Macroscopic Level Research Articles

Mechanistic investigation of the interface crystallization behavior of amorphous-Co bonding phase under thermal conditions and its impact on cohesive strength via new phase precipitation

This study employed molecular dynamics (MD) simulations combined with X-ray diffraction (XRD) and scratch testing to explore the interface crystallization behavior of amorphous-Co under thermal conditions and the impact of new phase precipitation on the cohesive strength of WC/Co coatings. Microstructural analysis revealed the phase transformation induced by heat treatment, as amorphous-Co gradually transformed into the η-phase, with the transition starting at 873 K and completed at 1173 K. The results of the scratch testing indicated that appropriate heat treatment could enhance the coating's cohesive strength and thereby improve its performance under certain conditions. Nonetheless, at 873 K, the early stage of η-phase nucleation exhibited elastic strain, leading to an abnormal decrease in the coating's cohesive strength. MD simulation results demonstrated that the crystallization of amorphous-Co primarily occurred at the WC/Co interface, and the ideal fracture energy (Wsep) increased with increasing heat-treatment temperature. However, after heat treatment at 873 K, the Wsep between the atomic layers within amorphous-Co slightly decreased and was reflected as a decrease in the coating's cohesive strength at the macroscopic level.

Numerical study on microscopic behaviour of non-crushable cemented granular media subjected to direct shear test

ABSTRACT Granular media, though discontinuous and heterogeneous, exhibit discrete behaviour at the grain scale and continuum behaviour at the macroscopic level. Understanding the correlation between micro-macro-mechanical parameters is crucial. The Discrete Element Method (DEM) effectively bridges this micro-macro-mechanical gap. This study simulates the Direct Shear Test (DST) using DEM software PFC2D on synthetic cemented granular media (CGM) under varying normal loads and strain rates. It examines micromechanical features and correlates them with macroscopic observations, focusing on confinement pressure and strain-rate dependency. Significant volumetric dilation is observed during shearing at low normal loads, which diminishes at higher normal loads. Particle-scale shear mobilization is explored through shear band formation in the sample. Grain-scale contact force distribution is highly heterogeneous throughout the sample. A probability distribution study is carried out to explore the bond breakage effect on the global response, which confirms the bond breakage to be a pressure and strain-dependent phenomenon.

Ispitivanje i optimizacija površine zavara i mehaničkih performansi termoplastičnih delova proizvedenih aditivnom proizvodnjom i zavarenih zavarivanjem trenjem

This study presents an experimental investigation into the weldability of ABS M30 (acrylonitrile butadiene styrene) plates produced by Additive Manufacturing (AM) using Friction Stir Welding (FSW). The effects of FSW process parameters on the yield stress and their optimal levels were determined using the Taguchi method. The optimal welding parameters were found to be a 16 mm tool shoulder diameter, 800 rpm tool rotation speed, and 10 mm/min traverse speed. The weld area of each sample welded using FSW was examined at a macroscopic level. The direction of tool rotation significantly affects the quality and strength of the FSW. When the FSW was performed with a clockwise rotation of the welding tool, a perfect weld could not be achieved. The tunnel effect resulted in gaps in the weld area of the samples at high rotation speeds. Differences were observed in the density between the weld area of the samples and the main parts.

A Statistical Physics Perspective: Understanding the Causality Behind Convolutional Neural Network Adversarial Vulnerability.

The adversarial vulnerability of convolutional neural networks (CNNs) refers to the performance degradation of CNNs under adversarial attacks, leading to incorrect decisions. However, the causes of adversarial vulnerability in CNNs remain unknown. To address this issue, we propose a unique cross-scale analytical approach from a statistical physics perspective. It reveals that the huge amount of nonlinear effects inherent in CNNs is the fundamental cause for the formation and evolution of system vulnerability. Vulnerability is spontaneously formed on the macroscopic level after the symmetry of the system is broken through the nonlinear interaction between microscopic state order parameters. We develop a cascade failure algorithm, visualizing how micro perturbations on neurons' activation can cascade and influence macro decision paths. Our empirical results demonstrate the interplay between microlevel activation maps and macrolevel decision-making and provide a statistical physics perspective to understand the causality behind CNN vulnerability. Our work will help subsequent research to improve the adversarial robustness of CNNs.

The influence of pre-strain levels on the microstructure and performance of aircraft 7b04 aluminum alloy skin

The study focuses on the 7B04 alloy sheet. It investigates the effects of different pre-strain levels on the microstructure, mechanical properties, and fatigue behavior of the alloy through the use of optical microscopy, scanning electron microscopy, and DIC (Digital Image Correlation) system. The experimental results demonstrate that the yield strength and tensile strength of the alloy increase with the increase in pre-strain levels. At the same time, the elongation decreases with the increase in tensile deformation. In the non-uniform region, the plastic deformation capacity index of the material (denoted as ψ) follows the order ψ (non-uniform region (DIC value)) > ψ (original gauge length value) > ψ (uniform region (DIC value)). It is recommended to control the maximum local strain below ψ (uniform region (DIC value)) during production to avoid deformation instability or concentration. Furthermore, the thickness of the material decreases linearly with increasing tensile deformation, with each 4% increase in tensile deformation resulting in a 1.2% reduction in thickness. The fatigue life of the alloy increases gradually with the increase in pre-strain levels in the direction perpendicular to the fiber. At the same time, it decreases in the direction parallel to the fiber. Different deformation levels and loading directions exhibit similar fatigue fracture characteristics. Within the range of 12% pre-strain levels, the microstructure of the material remains continuous and intact without noticeable cracks at grain boundaries or phase boundaries. At the macroscopic level, when the pre-strain level exceeds 6%, distinct slip bands appear on the sheet, which is correlated with the micro-scale grain slip. This is accompanied by deformation bands and micro-cracks in the microstructure. The findings of this study are of significant importance for understanding the influence of pre-strain levels on the mechanical properties and fatigue behavior of the 7B04 alloy. The study provides valuable references for engineering practices in related fields, thereby ensuring the integrity and usability of manufactured components.

Dendrites contribute to the gradient of intrinsic timescales encompassing cortical and subcortical brain networks.

Cytoarchitectonic studies have uncovered a correlation between higher levels of cortical hierarchy and reduced dendritic size. This hierarchical organization extends to the brain's timescales, revealing longer intrinsic timescales at higher hierarchical levels. However, estimating the contribution of single-neuron dendritic morphology to the hierarchy of timescales, which is typically characterized at a macroscopic level, remains challenging. Here we mapped the intrinsic timescales of six functional networks using functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) data, and characterized the influence of neuronal dendritic size on intrinsic timescales of brain regions, utilizing a multicompartmental neuronal modeling approach based on digitally reconstructed neurons. The fMRI results revealed a hierarchy of intrinsic timescales encompassing both cortical and subcortical brain regions. The neuronal modeling indicated that neurons with larger dendritic structures exhibit shorter intrinsic timescales. Together these findings highlight the contribution of dendrites at the neuronal level to the hierarchy of intrinsic timescales at the whole-brain level. This study sheds light on the intricate relationship between neuronal structure, cytoarchitectonic maps, and the hierarchy of timescales in the brain.

Comparison of the efficacy of royal jelly and melatonin combinations in experimentally induced wounds in geriatric and young mice.

Wound healing involves the repair of skin and other soft tissues after an injury. Royal jelly, a product of bees, possesses antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, antibacterial, and antiviral properties. Melatonin, a circadian indoleamine, is produced in the pineal gland and other organs. This study explores the effects of melatonin and royal jelly, both individually and combined, on wound healing in geriatric and young mice. The study includes 90 Balb/C mice divided into ten groups to assess the effects of royal jelly and melatonin on wound healing. Royal jelly was applied topically at a concentration of 300 mg/kg. Melatonin was formulated in a vaseline-based pomade at a concentration of 5 mg/kg. The substances were applied either separately or in combination to wounds created on the mice. Both substances significantly enhanced wound healing at a macroscopic level in both age groups. Melatonin was found to be more effective during the initial wound formation process, whereas royal jelly was more beneficial during the granulation phase. However, significant results at a histopathological level were observed only in geriatric animals. The findings suggest a potential new therapeutic approach to enhance wound healing, particularly in elderly individuals. However, these findings need to be supported through further research and clinical trials.

Fractal Dimension Analysis in Neurological Disorders: An Overview.

Fractal analysis has emerged as a powerful tool for characterizing irregular and complex patterns found in the nervous system. This characterization is typically applied by estimating the fractal dimension (FD), a scalar index that describes the topological complexity of the irregular components of the nervous system, both at the macroscopic and microscopic levels, that may be viewed as geometric fractals. Moreover, temporal properties of neurophysiological signals can also be interpreted as dynamic fractals. Given its sensitivity for detecting changes in brain morphology, FD has been explored as a clinically relevant marker of brain damage in several neuropsychiatric conditions as well as in normal and pathological cerebral aging. In this sense, evidence is accumulating for decreases in FD in Alzheimer's disease, frontotemporal dementia, Parkinson's disease, multiple sclerosis, and many other neurological disorders. In addition, it is becoming increasingly clear that fractal analysis in the field of clinical neurology opens the possibility of detecting structural alterations in the early stages of the disease, which highlights FD as a potential diagnostic and prognostic tool in clinical practice.

Evaluation for water stability of bitumen mixture with multi-scale method

The interaction forces were investigated between matrix bitumen and four kinds of aggregates, including basalt, granite, limestone A, and limestone B in various pH solutions. The aim was to accurately evaluate the water damage resistance of bitumen mixtures at macroscopic and microscopic levels with a conjunctive method of boiling water tests, atomic force microscopy (AFM) colloidal probe technique, zeta potential measurements, and molecular dynamics simulation. Macroscopic evaluation was conducted through indoor water-boiled flaking rate tests to analyze the flaking rate and adhesion class of bitumen and aggregate. The microscopic forces were measured by AFM probe technique between bitumen and aggregate, zeta potential measurements were carried out and the extended Derjaguin-Landau-Verwey-Overbeek (DLVO) theory was employed to interpret the bitumen–aggregate interaction behaviors. Molecular dynamics simulations were considered to explain the interface binding tendency between bitumen and aggregate. The AFM force measurements showed that the long-range repulsion forces changed to attractive forces and high adhesive forces with the pH change from 4 to 6. However, the strong long-range repulsive forces were decreased, compounded with a relative low adhesion in the alkaline solution. The long-range force between granite and bitumen was a strong attraction, and adhesion was strong when the solution pH was 4, which is a more special phenomenon. It may be due to the electrostatic attraction between the positive charge on the granite surface and the negative charge on the bitumen surface. Zeta potential values of bitumen droplets and aggregate particles exhibited an overall decreasing trend with increasing solution pH, and the variation of surface potential value is consistent with the variation trend of long-range force between aggregate and bitumen. The microscopic forces between bitumen and aggregate measured by AFM were validated by molecular dynamics simulations, revealing a strong correlation between debonding work and interfacial forces. The results indicate that the adhesion between aggregates and bitumen in aqueous solution followed the order: limestone A > limestone B > basalt > granite, and alkaline conditions are not conducive to preventing water damage in bitumen mixtures. It provides insights into the water stability mechanism of bitumen-aggregate at macroscopic and microscopic scales, offering theoretical support for preventing water damage in bitumen pavements.

Analysis of the peel structure of different Citrus spp. via light microscopy, SEM and μCT with manual and automatic segmentation.

The peels of lime, lemon, pomelo and citron are investigated at macroscopic and microscopic level. The structural composition of the peels is compared and properties such as peel thickness, proportion of flavedo, density and proportion of intercellular spaces are determined. μCT images are used to visualize vascular bundles and oil glands. SEM images provide information about the appearance of the cellular tissue in the outer flavedo and inner albedo. The proportion of intercellular spaces is quantitatively determined by manual and software-assisted analysis (ilastik). While there are macroscopic differences in the fruits, they differ only slightly in the orientation of the vascular bundles and the arrangement of the oil glands. However, in peel thickness and flavedo thickness, the fruit peels differ significantly from each other. There are no significant differences between the two analysis methods used, although the use of ilastik is preferred due to time reduction of up to 70%. The large amount of intercellular spaces in the albedo but also the denser flavedo both have a mechanical protective function to prevent damage to the fruit. In addition, the entire peel structure is mechanically reinforced by vascular bundles. This combination of penetration protection (flavedo) and energy dissipation (albedo) makes Citrus spp. peels a promising inspiration for technical material systems.

Wound healing effects of dexpanthenol-loaded core/shell electrospun nanofibers: Implication of oxidative stress in wound healing.

Knowing the detrimental role of oxidative stress in wound healing and the anti-oxidant properties of Dexpanthenol (Dex), we aimed to produce Dex-loaded electrospun core/shell nanofibers for wound healing study. The novelty was measuring oxidative stress in wounds to know how oxidative stress was affected by Dex-loaded fibers. TPVA solution containing Dex 6% (w/v) (core) and PVA/chitosan solution (shell) were coaxially electrospun with variable injection rates of the shell solution. Fibers were then tested for physicochemical properties, drug release profile, and effects on wound healing. Levels of tissue lipid peroxidation and superoxide dismutase activity were measured. Fibers produced at shell injection rate of 0.3 ml/hr (F3 fibers) showed core/shell structure with an average diameter of 252 nm, high hydrophilicity (swelling: 157% at equilibrium), and low weight loss (13.6%). Dex release from F3 fibers seemed to be ruled by the Fickian mechanism based on the Korsmeyer-Peppas model (R2 = 0.94, n = 0.37). Dex-loaded F3 fibers promoted fibroblast viability (128.4%) significantly on day 5 and also accelerated wound healing compared to the neat F3 fibers at macroscopic and microscopic levels on day 14 post-wounding. The important finding was a significant decrease in malondialdehyde (0.39 nmol/ mg protein) level and an increase in superoxide dismutase (5.29 unit/mg protein) activity in Dex-loaded F3 fiber-treated wound tissues. Dex-loaded core/shell fibers provided nano-scale scaffolds with sustained release profile that significantly lowered tissue oxidative stress. This finding pointed to the importance of lowering oxidative stress to achieve proper wound healing.

Mechanical and histological properties of native medial menisci compared to allograph medial menisci in the osteoarthritic knee.

This study was designed to provide information on how the menisci change over the course of osteoarthritis, particularly with regard to their mechanical properties. The aim was to determine the difference between healthy menisci (fresh frozen meniscal transplants) and menisci harvested during total knee arthroplasty. The latter allows the grading of age-related and osteoarthritic changes in the menisci on macroscopic and microscopic levels. A total of 10 menisci from arthritic knee joints (medial) harvested during total knee arthroplasty were used and compared with 10 medial fresh frozen meniscal transplants. The mechanical measurements were carried out on a Mach-1 testing machine using indentation testing to determine the instantaneous modulus and the thickness of the menisci. The specimens were then embedded in paraffin, sectioned on a microtome, and stained with hematoxylin-eosin and safranin-O. All measurements were divided into the anterior horn, pars intermedia, and posterior horn. There was no significant difference in the instantaneous modulus for the posterior horn in the fresh frozen menisci with 0.27 ± 0.1MPa compared to the arthritic menisci with 0.18 ± 0.03MPa. No significant difference could be determined for the meniscus thicknesses. There was a significant difference in the safranin-O staining. There were also significant differences in the Pauli score: the arthrosis menisci showed a sum score that was, on average, four times higher than the sum score of the fresh frozen menisci. In the present study, it could be shown very well that there are significant differences in the mechanical properties as well as in the macroscopic and histopathological scores, such as the Pauli score, between the fresh frozen meniscus allografts considered healthy and osteoarthritic menisci resulting from total knee arthroplasty. With a degradation score of 3 (Pauli), the instantaneous modulus was reduced by more than 50% compared to healthy controls. More importantly, however, the fresh frozen menisci only show a grade 2 when converting the sum values into grades, where a grade 2 indicates slight degeneration. This is interesting because fresh frozen meniscus transplants were always considered healthy in previous publications and should, therefore, actually have a grade 1.

Exploration of bacterial strains with bioremediation potential for mercury and cyanide from mine tailings in "San Carlos de las Minas, Ecuador"

<abstract> <p>Ecuador is a developing country that relies on mining as a significant source of economic income every year; however, there needs to be more studies on the soil pollution caused by mining over time. Biological remediation as an alternative to the use of physical and chemical methods offers a more cost-effective and environmentally friendly means to counteract the negative impacts that the presence of heavy metals in mining tailings soils can cause. This study focused on soil sampling from the mining tailings of the San Carlos de las Minas sector, in the Zamora Chinchipe province in Ecuador, to find potential bacterial strains that can degrade two specific contaminants, mercury (Hg) and cyanide (CN<sup>-</sup>). For this purpose, 68 soil subsamples were collected. pH, electrical conductivity, moisture, and the concentration of the contaminants were analyzed and measured. The initial concentration of CN<sup>-</sup> was 0.14 mg/kg, and of Hg was 88.76 mg/kg. From the soil samples, eight bacterial strains were isolated, characterized at macroscopic and microscopic levels, and identified at the molecular level. The bacteria were then subjected to degradability tests for CN<sup>-</sup> and Hg, obtaining interesting results. The degradation capacity of CN<sup>-</sup> stood out for the strains <italic>Micrococcus aloeverae</italic> and <italic>Pseudomonas alcaliphila</italic>, and for the degradation of Hg, the strains <italic>Hydrogenophaga laconesensis</italic> and <italic>Micrococcus aloeverae</italic> were highlighted, achieving degradation percentages of up to 98.80%. These results emphasize the discovery of these bacterial species with potential use in cyanide and mercury remediation processes.</p> </abstract>

Efeitos do glifosato na morfologia e no ciclo celular de plântulas de soja tolerantes e sensíveis ao herbicida

Abstract The objective of this work was to evaluate the phytotoxic and cytogenotoxic effects of gly phosate on the direct development of soybean seedlings tolerant and sensitive to this herbicide. Seeds of one cultivar sensitive to and of two tolerant to glyphosate were placed to germinate in contact with distilled water (control) and two herbicide solutions (distilled water + 0.06 or 0.12% glyphosate), at 25°C, for seven days. Seedling responses to glyphosate were evaluated through the germination test, the seedling growth test, and the cell-cycle analysis (mitotic index and rate of abnormalities), carried out on the third, fourth, fifth, and seventh days after sowing. In the germination test under the herbicide treatments, no normal seedlings were observed for the sensitive cultivar, only for the tolerant ones. The herbicide treatments reduced the length of the seedlings and altered their morphology, making the radicle smaller than the hypocotyl. Regarding cytogenotoxic effects, glyphosate had a mitodepressive action on sensitive and tolerant seedlings, while the rate of abnormalities increased only in the sensitive cultivar. Glyphosate negatively affects the development of soybean seedlings at a macroscopic and cellular level, especially in cultivars sensitive to this herbicide.

Organic chemical Nano sensors: synthesis, properties, and applications.

Nanosensors work on the "Nano" scale. "Nano" is a unit of measurement around 10- 9 m. A nanosensor is a device capable of carrying data and information about the behavior and characteristics of particles at the nanoscale level to the macroscopic level. Nanosensors can be used to detect chemical or mechanical information such as the presence of chemical species and nanoparticles or monitor physical parameters such as temperature on the nanoscale. Nanosensors are emerging as promising tools for applications in agriculture. They offer an enormous upgrade in selectivity, speed, and sensitivity compared to traditional chemical and biological methods. Nanosensors can be used for the determination of microbe and contaminants. With the advancement of science in the world and the advent of electronic equipment and the great changes that have taken place in recent decades, the need to build more accurate, smaller and more capable sensors was felt. Today, high-sensitivity sensors are used that are sensitive to small amounts of gas, heat, or radiation. Increasing the sensitivity, efficiency and accuracy of these sensors requires the discovery of new materials and tools. Nano sensors are nanometer-sized sensors that, due to their small size and nanometer size, have such high accuracy and responsiveness that they react even to the presence of several atoms of a gas. Nano sensors are inherently smaller and more sensitive than other sensors.

Theoretical trends in the dynamics simulations of molecular machines across multiple scales.

Over the past few decades, molecular machines have been extensively studied, since they are composed of single molecules for functional materials capable of responding to external stimuli, enabling motion at scales ranging from the microscopic to the macroscopic level within molecular aggregates. This advancement holds the potential to efficiently transform external resources into mechanical movement, achieved through precise control of conformational changes in stimuli-responsive materials. However, the underlying mechanism that links microscopic and macroscopic motions remains unclear, demanding computational development associated with simulating the construction of molecular machines from single molecules. This bottleneck has impeded the design of more efficient functional materials. Advancements in theoretical simulations have successfully been developed in various computational models to unveil the operational mechanisms of stimulus-responsive molecular machines, which could help us reduce the costs in experimental trial-and-error procedures. It opens doors to the computer-aided design of innovative functional materials. In this perspective, we have reviewed theoretical approaches employed in simulating dynamic processes involving conformational changes in molecular machines, spanning different scales and environmental conditions. In addition, we have highlighted current challenges and anticipated future trends in the collective control of aggregates within molecular machines. Our goal is to provide a comprehensive overview of recent theoretical advancements in the field of molecular machines, offering valuable insights for the design of novel smart materials.

Magnetized Seeds and Structured Water: Effects on Resilience of Velvet Bean Seedlings (Mucuna pruriens) under Deficit Irrigation

A custom-built water generator supplied structured water (SW) for applying the deficit irrigation treatments to velvet bean plants (Mucuns pruriens). The objectives of the study were to 1) determine the effects of magnetized seed treatment on velvet bean plants, 2) determine the effects of magnetized and hydroxylated water treatments on velvet bean plants, and 4) determine the effects of deficit irrigation, using three soil moisture levels, on velvet bean plants. The optimal water-saving treatment was magnetized seeds plus 10 MT + HWT. This treatment had a 226% increase in transpiration and a 22% increase in water vapor concentration in the intercellular airspace for the low soil moisture watering schedule. The three study factors in the optimal seed and water treatment had a synchronistic effect for enhancing metabolic efficiency by increasing whole plant WUE by 87% and carbon assimilation efficiency by 66% in the low soil moisture schedule. Plants irrigated with SW water and grown from magnetized seeds had enhanced resilience to high water stress conditions by maintaining adequate levels of biologically structured water. The rapid deactivation of a suite of highly interconnected defense activities in the optimal seed and water treatments implies that the plants exhibit macroscopic coherence properties. Coherence at the macroscopic level resulted in complex synchronization between metabolic efficiency, plant health, and deactivation of a suite of regulatory defenses in plants exposed to high water stress.

Effects of Aging on Osteosynthesis at Bone-Implant Interfaces.

Joint replacement is a common surgery and is predominantly utilized for treatment of osteoarthritis in the aging population. The longevity of many of these implants depends on bony ingrowth. Here, we provide an overview of current techniques in osteogenesis (inducing bone growth onto an implant), which is affected by aging and inflammation. In this review we cover the biologic underpinnings of these processes as well as the clinical applications. Overall, aging has a significant effect at the cellular and macroscopic level that impacts osteosynthesis at bone-metal interfaces after joint arthroplasty; potential solutions include targeting prolonged inflammation, preventing microbial adhesion, and enhancing osteoinductive and osteoconductive properties.

Фармакогностическое исследование сырья Nepeta pannonica

Фармакогностический анализ лекарственного растительного сырья является важным этапом введения вида в официальное использование. Объектом исследования являлись надземные органы Nepetapannonica(семейство Lamiaceae), для которого выполнен макро- и микроскопический анализ. Определены следующие диагностические признаки на макроскопическом уровне: лист — форма листовой пластинки, тип жилкования; стебель — тип ветвления побега, окраска, супротивное расположение листьев, слабое опушение; соцветие — расположение цветков; чашечка цветка — форма зубцов, тип опушения, мелкая ребристость; венчик цветка — форма и размеры, окраска. В качестве микроскопических признаков сырья определены форма клеток эпидермиса верхней и нижней сторон, участков над жилками; диацитные устьица, наличие мелких многоклеточных трихом и крупных эфирномасличных железок в строении листа, стебля, чашечки и венчика цветка; разделение мезофилла на столбчатую и губчатую ткани на поперечном срезе листа.

Analysis of senior school students’ preconceptions regarding the concept of climate change in terms of visual representation explorations

Preconceptions are essential initial understandings that students possess, as they serve as the foundation for better learning. Regarding the concept of climate change, many students still harbor misconceptions. One way to identify students’ preconceptions is through the use of visual representations. The use of visual representations can unveil students’ preconceptions about abstract and complex concepts. This study aims to observe and analyze the extent of high school students’ understanding of climate change. It employs qualitative descriptive research, with a population and sample comprising 63 tenth-grade students majoring in natural sciences at a high school in Indonesia. Data collection techniques involve observation and interviews, with semi-structured interviews utilized in this study. The results reveal that students have varied understandings of the climate change concept, with many still holding misconceptions. There are three categories of climate change concepts: 1) accurate climate change concepts, accounting for 37% (23 students); 2) climate change concepts based on objects, as observed from the overall visualized images created by the respondents; and 3) incorrect climate change concepts, constituting 63% (40 students). From these categories, based on empirical evidence regarding students’ preconceptions of climate change, it falls into the macroscopic level.