Machine Unit Research Articles

Concept evaluation of a P2 MHEV SUV: application for possible EU7 boundaries

In this work, the experimental results that appeared in the recent published article “Current experimental developments in 48 V-based CI-driven SUVs in response to expected future EU7 legislation” are used to create a proper system simulation model with the simulation platform AVL CRUISE^text {TM} M. This simulation model is then used to perform a system validation in order to evaluate the configuration with a straight-four compression ignition (CI) engine and the selected exhaust aftertreatment system (EAS). The mild hybrid electric vehicle (MHEV) has an 48 V P2 architecture and an 8-gear dual-clutch transmission (DCT) as a powertrain configuration. In addition to evaluating the 48 V potential, the simulation is performed with a conventional 12 V configuration, but also including an electrically heated catalyst (EHC). As boundary conditions for the simulation, we use the different engine operating mode (EOM) calibrations from the test bed to trigger the dedicated operation modes of the internal combustion engine (ICE). For the exhaust aftertreatment system (EAS), an optimization loop is performed to obtain a layout which will be near a serial production. This includes optimizing the heat losses and reducing the thermal mass of the canning. Beside the plant models, a hybrid control unit (HCU) is used, which includes an exhaust aftertreatment system coordinator (EASC). With these functionalities, the EOMs, electrically heated catalyst (EHC), electric machine (EM) and dosing control unit (DCU) are optimized to obtain the lowest possible nitrogen oxides (NOx) with an carbon dioxide (CO_{2}) reduction potential. The targets for the emission limits are defined on the basis of the available information from the Consortium for ultra-Low Vehicle Emissions (CLOVE) and International Council on Clean Transportation (ICCT) proposals.

ОЦІНКА ЕКОНОМІЧНОЇ ЕФЕКТИВНОСТІ ВІД ВПРОВАДЖЕННЯ СИСТЕМИ ТОЧНОГО ЗЕМЛЕРОБСТВА

The work describes modern methods and methods of determining the terrain and assessing its economic effect, which include the use of the global positioning system (GPS): with the help of satellite navigation, it is possible to establish an exact position in real time and collect data on the height of points on the field, this data can be used to determine the angle of inclination of the surface; laser scanning: laser scanners that scan the surface of the field and create an accurate three-dimensional model of the relief, which will, among other things, contain information about the angles of inclination of the surface in different parts of the field can be used in STZ; differential geodesy: with the help of special geodetic tools, you can determine the angle of inclination and create a digital model of the terrain; and Remote Sensing: Remote sensing, such as satellite imagery or aerial photography, can also be used in STPs to analyze field topography. With the help of special software, you can process these images and determine the angle of inclination of different sections of the field. The problems of increasing the efficiency of the use of land within the framework of agricultural land use, taking into account the system of precision farming in the process of intensification of agricultural production, are a component of the unified state ecological and economic policy, which ensures the rational use, protection and management of land resources, as well as the formation of information about their natural, legal and economic condition. The general level of growth of costs for cultivation of 1 hectare of field when the slope increases from 2 to 15% varies from 7.6% to 11.38%, depending on the machine unit. An increase in field surface slope between 0% and 20% results in a modest increase in direct operating costs, averaging 0.766%, for each successive percent of slope. According to the obtained data, processing a field with a relief of 15%, relative to a field with a relief of 2%, leads to an increase in the consumption of fuel and fuel-lubricating materials on average, for 5 units of different composition, by 45.5 and 48%, respectively. Other indicators deteriorate by an average of 1.66 – 3.88%. All this, as a result, leads to a significant increase in the direct operating costs of the machine unit for processing one hectare of field.

Improving the energy efficiency of wood harvesting in Finland

To address the issue of climate change, the EU’s climate and energy framework has set targets to improve energy efficiency. Reducing greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions requires higher energy efficiency in the wood supply of forest industries. The aim of the study was to clarify the energy-efficiency baseline for wood-harvesting operations, define useful measures and follow up the total fuel consumption and resulting emissions. The results indicated that wood-harvesting entrepreneurs have a positive attitude towards energy efficiency. The fuel consumption of wood-harvesting machines was the lowest for the final fellings, while in first thinnings, the consumption was highest per cubic metre harvested. The average cubic metre-based fuel consumption and GHG emissions in respect of wood harvesting were more than double in the first thinning compared to the final felling. Better allocation of harvesting machines could reduce fuel consumption and GHG emissions while improving work efficiency. Hour-based fuel consumption is most affected by machines’ engine power and wood-harvesting conditions of forest stands. Fuel consumption per cut cubic metre is affected by wood-harvesting conditions and machine units. The calculated energy efficiency was highest in final fellings. A more significant factor than fuel consumption (input) is the amount of harvested wood (output) in the energy-efficiency equation. Energy efficiency can also be improved by operator education. Trucks which are used for harvesting-machine relocation have a significant impact on wood-harvesting operations' total fuel consumption and emissions. It is therefore essential to minimise the number of relocations and operational and resource planning should be developed. In the future, the examination of fuel consumption and GHG emissions should be extended to the entire wood-harvesting chain, including long-distance transportation and timber trade, and for example the effect of operator should be investigated in more detail.

Сравнительный анализ методов решений оптимизационных задач для сельскохозяйственного машиностроения

To design intelligent transport and technical means, it is necessary to improve the methodological provisions and software for multi-criteria optimization of the functional properties of innovative mobile energy means. The right choice of optimization methods is necessary to design a reliable mathematical model. A comparative analysis of methods for optimizing problem solving for agricultural engineering showed the applicability of single-criterion methods in optimizing simple design parameters of single-purpose problems (development of parts, technical and technological characteristics of individual objects). Multicriteria optimization methods are applicable to solving problems with the defi nition of several objective functions with a large number of functional and criterion constraints, as well as variable parameters, where each parameter is not inferior in importance and relevance to each other (agricultural enterprise management, design of mobile power vehicles, combines and other agricultural machines). Vector optimization methods are applicable for solving a multicriteria optimization problem with a set of possible (permissible) solutions (designing elements of units, machine units and equipment for agricultural production). The authors have analyzed the existing software tools for solving optimization problems. They have found it necessary to develop software tools taking into account simultaneously up to 20 criterial and functional constraints, up to 50 variable parameters and more than three equally important objective functions, where each parameter has no precedence over the others.

Оптимальний комплекс операцій технічного обслуговування і ремонту для підвищення надійності вузлів, систем та агрегатів мобільних машин

The work examines the improvement of the forms and methods of organizing maintenance and repair systems of mobile machines in order to increase their reliability by optimizing diagnostic operations and monitoring the technical condition of their units, systems and units. The proposed centralized system of maintenance and repair of machines includes the principles of production and is characterized by the wide use of technological complexes of operations of the system of maintenance and repair of nodes, systems, aggregates and mobile machines as a whole. A comparison was made of the methodology for implementing the proposed maintenance and repair system and the world-famous RCM (Reliability-centered Maintenance) methodology, focused on a certain level of reliability. Schematics of the technological process of implementing a complex of maintenance and repair operations based on one-stage and multi-stage control of the technical condition of nodes, systems, aggregates and the mobile machine as a whole are presented. A decision-making algorithm has been developed for the processes of a complex of maintenance and repair operations. Clarified technological and information support of complexes of maintenance and repair operations of nodes, systems, units of mobile machines. The role of the operator-diagnostic in relation to the probability of receiving errors of the 1st and 2nd type of defects of parts, as well as the use of computerized workplaces, is revealed. It is shown how these factors affect the level of reliability of nodes, systems, aggregates and mobile machines as a whole. It was determined that in order to reduce the influence of the human factor on the results of the diagnosis of the presence or absence of defects and the distribution of nodes, systems, aggregates according to the technological routes of optimal complexes of maintenance and repair operations, consideration of the repair and maintenance system as an artificial cognitive system can help.

Implementation of control technology for mechanical transmission units based on digital thermal diagnostics

A technology is developed for automatic diagnostics of mechanical transmission units of transport and technological machines by built-in ("on-board") technical means and tested for bearing units of transmissions of tractors and drives of agricultural machines. The technology includes calculation of temperature in the friction zone, creation of a finite element three-dimensional model of an assembly with thermal loads for thermal calculation, calculation of the proportionality factor of the finite element model to calculate the temperature in the friction zone during operation and compare it with the maximum allowable value. A comparison of the temperature values obtained as a result of numerical simulation in the friction zone with the temperature during operation showed a high convergence of the results and the practical applicability of the developed technology. Keywords: thermal diagnostics, mechanical transmission, technical diagnostics, finite element model, verification. pastukhov_ag@mail.ru, timachov@mail.ru

Способы повышения долговечности машин и механизмов

The article deals with the issues of increasing the durability of machines and mechanisms at various stages of the product life cycle. The components on which the durability of equipment. The requirements for the anode materials, the composition of the working fluid, the test results for the implementation of the reparation technology are given. The results of the developed and patented technology for increasing the durability of tribosystem parts are presented, new compositions of working fluids are obtained to implement the method of repair and processing of parts at the manufacturing stage, new devices are developed, manufactured and tested under operating conditions that increase the life of parts at various stages of the product life cycle, new stands for testing of developed technologies. The developed methods, arrangements of machine and mechanism units, which allow to implement wear compensation during operation, provide a significant (1,5–3 times) increase in the resource.

Optimization of the performance properties of diesel fuel using additives in the operation of machine and tractor units

Optimization of the performance properties of diesel fuel using additives in the operation of machine and tractor units

ВЛАГОАККУМУЛИРУЮЩАЯ ТЕХНИКА И ТЕХНОЛОГИЯ ОБРАБОТКИ ПОЧВЫ И ПОСЕВА – РАЗВИТИЕ УЧЕНИЙ Т.С. МАЛЬЦЕВА ПО ОРГАНИЧЕСКОМУ ЗЕМЛЕДЕЛИЮ

The article presents the results of the long-term research on the developed complex of tillage and seeding machines in various soil and climatic conditions of the Russian Federation. The technical, economic, technological and environmental advantages of the developed soil treatment technologies and machines in comparison with foreign analogues are shown. The developed technologies for soil cultivation and the technical means for their implementation make it possible to reduce the negative impact of the propulsors of machine and tractor units on the soil and rationally use means of chemical protection of agricultural plants, which corresponds to the strategy of scientific and technological development of the Russian Federation and allows for the transition to highly productive and environmentally friendly farming, ultimately obtaining high-quality food products

Effect of heat treatment on notch toughness of powdered tool steels M390 and M398

This paper deals with the possibilities of heat treatment of a pair of tool steels, produced by the powder metallurgy. The investigated steels named M390 and M398 belong to the group of high-alloy chromium steels used in the plastics industry in the production of screws for injection moulding machine unit. The steels were heat treated using quenching or quenching with deep freezing to achieve a homogeneous martensitic structure. Subsequently, the pair of steels was tempered twice in the temperature range from 200°C to 600°C. The given samples were experimentally tested for hardness and notch toughness using a Charpy hammer. The results compared the values of hardness and notch toughness depending on the tempering temperature. Selected fractures were observed using SEM microscopy.

Peculiarities of formation of fits of preferential application in the system of hole and shaft

The article deals with the issues of the influence of accuracy parameters on the reliability and durability of assembly units of machine units. The accuracy of the connection is determined by the type of fit, formed gaps and tightness. Compliance with accuracy standards significantly reduces the level of external losses from marriage. However, a variety of deviations and tolerances of the elements of parts can lead to a wide range of fits, which is not economically viable. Insufficient accuracy can lead to damage to parts, leakage of liquids and gases, as well as to a decrease in the performance of the machine as a whole. Therefore, machine manufacturers are striving to improve the accuracy of the connection of parts and the use of more precise production methods. Seating systems simplify the manufacturing process and reduce the number of metal cutting tools needed.

DEVELOPMENT AND RESEARCH OF MULTIFUNCTIONAL MILKING MACHINES BASED ON THE MILK FLOW INTENSITY BY UDDER SHARE'S CONTROL SENSOR

The material on the milking machines' technical justification and research of udder each quarter's milk flow intensity controlling capable, mastitis diagnosing and in depending on milk flow intensity for the number of beats in the cycle changing is presented. The description of its electronic interaction with milking machine units, providing current milking control during milk excretion intensity from udder's each quarter and their physiological state is given. Experimentally confirmed the technical feasibility, technological and economic efficiency list of milking machines' functions performed by equipment's expanding with devices for milk flow intensity's monitoring. It is shown that the hybrid milking machine device operates in a more milk extraction's gentle mode in compared to the Duovac-300 one. According to investment projects' evaluation methodology, the calculations of modernized milking machines functioning in a cowshed with tie-free cows' keeping during milking in a milk pipeline's economic efficiency were carried out. The developed technical means introduction in a cowshed for 200 cows with tie-free cows' keeping pays off the initial costs and makes a profit during the first year of using. The expected DSO of the developed technical means ranges from 0,10-0,12 g. The confirmed economic effect of the tie-free cows' keeping in a cowshed with 200 heads of livestock's milking machines equipped with devices for milk flow intensity control using to 3319 thousand of rubles' prices in 2017 is amounted.

Automation of Control of Transport Machine Units by Oil Parameters

This document addresses the various problems of oil control of transport vehicles. The results of observations are presented. The reasons for a significant change in the state of the PBX fleet under the influence of external and internal factors were identified. A block diagram of an automated diagnostic data processing system for oil operating parameters is proposed. Recommendations on maintenance and repair of machines received by the relevant departments of the technical service have been developed. The EPR concept model is developed on the basis of own research.

Бесперебойное электроснабжение нагрузок и другие преимущества асинхронизированной электромашинной вставки в ЭЭС

Mathematical and computer models of an asynchronized electromechanical insert in the power supply system of a metropolis are constructed. The work of two asynchronized generator-motors located on a common shaft, transistor active frequency converters in the excitation and start-up systems of the unit, as well as control devices is considered. For the electric power system, an analysis was made of the main operating modes of the plant with machines with a capacity of 200 MW. The modes of starting the unit, synchronizing it with two power lines, transferring power to the unit, transferring electricity from one network to another through a common shaft of machines, and reversing active power are analyzed. Some emergency operating modes of the system are considered. It is proposed to use the kinetic energy of an electric machine unit for uninterrupted power supply to loads in case of an emergency shutdown of one of the two sources of electricity in the power system.

Post-processing Algorithm of a Novel Five-axis Hybrid Kinematic Machining Unit

Post-processing Algorithm of a Novel Five-axis Hybrid Kinematic Machining Unit

Response surface methodology approach in achieving multi-response setup optimization in the machining process

A machining cost is constructed on many factors. All aspects potentially raise the additional charges resulting from not achieving dimension due to tool wear level. The accuracy of parameters determines the effectiveness of the machining process. However, these parameters are sensitive, so the different machines may not provide the same performance. The specific machining parameters become less suitable for others. This experimental approach is proposed to obtain the parameter used on other machines without reducing the performance. This multi-response study used a response surface methodology by selecting the material removal area, feed rate, spindle speed, and the number of repetitions as input have a dominant influence on the tool wear and the dimension deviation. A comprehensive range with the specified target is obtained by applying different weights. Testing on 11 units of machines from 3 other countries provides the same performance and contributes to saving 15 % of machining time.

Shear strength diagnostics of machine parts

This study presents an effective non-destructive method for determining the ultimate shear strength of parts made of structural carbon and alloy steels. The shear strength was determined using the method of controlled part indentation. In addition, a new material characteristic – a shear hardening modulus – is proposed. The experimental study was carried out using an IR 5143-200 software and hardware complex for metal testing and a double-shear testing device. Steel samples of the following grades were examined: steel 10, 20, 35, 45, 20Kh, 40Kh, 25KhGT and 30KhGSA. The value of plastic hardness was used as a strength characteristic due to its advantages over other hardness values. The conducted experiments found a significant discrepancy (up to 20%) between the reference and experimental values of shear strength. Dependencies for determining the shear strength of structural carbon and alloy steel samples were obtained. The accuracy of these dependencies was determined to be sufficient for engineering calculations both according to the obtained experimental results and literature sources. The error associated with shear strength determination does not exceed ±5%. In addition, the paper provides some types of safety parts that can be destroyed by shear loads. The underestimated reference values of the ultimate strength can lead to increased unrealizable safety margins and, as a result, an increase in the specific metal amount of joints. The proposed non-destructive method for shear strength determination exhibits the accuracy sufficient for engineering practice and can be used when manufacturing, operating and repairing various machine parts and units.

Pengaruh Tingkat Kebisingan Mesin Kapal terhadap Fungsi Pendengaran dan Stress Kerja pada Teknisi Mesin Kapal

This study aimed to determine the effect of ship engine noise level on hearing function and work stress on ship engine technicians. The data collection process was carried out within 30 days, from 15 February 2021 to 15 March 2021. This study took a collation at the Merak port of Banten. The method used is a survey using research subjects, ship engine technicians, and the object of research is noise. This study uses primary data in engine maintenance design and the intensity of noise distribution on the ship's engine. The research sample was 2 units of machines with engine criteria aged 1 year and 6 years. The equipment used in this study is a sound level meter, an object to measure the noise that has been calibrated. This research uses the descriptive analysis method. The results showed that the noise value at full rpm was 70.3-104 dB (A) and 59.2-77.5 dB (A) when in a stationary state. Referring to the data, the age of the machine does not affect the noise level. As a preventive measure against something that can become an obstacle regarding noise on board, it is necessary to use ear protection devices such as ear protection devices called earplugs. Noise can be minimized by regularly lubricating the engine and installing silencers to prevent sound from spreading to other rooms so that it can reduce the risk due to noise that causes stress, headaches, high blood pressure and other diseases

Tribotechnical Properties of Materials for Cultivator Sliding Bearings

Agricultural machinery is stated to break down mainly due to the wear of structural parts. Thus, there is a necessity to apply new materials for manufacturing individual machine units whose characteristics will not be inferior to those of their prototypes. The paper primarily focuses on the components that work in movable joints, in particular, on the sleeve type bronze plain bearings which are exposed to high wear and often need replacing. The use of polymers for manufacturing such parts is supposed to solve the problem of untimely failure of machine components. (Research purpose) To compare the tribotechnical properties of cultivator sliding bearings made of bronze and polyamide. (Materials and methods) Two samples were made: one was made of the sliding bearing (BrO10F1 grade bronze) of the SunGarden GT10 cultivator, the other – of a PA-6 polyamide type rod. Special equipment was used such as: X-ray fluorescence spectrometer Thermo Scientific Niton XL3t 900 GOLDD+, TRB-S-DE Tribometer CSM Instruments. (Results and discussion) Comparative tribotechnical ball-disk tests were carried out. It was found out that polyamide sample has certain advantages over a bronze standard: it has a 4-times better friction coefficient and a 12-times better wear intensity. (Conclusions) It was determined that the use of polymer plain bearings will result in 2 times longer service life of agricultural cultivators and their 1.5 times increased efficiency.

Tribosynthesis of friction films and their influence on the functional properties of copper-based antifriction composites for printing machines

Abstract This article is devoted to research of the tribosynthesis mechanism of antifriction films and their influence on the functional properties of antifriction composites based on copper alloyed with nickel and molybdenum with the CaF2 solid lubricant additions for operation at rotation speeds of 3,000–7,000 rph and increased loads of 3.0–5.0 MPa in air. Studies have shown that antifriction films are complex, dynamically changing formations on the surfaces of the composite and counterface, developing according to the bifurcation mechanism. The antifriction layer is decisive in the formation of the friction pair's tribological high-level properties, which provide the self-lubrication mode of the friction unit. The formation and permanent presence of the anti-seize film is associated with a balanced wear rate of the film and its constant formation again on these worn areas at rotation speeds of up to 7,000 rph and loads of up to 5.0 MPa. Due to the steady self-lubrication mechanism, the copper-based composite has significant advantages over cast bronze CuSn5ZnPb, which can only work with liquid lubrication in the friction units of printing machines. The performed studies make it possible to choose rational modes for operation of new high-speed antifriction Cu-composites based on the friction films analysis, predicting their high functional properties.