for foveal CT and 14.7 μm (95% CI: 6.8 to 22.6) for average CT.Conclusion: Our study of Chinese subjects, along with the syntheses analysis, strengthens the evidence that CT is greater in males than in females, based on OCT measurements. This observation may be pertinent for the sex disparities in some clinical conditions related to CT.

Visual acuity loss associated with excessive "dry macula" in exudative age-related macular degeneration.

PurposeTo investigate the correlation between visual acuity and central macular thickness (CMT) and choroidal thickness (CCT) in patients with wet age-related macular degeneration (AMD).MethodsIn this retrospective analysis, 14 eyes that received >10 ranibizumab injections (based on pro re nata [PRN] regimen) and maintained initial visual acuity gain were analyzed. The following 5 parameters were measured at the foveal center: CMT (distance from the inner limiting membrane [ILM] to Bruch’s membrane); central retinal thickness (CRT; distance from the ILM to the inner limit of the retinal pigment epithelium or subretinal fluid [SRF]); SRF thickness (SRFT); pigment epithelium detachment thickness (PEDT); and CCT. The correlation between the logarithm of the minimum angle of resolution (logMAR) best-corrected visual acuity (BCVA) and the 5 parameters was examined with generalized estimating equations.ResultsCMT, CRT, and CCT were negatively correlated with logMAR BCVA (P=0.031, 0.023, and 0.036, respectively) when only CMT values less than the thickness that maximized visual acuity for each eye were used for the analysis. Each 100-μm reduction in CMT, CRT, or CCT improved logMAR BCVA by −0.1, −0.08, or −0.07, respectively. SRFT and PEDT were not correlated with BCVA. The median CMT that maximized the visual acuity was 230 μm.ConclusionDry macula with CMT <230 μm was associated with temporary decrease in visual acuity in AMD patients whose visual acuity was maintained with PRN regimen.

Evaluation of retinal nerve fiber layer, macular, and choroidal thickness in schizophrenia: spectral optic coherence tomography findings

OBJECTIVES: The study was performed to evaluate the retinal nerve fiber layer (RNFL), macular, and subfoveal choroidal thickness (SFCT) in patients with schizophrenia and healthy controls using spe...

Evaluation of choroidal thickness in children with adenoid hypertrophy.

To assess choroidal thickness in children with adenoid hypertrophy versus normal controls using enhanced depth imaging optical coherence tomography (EDI-OCT). Twenty-six children (left and right eyes, total 52 eyes), which were scheduled to adenoidectomy with severe adenoid hypertrophy and 26 age, sex and body mass index-matched healthy subjects (left and right eyes, total 52 eyes) were included in the study. Choroidal thicknesses (CT) were evaluated using enhanced depth imaging optical coherence tomography. The CT measurement was taken at the fovea and 1000μ away from the fovea in the nasal and temporal regions. The macular retinal thickness was also measured. There was no statistically significant difference in the CT of all regions between the groups (p>0.05). No statistically significant difference was found between two groups in terms of macular choroidal thickness (p>0.05). These results revealed that severe adenoid hypertrophy did not cause a significant effect on choroidal thickness. Short-term exposure to obstructive symptoms in children and preserved sympathetic-parasympathetic balance may explain this result.

Swept-source and optical coherence tomography angiography in patients with X-linked retinoschisis

PurposeTo explore the structural features of juvenile X-linked retinoschisis (XLRS) using swept-source-optical coherence tomography (SS-OCT) and optical coherence tomography angiography (OCT-A).DesignRetrospective, observational cross-sectional study.Patients and methodsNine patients (18 eyes) diagnosed with juvenile XLRS were included. SS-OCT and OCT-A were used to evaluate the characteristics of the inner/outer retina and the choroid.ResultsSS-OCT showed that the inner nuclear layer (INL) was the most commonly affected area (16/18 eyes; 89%). No significant differences in central macular thickness (CMT) or subfield choroidal thickness (SFCT) were evidenced between eyes (CMT: 364 μm in the right eye vs 320 μm in the left eye; SFCT: 305 vs 307 μm; P=0.895). Best-corrected visual acuity (BCVA) did not correlate with CMT (rs= -0.19; P=0.445) or SFCT (rs=0.06; P=0.795). BCVA was significantly correlated with the following defects: outer plexiform layer (OPL; rs=0.50; P=0.036); external limiting membrane (ELM; rs=0.65; P=0.003); ellipsoid portion of inner segment (EPIS; rs=0.67; P=0.002); and the cone outer segment tips (COST; rs=0.69; P=0.001). Schisis at the INL revealed a spoke-like pattern in the foveal region and a reticular pattern in the parafoveal region on en-face imaging. In cases in which the schisis affected the OPL, multiple polygonal hyporeflective cavities were observed in the foveal region.ConclusionsThe hyporeflective spaces on SS-OCT were primarily located at the INL and OPL. BCVA did not correlate with CMT or SFCT; however, ELM, EPIS, and COST defects were significantly correlated with worse BCVA. There was a positive correlation between age and SFCT.

Is Thicker Choroid a Risk Factor for Malignant Glaucoma?

Purpose: The aim of this study was to evaluate the choroidal thickness (CT) and its determinants in primary angle closure glaucoma (PACG) eyes with and without malignant glaucoma (MG). Methods: In this cross-sectional study, we enrolled 25 patients with bilateral primary angle closure (PAC) diseases; 1 eye of each patient was diagnosed with PACG initially and later with MG after trabeculectomy, and the fellow eyes were diagnosed with PACG, PAC, or PAC suspect. Thirty-seven eyes from 37 PACG patients were recruited as controls. CT was measured at different locations (sub-fovea, 1 and 3 mm from the fovea) using spectral-domain optical coherence tomography. Comparisons of CT were made among MG, the fellow eyes, and the controls. The associations between the determinants and MG were analyzed by univariate and multiple logistic regression analysis. Results: Macular CT in the eyes with MG was thicker than that of the controls (p < 0.001) but not the fellow eyes. Thicker foveal CT was associated with an increased risk of MG (odds ratio 1.141). Conclusions: Thicker foveal CT is an anatomic risk factor for MG. The results of our study were consistent with the hypothesis that choroidal expansion may play a significant role for the development of MG.